Combination pharmaceutical compositions and uses thereof

ABSTRACT

The present invention provides for methods and pharmaceutical compositions for treating proliferative disorders. In one aspect, the method comprises administration of two cell-cycle suppressors having a synergistic effect. In another aspect, two cell-cycle suppressors having a synergistic effect are provided in a pharmaceutical composition.

CROSS-REFERENCE

This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 61/482,568, filed on May 4, 2011, which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety for all purposes.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Eukaryotic cell division proceeds through a highly regulated cell cycle comprising consecutive phases beginning with a phase termed G1, and followed by phases termed S (DNA synthesis), G2 and M (Mitosis). Disruption of the cell cycle or cell cycle control can result in cellular abnormalities or disease states such as cancer, which arise from multiple genetic changes that transform growth-limited cells to highly invasive cells that are unresponsive to normal control of growth. Transition of normal cells to cancer cells can arise through loss of correct function in DNA replication and DNA repair mechanisms. Normal dividing cells are subject to a number of control mechanisms, known as cell-cycle checkpoints, which maintain genomic integrity by arresting or inducing destruction of aberrant cells. Investigation of cell cycle progression and control is consequently of significant interest in designing anticancer drugs (Flatt, P. M. and Pietenpol, J. A. Drug Metab. Rev., (2000), 32(3-4), 283-305; Buolamwini, J. K. Current Pharmaceutical Design, (2000), 6, 379-392).

Cell cycle progression is tightly regulated by defined temporal and spatial expression, localization and destruction of a number of cell cycle regulators, which exhibit highly dynamic behaviour during the cell cycle (Pines, J., Nature Cell Biology, (1999), 1, E73-E79). For example, at specific cell cycle stages some proteins translocate from the nucleus to the cytoplasm, or vice versa, and some are rapidly degraded (Kohn, Molecular Biology of the Cell (1999), 10, 2703-2734).

Many cancer cells carry abnormalities in G1 checkpoint-related proteins such as p53, Rb, MDM-2, p16 INK4 and p19 ARF (Levine (1997) Cell, 88:323). Alternatively, mutations can cause overexpression and/or over-activation of oncogene products, e.g., Ras, MDM-2 and cyclin D, which reduce the stringency of G1 checkpoint. In addition to these mutations, excessive growth factor signaling can be caused by the overexpression of growth factors and can reduce the stringency of G1 checkpoint. Together with loss-of-function and gain-of-function mutations, continuous activation by growth factor receptors or downstream signal-transducing molecules can cause cell transformation by overriding the G1 checkpoint. A disrupted or abrogated G1 checkpoint contributes to higher mutation rates and the many mutations observed in cancer cells. As a result, many cancer cells depend on G2 checkpoint for survival against excessive DNA damage (O'Connor and Fan (1996) Prog. Cell Cycle Res., 2:165).

The G2 cell cycle checkpoint restricts the onset of mitosis until DNA replication and repair are complete. Malfunction of the G2 checkpoint would allow premature onset of mitosis prior to the completion of DNA replication and repair, producing daughter cells lacking a substantial portion of the genomic DNA or harboring mutations. Functions of the G2 checkpoint includes detecting DNA damage and generation of signal that can lead to cell cycle arrest when DNA damage is detected. The mechanism that promotes the cell cycle G2 arrest after DNA damage is believed to be conserved among species from yeast to human.

Kinases play a central role in cell cycle regulation. Defects in various components of signal transduction pathways have been found to account for a vast number of diseases, including numerous forms of cancer, inflammatory disorders, metabolic disorders, vascular and neuronal diseases (Gaestel et al. Current Medicinal Chemistry (2007) 14:2214-2234). In recent years, kinases that are associated with oncogenic signaling pathways have emerged as important drug targets in the treatment of various diseases including many types of cancers.

The mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), also known as mechanistic target of rapamycin, is a serine/threonine protein kinase that regulates cell growth, translational control, angiogenesis and/or cell survival. mTOR is encoded by the FK506 binding protein 12-rapamycin associated protein 1 (FRAP1) gene. mTOR is the catalytic subunit of two complexes, mTORC1 and mTORC2. mTORC1 is composed of mTOR, regulatory associated protein of mTOR (Raptor), mammalian LST8/G-protein β-subunit like protein (mLST8/GβL), PRAS40, and DEPTOR. mTOR Complex 2 (mTORC2) is composed of mTOR, rapamycin-insensitive companion of mTOR (Rictor), GβL, and mammalian stress-activated protein kinase interacting protein 1 (mSIN1).

Apart from their subunits, mTORC1 and mTORC2 are distinguished by their differential sensitivities to rapamycin and its analogs (also known as rapalogs). Rapamycin binds to and allosterically inhibits mTORC1, but mTORC2 is generally rapamycin-insensitive. As a result of this rapamycin-insensitive mTOR signaling mediated by mTORC2, cancer cells treated with rapamycin analogs usually display only partial inhibition of mTOR signaling, which can lead to enhanced survival and resistance to rapamycin treatment. Typically, mTOR inhibitors suppress cell-cycle progression in the G1 phase.

Paclitaxel is a cytotoxic chemotherapeutic used as an anti-tumor agent in the treatment of carcinomas of the ovary, breast, lung and in the treatment AIDS related Karposi's sarcoma. Originally derived from the western yew, Taxus brevifolia, paclitaxel has been used to treat breast cancer by pre-operatively administering the drug systemically. At the molecular level, paclitaxel exerts an antitumor activity through its ability to promote apoptosis (programmed cell death) by inducing the assembly of microtubules from tubulin dimers and preventing microtubules from depolymerization. The stabilized microtubules inhibit normal dynamic reorganization of the microtubule network that is essential for vital interphase and mitotic functions. In addition paclitaxel induces abnormal arrays or “bundles” of microtubules throughout the cell cycle and multiple asters of microtubules during mitosis. As a result, paclitaxel increases the fraction of cells in G2 or M phase.

Although impressive success has been achieved using this approach, some tumors either do not respond or become resistant to treatment with paclitaxel. Moreover, a significant number of cases do not result in a clinically satisfactory outcome either because the tumors are not reduced or because the side effects require that paclitaxel dosing be discontinued.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The present invention addresses the need for improved treatments to a wide variety of diseases associated with dysregulation of kinases. In one aspect, the invention provides a method of treating a proliferative disorder including but not limited to cancer. In some embodiments, the method comprises administering to a subject a first agent followed by administering to said subject an mTOR inhibitor, wherein said first agent suppresses progression of one or more cell-cycle phases after G1 phase. In some embodiments, the first agent is administered before any effective amount of mTor inhibitor is administered to said subject. In some embodiments, the first agent suppresses progression of one or more cell cycle phases selected from the group consisting of G2, M, and G2/M transition. In some embodiments, the first agent is administered at two or more different times before administering the mTOR inhibitor. In some embodiments, the method further comprises administering the first agent one or more times after administering the mTOR inhibitor, such as weekly for at least two weeks, each of the first agent administrations being optionally followed by administering the mTOR inhibitor. In some embodiments, the first agent is a tubulin modulator, such as an agent that binds to polymerized tubulin, and including but not limited to paclitaxel or an analogue thereof. In some embodiments, the first agent and the mTOR inhibitor yield a synergistic effect in treating the proliferative disorder. In some embodiments, the first agent and/or the mTOR inhibitor is administered in an individually sub-therapeutic amount. In some embodiments, the proliferative disorder is a neoplastic condition, including but not limited to NSCLC, head and neck squamous cell carcinoma, pancreatic cancer, breast cancer, ovarian cancer, Kaposi's sarcoma, renal cell carcinoma, prostate cancer, neuoendocrine cancer, colorectal cancer, and endometrial cancer. In some embodiments, the mTOR inhibitor is administered more than 6, 12, 18, 24, 30, 36, 42, or 48 hours after said first agent; or more than 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, or 14 days after said first agent. In some embodiments, the first agent and/or the mTOR inhibitor are administered parenterally, orally, intraperitoneally, intravenously, intraarterially, transdermally, intramuscularly, liposomally, via local delivery by catheter or stent, subcutaneously, intraadiposally, or intrathecally.

In another aspect, the invention provides a pharmaceutical composition. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical composition comprises a combination of an amount of a first agent and an amount of an mTOR inhibitor, wherein (i) said first agent suppresses progression of one or more cell-cycle phases after G1 phase, and (ii) said pharmaceutical composition is formulated to release said mTOR inhibitor after releasing said first agent. In some embodiments, said combination comprises a synergistically effective amount of said first agent and said mTOR inhibitor. In some embodiments, the one or more cell-cycle phases after G1 phase is selected from the group consisting of G2, M, and G2/M transition. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical composition is formulated in an oral dosage or in a drug eluting stent. In some embodiments, the first agent and/or the mTOR inhibitor are present in an individually sub-therapeutic amount. In some embodiments, the first agent is a tubulin modulator, such as an agent that binds to polymerized tubulin, and including but not limited to paclitaxel or an analogue thereof.

In some embodiments, the mTor inhibitor in the methods and compositions of the invention inhibits mTORC1 selectively. For example, the mTor inhibitor inhibits mTORC1 with an IC50 value of about 1000 nM or less, 500 nM or less, 100 nM or less, 50 nM or less, 10 nM or less, as ascertained in an in vitro kinase assay. In some embodiments, the mTor inhibitor is rapamycin or an analogue of rapamycin. In other embodiments, the mTor inhibitor is sirolimus (rapamycin), deforolimus (AP23573, MK-8669), everolimus (RAD-001), temsirolimus (CCI-779), zotarolimus (ABT-578), or biolimus A9 (umirolimus).

In some embodiments of the methods and compositions of the invention, the mTOR inhibitor binds to and directly inhibits both mTORC1 and mTORC2. For example, the mTOR inhibitor inhibits both mTORC1 and mTORC2 with an IC50 value of about 500 nM or less, 400 nM or less, 300 nM or less, 200 nM or less, 100 nM or less, 50 nM or less, 10 nM or less, or 1 nM or less, as ascertained in an in vitro kinase assay. In another embodiment, the mTOR inhibitor inhibits both mTORC1 and mTORC2 with an IC50 value of about 10 nM or less as ascertained in an in vitro kinase assay, and the mTOR inhibitor is substantially inactive against one or more types I PI3-kinases selected from the group consisting of PI3-kinase α, PI3-kinase β, PI3-kinase γ, and PI3-kinase δ. Alternatively, the mTOR inhibitor inhibits both mTORC1 and mTORC2 with an IC50 value of about 100 nM or less as ascertained in an in vitro kinase assay, and the IC50 value is at least 2, 5 or 10 times less than its IC50 value against all other type I PI3-kinases selected from the group consisting of PI3-kinase α, PI3-kinase β, PI3-kinase γ, and PI3-kinase δ.

In some embodiments of the methods and compositions of the invention, the mTOR inhibitor is a compound of Formula I:

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein:

X₁ is N or C-E¹, X₂ is N or C, X₃ is N or C, X₄ is C—R⁹ or N, X₅ is N or C-E¹, X₆ is C or N, and X₇ is C or N; and wherein no more than two nitrogen ring atoms are adjacent;

R₁ is H, -L-C₁₋₁₀alkyl, -L-C₃₋₈cycloalkyl, -L-C₁₋₁₀alkyl-C₃₋₈cycloalkyl, -L-aryl, -L-heteroaryl, -L-C₁₋₁₀alkylaryl, -L-C₁₋₁₀alkylhetaryl, -L-C₁₋₁₀alkylheterocylyl, -L-C₂₋₁₀alkenyl, -L-C₂₋₁₀alkynyl, -L-C₂₋₁₀alkenyl-C₃₋₈cycloalkyl, -L-C₂₋₁₀alkynyl-C₃₋₈cycloalkyl, -L-heteroalkyl, -L-heteroalkylaryl, -L-heteroalkylheteroaryl, -L-heteroalkyl-heterocylyl, -L-heteroalkyl-C₃₋₈cycloalkyl, -L-aralkyl, -L-heteroaralkyl, or -L-heterocyclyl, each of which is unsubstituted or is substituted by one or more independent R³;

L is absent, —(C═O)—, —C(═O)O—, —C(═O) N(R³¹)—, —S—, —S(O)—, —S(O)₂—, —S(O)₂N(R³¹)—, or —N(R³¹)—;

E¹ and E² are independently —(W¹)_(j)—R⁴;

M₁ is a 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or-10 membered ring system, wherein the ring system is monocyclic or bicyclic, substituted with R₅ and additionally optionally substituted with one or more —(W²)_(k)—R²;

each k is 0 or 1;

j in E¹ or j in E², is independently 0 or 1;

W¹ is —O—, —NR⁷—, —S(O)₀₋₂—, —C(O)—, —C(O)N(R⁷)—, —N(R⁷)C(O)—, —N(R⁷)S(O)—, —N(R⁷)S(O)₂—, —C(O)O—, —CH(R⁷)N(C(O)OR⁸)—, —CH(R⁷)N(C(O)R⁸)—, —CH(R⁷)N(SO₂R)—, —CH(R⁷)N(R⁸)—, —CH(R⁷)C(O)N(R⁸)—, —CH(R⁷)N(R⁸)C(O)—, —CH(R⁷)N(R⁸)S(O)—, or —CH(R⁷)N(R)S(O)₂—;

W² is —O—, —NR⁷—, —S(O)₀₋₂—, —C(O)—, —C(O)N(R⁷)—, —N(R⁷)C(O)—, —N(R⁷)C(O)N(R⁸)—, —N(R⁷)S(O)—, —N(R⁷)S(O)₂—, —C(O)O—, —CH(R⁷)N(C(O)OR⁸)—, —CH(R⁷)N(C(O)R⁸)—, —CH(R⁷)N(SO₂R)—, —CH(R⁷)N(R⁸)—, —CH(R⁷)C(O)N(R⁸)—, —CH(R⁷)N(R⁸)C(O)—, —CH(R⁷)N(R⁸)S(O)—, or —CH(R⁷)N(R)S(O)₂—;

R² is hydrogen, halogen, —OH, —R³¹, —CF₃, —OCF₃, —OR³¹, —NR³¹R³², —NR³⁴R³⁵, —C(O)R³¹, —CO₂R³¹, —C(═O)NR³¹R³², —C(═O)NR³⁴R³⁵, —NO₂, —CN, —S(O)₀₋₂R³¹, —SO₂NR³¹R³², —SO₂NR³⁴R³⁵, —NR³¹C(═O)R³², —NR³¹C(═O)OR³², —NR³¹C(═O)NR³²R³³, —NR³¹S(O)₀₋₂R³², —C(═S)OR³¹, —C(═O)SR³¹, —NR³¹C(═NR³²)NR³³R³², —NR³¹C(═NR³²)OR³³, —NR³¹C(═NR³²)SR³³, —OC(═O)OR³³, —OC(═O)NR³¹R³², —OC(═O)SR³¹, —SC(═O)OR³¹, —P(O)OR³¹OR³², —SC(═O)NR³¹R³², aryl (e.g. bicyclic aryl, unsubstituted aryl, or substituted monocyclic aryl), hetaryl, C₁₋₁₀alkyl, C₃₋₈cycloalkyl, C₁₋₁₀alkyl-C₃₋₈cycloalkyl, C₃₋₈cycloalkyl-C₁₋₁₀alkyl, C₃₋₈cycloalkyl-C₂₋₁₀alkenyl, C₃₋₈cycloalkyl-C₂₋₁₀alkynyl, C₁₋₁₀alkyl-C₂₋₁₀alkenyl, C₁₋₁₀alkyl-C₂₋₁₀alkynyl, C₁₋₁₀alkylaryl (e.g. C₂₋₁₀alkyl-monocyclic aryl, C₁₋₁₀alkyl-substituted monocyclic aryl, or C₁₋₁₀alkylbicycloaryl), C₁₋₁₀alkylhetaryl, C₁₋₁₀alkylheterocyclyl, C₂₋₁₀alkenyl, C₂₋₁₀alkynyl, C₂₋₁₀alkenyl-C₁₋₁₀alkyl, C₂₋₁₀alkynyl-C₁₋₁₀alkyl, C₂₋₁₀alkenylaryl, C₂₋₁₀alkenylhetaryl, C₂₋₁₀alkenylheteroalkyl, C₂₋₁₀alkenylheterocyclcyl, C₂₋₁₀alkenyl-C₃₋₈cycloalkyl, C₂₋₁₀alkynylaryl, C₂₋₁₀alkynylhetaryl, C₂₋₁₀alkynylheteroalkyl, C₂₋₁₀alkynylheterocylyl, C₂₋₁₀alkynyl-C₃₋₈cycloalkenyl, C₁₋₁₀alkoxy C₁₋₁₀alkyl, C₁₋₁₀alkoxy-C₂₋₁₀alkenyl, C₁₋₁₀alkoxy-C₂₋₁₀alkynyl, heterocyclyl, heteroalkyl, heterocyclyl-C₁₋₁₀alkyl, heterocyclyl-C₂₋₁₀alkenyl, heterocyclyl-C₂₋₁₀alkynyl, aryl-C₁₋₁₀alkyl (e.g. monocyclic aryl-C₂₋₁₀alkyl, substituted monocyclic aryl-C₁₋₁₀alkyl, or bicycloaryl-C₁₋₁₀alkyl), aryl-C₂₋₁₀alkenyl, aryl-C₂₋₁₀alkynyl, aryl-heterocyclyl, hetaryl-C₁₋₁₀alkyl, hetaryl-C₂₋₁₀alkenyl, hetaryl-C₂₋₁₀alkynyl, hetaryl-C₃₋₈cycloalkyl, hetaryl-heteroalkyl, or hetaryl-heterocyclyl, wherein each of said bicyclic aryl or heteroaryl moiety is unsubstituted, or wherein each of bicyclic aryl, heteroaryl moiety or monocyclic aryl moiety is substituted with one or more independent alkyl, heteroalkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, arylalkyl, heteroaryl, heteroarylalkyl, halo, —OH, —R³¹, —CF₃, —OCF₃, —OR³¹, —NR³¹R³², —NR³⁴R³⁵, —C(O)R³¹, —CO₂R³¹, —C(═O)NR³¹R³², —C(═O)NR³⁴R³⁵, —NO₂, —CN, —S(O)₀₋₂R³¹, —SO₂NR³¹R³², —SO₂NR³⁴R³⁵, —NR³¹C(═O)R³², —NR³¹C(═O)OR³², —NR³¹C(═O)NR³²R³³, —NR³¹S(O)₀₋₂R³², C(═S)OR³¹, —C(═O)SR³¹, —NR³¹C(═NR³²)NR³³R³², —NR³¹C(═NR³²)OR³³, —NR³¹C(═NR³²)SR³²)SR³³, —OC(═O)OR³³, —OC(═O)NR³¹R³², —OC(═O)SR³¹, —SC(═O)OR³¹, —P(O)OR³¹OR³², or —SC(═O)NR³¹R³², and wherein each of said alkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, or heteroalkyl moiety is unsubstituted or is substituted with one or more alkyl, heteroalkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, arylalkyl, heteroaryl, heteroarylalkyl, halo, —OH, —R³¹, —CF₃, —OCF₃, —OR³¹, —O-aryl, —NR³¹R³², —NR³⁴R³⁵, —C(O)R³¹, —CO₂R³¹, —C(═O)NR³⁴R³⁵, or —C(═O)NR³¹R³²;

R³ and R⁴ are independently hydrogen, halogen, —OH, —R³¹, —CF₃, —OCF₃, —OR³¹, —NR³¹R³², —NR³⁴R³⁵, —C(O)R³¹, —CO₂R³¹, —C(═O)NR³¹R³², —C(═O)NR³⁴R³⁵, —NO₂, —CN, —S(O)₀₋₂R³¹, —SO₂NR³¹R³², —SO₂NR³⁴R³⁵, —NR³¹C(═O)R³², —NR³¹C(═O)OR³², —NR³¹C(═O)NR³²R³³, —NR³¹S(O)₀₋₂R³², —C(═S)OR³¹, C(═O)SR³¹, —NR³¹C(═NR³²)NR³³R³², —NR³¹C(═NR³²)OR³³, —R³¹C(═NR³²) SR³³, —OC(═O)OR³³, —OC(═O)NR³¹R³², —OC(═O)SR³¹, —SC(═O)OR³¹, —P(O)OR³¹OR³², —SC(═O)NR³¹R³², aryl, hetaryl, C₁₋₄alkyl, C₁₋₁₀alkyl, C₃₋₈cycloalkyl, C₁₋₁₀alkyl-C₃₋₈cycloalkyl, C₃₋₈cycloalkyl-C₁₋₁₀alkyl, C₃₋₈cycloalkyl-C₂₋₁₀alkenyl, C₃₋₈cycloalkyl-C₂₋₁₀alkynyl, C₁₋₁₀alkyl-C₂₋₁₀alkenyl, C₁₋₁₀alkyl-C₂₋₁₀alkynyl, C₁₋₁₀alkylaryl, C₁₋₁₀alkylhetaryl, C₁₋₁₀alkylheterocyclyl, C₂₋₁₀alkenyl, C₂₋₁₀alkynyl, C₂₋₁₀alkenyl-C₁₋₁₀alkyl, C₂₋₁₀alkynyl-C₁₋₁₀alkyl, C₂₋₁₀alkenylaryl, C₂₋₁₀alkenylhetaryl, C₂₋₁₀alkenylheteroalkyl, C₂₋₁₀alkenylheterocyclcyl, C₂₋₁₀alkenyl-C₃₋₈cycloalkyl, C₂₋₁₀alkynyl-C₃₋₈cycloalkyl, C₂₋₁₀alkynylaryl, C₂₋₁₀alkynylhetaryl, C₂₋₁₀alkynylheteroalkyl, C₂₋₁₀alkynylheterocylyl, C₂₋₁₀alkynyl-C₃₋₈cycloalkenyl, C₁₋₁₀alkoxy C₁₋₁₀alkyl, C₁₋₁₀alkoxy-C₂₋₁₀alkenyl, C₁₋₁₀alkoxy-C₂₋₁₀alkynyl, heterocyclyl, heterocyclyl-C₁₋₁₀alkyl, heterocyclyl-C₂₋₁₀alkenyl, heterocyclyl-C₂₋₁₀alkynyl, aryl-C₁₋₁₀alkyl, aryl-C₂₋₁₀alkenyl, aryl-C₂₋₁₀alkynyl, aryl-heterocyclyl, hetaryl-C₁₋₁₀alkyl, hetaryl-C₂₋₁₀alkenyl, hetaryl-C₂₋₁₀alkynyl, hetaryl-C₃₋₈cycloalkyl, heteroalkyl, hetaryl-heteroalkyl, or hetaryl-heterocyclyl, wherein each of said aryl or heteroaryl moiety is unsubstituted or is substituted with one or more independent halo, —OH, —R³¹, —CF₃, —OCF₃, —OR³¹, —NR³¹R³², —NR³⁴R³⁵, —C(O)R³¹, —CO₂R³¹, —C(═O)NR³¹R³², —C(═O)NR³⁴R³⁵, —NO₂, —CN, —S(O)₀₋₂R³¹, —SO₂NR³¹R³², —SO₂NR³⁴R³⁵, —NR³¹C(═O)R³², —NR³¹C(═O)OR³², —NR³¹C(═O)NR³²R³³, —NR³¹S(O)₀₋₂R³², C(═S)OR³¹, —C(═O)SR³¹, —NR³¹C(═NR³²)NR³³R³², —NR³¹C(═NR³²)OR³³, —NR³¹C(═NR³²)SR³³, OC(═O)OR³³, —OC(═O)NR³¹R³², —OC(═O)SR³¹, —SC(═O)OR³¹, —P(O)OR³¹OR³², or —SC(═O)NR³¹R³² and wherein each of said alkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, or heteroalkyl moiety is unsubstituted or is substituted with one or more halo, —OH, —R³¹, —CF₃, —OCF₃, —OR³¹, —O-aryl, —NR³¹R³², NR³⁴R³⁵, —C(O)R³¹, —CO₂R³¹, —C(═O)NR³⁴R³⁵, or —C(═O)NR³¹R³²;

R⁵ is hydrogen, halogen, —OH, —R³¹, —CF₃, —OCF₃, —OR³¹, NR³¹R³², NR³⁴R³⁵, —C(O)R³¹, —CO₂R³¹, —C(═O)NR³¹R³², —C(═O)NR³⁴R³⁵, —NO₂, —CN, —S(O)₀₋₂R³¹, —SO₂NR³¹R³², —SO₂NR³⁴R³⁵, —NR³¹C(═O)R³², —NR³¹C(═O)OR³², —NR³¹C(═O)NR³²R³³, —NR³¹S(O)₀₋₂R³², —C(═S)OR³¹, —C(═O)SR³¹, —NR³¹C(═NR³²)NR³³R³², —NR³¹C(═NR³²)OR³³, —NR³¹C(═NR³²)SR³³, —OC(═O)OR³³, —OC(═O)NR³¹R³², —OC(═O)SR³¹, —SC(═O)OR³¹, —P(O)OR³¹OR³², or —SC(═O)NR³¹R³²;

each of R³¹, R³², and R³³ is independently H or C₁₋₁₀alkyl, wherein the C₁₋₁₀alkyl is unsubstituted or is substituted with one or more aryl, heteroalkyl, heterocyclyl, or hetaryl group, wherein each of said aryl, heteroalkyl, heterocyclyl, or hetaryl group is unsubstituted or is substituted with one or more halo, —OH, —C₁₋₁₀alkyl, —CF₃, —O-aryl, —OCF₃, —OC₁₋₁₀alkyl, —NH₂, —N(C₁₋₁₀alkyl)(C₁₋₁₀alkyl), —NH(C₁₋₁₀alkyl), —NH(aryl), —NR³⁴R³⁵, —C(O)(C₁₋₁₀alkyl), —C(O)(C₁₋₁₀alkyl-aryl), —C(O)(aryl), —CO₂—C₁₋₁₀alkyl, —CO₂—C₁₋₁₀alkylaryl, —CO₂-aryl, —C(═O)N(C₁₋₁₀alkyl)(C₁₋₁₀alkyl), —C(═O)NH(C₁₋₁₀alkyl), —C(═O)NR³⁴R³⁵, —C(═O)NH₂, —OCF₃, —O(C₁₋₁₀alkyl), —O-aryl, —N(aryl)(C₁₋₁₀alkyl), —NO₂, —CN, —S(O)₀₋₂C₁₋₁₀alkyl, —S(O)₀₋₂C₁₋₁₀alkylaryl, —S(O)₀₋₂ aryl, —SO₂N(aryl), —SO₂N(C₁₋₁₀alkyl)(C₁₋₁₀alkyl), —SO₂NH(C₁₋₁₀alkyl) or —SO₂NR³⁴R³⁵;

R³⁴ and R³⁵ in —NR³⁴R³⁵, —C(═O)NR³⁴R³, or —SO₂NR³⁴R³⁵, are taken together with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached to form a 3-10 membered saturated or unsaturated ring; wherein said ring is independently unsubstituted or is substituted by one or more —NR³¹R³², hydroxyl, halogen, oxo, aryl, hetaryl, C₁₋₆alkyl, or O-aryl, and wherein said 3-10 membered saturated or unsaturated ring independently contains 0, 1, or 2 more heteroatoms in addition to the nitrogen atom;

each of R⁷ and R⁸ is independently hydrogen, C₁₋₁₀alkyl, C₂₋₁₀alkenyl, aryl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl or C₃₋₁₀cycloalkyl, each of which except for hydrogen is unsubstituted or is substituted by one or more independent R⁶;

R⁶ is halo, —OR³¹, —SH, —NH₂, —NR³⁴R³⁵, —NR³¹R³², —CO₂R³¹, —CO₂aryl, —C(═O)NR³¹R³², C(═O)NR³⁴R³⁵, —NO₂, —CN, —S(O)₀₋₂C₁₋₁₀alkyl, —S(O)₀₋₂aryl, —SO₂NR³⁴R³⁵, —SO₂NR³¹R³², C₁₋₁₀alkyl, C₂₋₁₀alkenyl, C₂₋₁₀alkynyl; aryl-C₁₋₁₀alkyl, aryl-C₂₋₁₀alkenyl, aryl-C₂₋₁₀alkynyl, hetaryl-C₁₋₁₀alkyl, hetaryl-C₂₋₁₀alkenyl, hetaryl-C₂₋₁₀alkynyl, wherein each of said alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroalkyl, heterocyclyl, or hetaryl group is unsubstituted or is substituted with one or more independent halo, cyano, nitro, —OC₁₋₁₀alkyl, C₁₋₁₀alkyl, C₂₋₁₀alkenyl, C₂₋₁₀alkynyl, haloC₁₋₁₀alkyl, haloC₂₋₁₀alkenyl, haloC₂₋₁₀alkynyl, —COOH, —C(═O)NR³¹R³², —C(═O)NR³⁴R³⁵, —SO₂NR³⁴R³⁵, —SO₂NR³¹R³², NR³¹R³², or —NR³⁴R³⁵; and

R⁹ is H, halo, —OR³¹, —SH, —NH₂, —NR³⁴R³⁵, —NR³¹R³², —CO₂R³¹, —CO₂aryl, —C(═O)NR³¹R³², C(═O)NR³⁴R³⁵, —NO₂, —CN, —S(O)₀₋₂C₁₋₁₀alkyl, —S(O)₀₋₂aryl, —SO₂NR³⁴R³⁵, —SO₂NR³¹R³², C₁₋₁₀alkyl, C₂₋₁₀alkenyl, C₂₋₁₀alkynyl; aryl-C₁₋₁₀alkyl, aryl-C₂₋₁₀alkenyl, aryl-C₂₋₁₀alkynyl, hetaryl-C₁₋₁₀alkyl, hetaryl-C₂₋₁₀alkenyl, hetaryl-C₂₋₁₀alkynyl, wherein each of said alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroalkyl, heterocyclyl, or hetaryl group is unsubstituted or is substituted with one or more independent halo, cyano, nitro, —OC₁₋₁₀alkyl, C₁₋₁₀alkyl, C₂₋₁₀alkenyl, C₂₋₁₀alkynyl, haloC₁₋₁₀alkyl, haloC₂₋₁₀alkenyl, haloC₂₋₁₀alkynyl, —COOH, —C(═O)NR³¹R³², —C(═O)NR³⁴R³⁵, —SO₂NR³⁴R³⁵, —SO₂NR³¹R³², —NR³¹R³², or —NR³⁴R³⁵.

INCORPORATION BY REFERENCE

All publications, patents, and patent applications mentioned in this specification are herein incorporated by reference to the same extent as if each individual publication, patent, or patent application was specifically and individually indicated to be incorporated by reference.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The novel features of the invention are set forth with particularity in the appended claims. A better understanding of the features and advantages of the present invention will be obtained by reference to the following detailed description that sets forth illustrative embodiments, in which the principles of the invention are utilized, and the accompanying drawings of which:

FIG. 1 is a schematic illustration of signaling pathways activated in human cancer.

FIG. 2 shows a synergistic effect of a treatment according to the methods of the invention on tumor growth in mice, with the right graph showing a magnified view of the left graph.

FIG. 3 shows a synergistic effect of a treatment according to the methods of the invention on tumor growth in mice, with the right graph showing a magnified view of the left graph.

FIG. 4 shows A) an illustration of the distinct signaling pathways mediated by mTORC1 and mTORC2 and B) a western blot depicting sensitivity of mTORC1-dependent NRDG1 phosphorylation to Compound B, but not rapamycin.

FIG. 5 shows a Western blot depicting differential inhibition of Akt phosphorylation at serine 473 over threonine 308 by Compound B (top panel), and a comparison of Akt phosphorylation inhibition for Pan-PI3K inhibitor versus Compound B.

FIG. 6A shows a Western blot depicting induction of pS6 by paclitaxel which is inhibited by addition of Compound B. FIG. 6B shows induction of cleaved PARP by Compound B in combination with paclitaxel.

FIG. 7A shows the effect of Compound B and Taxol on proliferation of AN3-CA cells. FIG. 7B shows synergistic effect of a treatment according to the methods of the invention on tumor growth, as displayed by a combination index study in Hec-1A and AN-3CA cells.

FIG. 8 shows cell cycle population study indicating that the combination of Compound B with paclitaxel induces increased sub G0/G1 population over the use of either agent alone.

FIG. 9A shows partial inhibition of the growth of HEC59 (paclitaxel resistant cell line) cells by paclitaxel, but substantially higher inhibition by Compound B. FIG. 9B shows the effects of combining Compound B with paclitaxel in HEC59 cells.

FIG. 10 shows alleviation of paclitaxel-induced ploidy by use of a combination of Compound B and paclitaxel.

FIG. 11 shows a synergistic effect of a treatment according to the methods of the invention on tumor regression and tumor growth in mice.

FIG. 12A shows a synergistic effect of a treatment according to the methods of the invention as evidenced by delayed tumor regrowth in mice upon discontinuation of treatment (Hec-1A). FIG. 12B shows prevention of activation of PI3K/AKT/mTor pathways in tumor lysates by a combination of Compound B and paclitaxel.

FIG. 13 shows a synergistic effect of a treatment according to the methods of the invention as evidenced by enhanced tumor growth inhibition in a paclitaxel-resistant endometrial tumor model in mice (HEC59).

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

Several aspects of the invention are described below with reference to example applications for illustration. It should be understood that numerous specific details, relationships, and methods are set forth to provide a full understanding of the invention. One having ordinary skill in the relevant art, however, will readily recognize that the invention can be practiced without one or more of the specific details or with other methods. Unless stated otherwise, the present invention is not limited by the illustrated ordering of acts or events, as some acts may occur in different orders and/or concurrently with other acts or events. Furthermore, not all illustrated acts or events are required to implement a methodology in accordance with the present invention.

The terminology used herein is for the purpose of describing particular embodiments only and is not intended to be limiting of the invention. As used herein, the singular forms “a”, “an” and “the” are intended to include the plural forms as well, unless the context clearly indicates otherwise. Furthermore, to the extent that the terms “including”, “includes”, “having”, “has”, “with”, or variants thereof are used in either the detailed description and/or the claims, such terms are intended to be inclusive in a manner similar to the term “comprising”.

The term “about” or “approximately” means within an acceptable error range for the particular value as determined by one of ordinary skill in the art, which will depend in part on how the value is measured or determined, i.e., the limitations of the measurement system. For example, “about” can mean within 1 or more than 1 standard deviation, per the practice in the art. Alternatively, “about” can mean a range of up to 20%, up to 10%, up to 5%, or up to 1% of a given value. Alternatively, particularly with respect to biological systems or processes, the term can mean within an order of magnitude, preferably within 5-fold, and more preferably within 2-fold, of a value. Where particular values are described in the application and claims, unless otherwise stated the term “about” meaning within an acceptable error range for the particular value should be assumed.

“Treatment”, “treating”, “palliating” and “ameliorating”, as used herein, are used interchangeably. These terms refer to an approach for obtaining beneficial or desired results including but not limited to therapeutic benefit and/or a prophylactic benefit. By therapeutic benefit is meant eradication or amelioration of the underlying disorder being treated. Also, a therapeutic benefit is achieved with the eradication or amelioration of one or more of the physiological symptoms associated with the underlying disorder such that an improvement is observed in the patient, notwithstanding that the patient may still be afflicted with the underlying disorder. For prophylactic benefit, the compositions may be administered to a patient at risk of developing a particular disease, or to a patient reporting one or more of the physiological symptoms of a disease, even though a diagnosis of this disease may not have been made.

As used herein, the term “neoplastic condition” refers to the presence of cells possessing abnormal growth characteristics, such as uncontrolled proliferation, immortality, metastatic potential, rapid growth and proliferation rate, perturbed oncogenic signaling, and certain characteristic morphological features. This includes but is not limited to the growth of: (1) benign or malignant cells (e.g., tumor cells) that correlates with overexpression of a tyrosine or serine/threonine kinase; (2) benign or malignant cells (e.g., tumor cells) that correlates with abnormally high level of tyrosine or serine/threonine kinase activity. Exemplary tyrosine kinases implicated in a neoplastic condition include but are not limited to receptor tyrosine kinases such as epidermal growth factor receptors (EGF receptor), platelet derived growth factor (PDGF) receptors, and cyotsolic tyrosine kinases such as src and abl kinase. Non-limiting serien/threonine kinases implicated in neoplastic condition include but are not limited to raf and mek.

The term “effective amount” or “therapeutically effective amount” refers to that amount of an inhibitor described herein that is sufficient to effect the intended application including but not limited to disease treatment, as defined below. The therapeutically effective amount may vary depending upon the intended application (in vitro or in vivo), or the subject and disease condition being treated, e.g., the weight and age of the subject, the severity of the disease condition, the manner of administration and the like, which can readily be determined by one of ordinary skill in the art. The term also applies to a dose that will induce a particular response in target cells, e.g., reduction of proliferation or downregulation of activity of a target protein. The specific dose will vary depending on the particular compounds chosen, the dosing regimen to be followed, whether it is administered in combination with other compounds, timing of administration, the tissue to which it is administered, and the physical delivery system in which it is carried.

A “sub-therapeutic amount” of an agent or therapy is an amount less than the effective amount for that agent or therapy, but when combined with an effective or sub-therapeutic amount of another agent or therapy can produce a result desired by the physician, due to, for example, synergy in the resulting efficacious effects, or reduced side effects.

A “synergistically effective therapeutic amount” or “synergistically effective amount” of an agent or therapy is an amount which, when combined with an effective or sub-therapeutic amount of another agent or therapy, produces a greater effect than when either of the two agents are used alone. In some embodiments, a synergistically effective therapeutic amount of an agent or therapy produces a greater effect when used in combination than the additive effects of each of the two agents or therapies when used alone.

As used herein, “agent” or “biologically active agent” refers to a biological, pharmaceutical, or chemical compound or other moiety. Non-limiting examples include simple or complex organic or inorganic molecule, a peptide, a protein, an oligonucleotide, an antibody, an antibody derivative, antibody fragment, a vitamin derivative, a carbohydrate, a toxin, or a chemotherapeutic compound. Various compounds can be synthesized, for example, small molecules and oligomers (e.g., oligopeptides and oligonucleotides), and synthetic organic compounds based on various core structures. In addition, various natural sources can provide compounds for screening, such as plant or animal extracts, and the like. A skilled artisan can readily recognize that there is no limit as to the structural nature of the agents of the present invention.

The term “agonist” as used herein refers to a compound having the ability to initiate or enhance a biological function of a target protein, whether by inhibiting the activity or expression of the target protein. Accordingly, the term “agonist” is defined in the context of the biological role of the target polypeptide. While preferred agonists herein specifically interact with (e.g., bind to) the target, compounds that initiate or enhance a biological activity of the target polypeptide by interacting with other members of the signal transduction pathway of which the target polypeptide is a member are also specifically included within this definition.

The terms “antagonist” and “inhibitor” are used interchangeably, and they refer to a compound having the ability to inhibit a biological function of a target protein, whether by inhibiting the activity or expression of the target protein. Accordingly, the terms “antagonist” and “inhibitors” are defined in the context of the biological role of the target protein. While preferred antagonists herein specifically interact with (e.g., bind to) the target, compounds that inhibit a biological activity of the target protein by interacting with other members of the signal transduction pathway of which the target protein is a member are also specifically included within this definition. A preferred biological activity inhibited by an antagonist is associated with the development, growth, or spread of a tumor, or an undesired immune response as manifested in autoimmune disease.

The phrase “mTOR inhibitor that binds to and directly inhibits both mTORC1 and mTORC2 kinases” refers to an mTOR inhibitor that interacts with and reduces the kinase activity of both mTORC1 and mTORC2 complexes.

An “anti-cancer agent”, “anti-tumor agent” or “chemotherapeutic agent” refers to any agent useful in the treatment of a neoplastic condition. One class of anti-cancer agents comprises chemotherapeutic agents. “Chemotherapy” means the administration of one or more chemotherapeutic drugs and/or other agents to a cancer patient by various methods, including intravenous, oral, intramuscular, intraperitoneal, intravesical, subcutaneous, transdermal, buccal, or inhalation or in the form of a suppository.

The term “cell proliferation” refers to a phenomenon by which the cell number has changed as a result of division. This term also encompasses cell growth by which the cell morphology has changed (e.g., increased in size) consistent with a proliferative signal.

The terms “co-administration,” “administered in combination with,” and their grammatical equivalents, encompass administration of two or more agents to an animal so that both agents and/or their metabolites are present in the animal at the same time. Co-administration includes simultaneous administration in separate compositions, administration at different times in separate compositions, or administration in a composition in which both agents are present. Co-administered agents may be in the same formulation. Co-administered agents may also be in different formulations.

A “therapeutic effect,” as used herein, encompasses a therapeutic benefit and/or a prophylactic benefit as described above. A prophylactic effect includes delaying or eliminating the appearance of a disease or condition, delaying or eliminating the onset of symptoms of a disease or condition, slowing, halting, or reversing the progression of a disease or condition, or any combination thereof.

The term “pharmaceutically acceptable salt” refers to salts derived from a variety of organic and inorganic counter ions well known in the art. Pharmaceutically acceptable acid addition salts can be formed with inorganic acids and organic acids. Inorganic acids from which salts can be derived include, for example, hydrochloric acid, hydrobromic acid, sulfuric acid, nitric acid, phosphoric acid, and the like. Organic acids from which salts can be derived include, for example, acetic acid, propionic acid, glycolic acid, pyruvic acid, oxalic acid, maleic acid, malonic acid, succinic acid, fumaric acid, tartaric acid, citric acid, benzoic acid, cinnamic acid, mandelic acid, methanesulfonic acid, ethanesulfonic acid, p-toluenesulfonic acid, salicylic acid, and the like. Pharmaceutically acceptable base addition salts can be formed with inorganic and organic bases. Inorganic bases from which salts can be derived include, for example, sodium, potassium, lithium, ammonium, calcium, magnesium, iron, zinc, copper, manganese, aluminum, and the like. Organic bases from which salts can be derived include, for example, primary, secondary, and tertiary amines, substituted amines including naturally occurring substituted amines, cyclic amines, basic ion exchange resins, and the like, specifically such as isopropylamine, trimethylamine, diethylamine, triethylamine, tripropylamine, and ethanolamine. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutically acceptable base addition salt is chosen from ammonium, potassium, sodium, calcium, and magnesium salts.

“Pharmaceutically acceptable carrier” or “pharmaceutically acceptable excipient” includes any and all solvents, dispersion media, coatings, antibacterial and antifungal agents, isotonic and absorption delaying agents and the like. The use of such media and agents for pharmaceutically active substances is well known in the art. Except insofar as any conventional media or agent is incompatible with the active ingredient, its use in the therapeutic compositions of the invention is contemplated. Supplementary active ingredients can also be incorporated into the compositions.

“Signal transduction” is a process during which stimulatory or inhibitory signals are transmitted into and within a cell to elicit an intracellular response. A modulator of a signal transduction pathway refers to a compound that modulates the activity of one or more cellular proteins mapped to the same specific signal transduction pathway. A modulator may augment (agonist) or suppress (antagonist) the activity of a signaling molecule.

The term “selective inhibition” or “selectively inhibit” as applied to a biologically active agent refers to the agent's ability to selectively reduce the target signaling activity as compared to off-target signaling activity, via direct or interact interaction with the target.

“Subject” refers to an animal, such as a mammal, for example a human. The methods described herein can be useful in both human therapeutics, pre-clinical, and veterinary applications. In some embodiments, the subject is a mammal, and in some embodiments, the subject is human.

The term “in vivo” refers to an event that takes place in a subject's body.

The term “in vitro” refers to an event that takes places outside of a subject's body. For example, an in vitro assay encompasses any assay run outside of a subject assay. In vitro assays encompass cell-based assays in which cells alive or dead are employed. In vitro assays also encompass a cell-free assay in which no intact cells are employed.

Unless otherwise stated, the connections of compound name moieties are at the rightmost recited moiety. That is, the substituent name starts with a terminal moiety, continues with any linking moieties, and ends with the linking moiety. For example, heteroarylthio C₁₋₄ alkyl has a heteroaryl group connected through a thio sulfur to a C₁₋₄ alkyl radical that connects to the chemical species bearing the substituent. This condition does not apply where a formula such as, for example “-L-C₁₋₁₀alkyl-C₃₋₈cycloalkyl” is represented. In such case, the terminal group is a C₃₋₈cycloalkyl group attached to a linking C₁₋₁₀alkyl moiety which is attached to an element L, which is itself connected to the chemical species bearing the substituent.

“Alkyl” refers to a straight or branched hydrocarbon chain radical consisting solely of carbon and hydrogen atoms, containing no unsaturation, having from one to ten carbon atoms (e.g., C₁-C₁₀ alkyl). Whenever it appears herein, a numerical range such as “1 to 10” refers to each integer in the given range; e.g., “1 to 10 carbon atoms” means that the alkyl group may consist of 1 carbon atom, 2 carbon atoms, 3 carbon atoms, etc., up to and including 10 carbon atoms, although the present definition also covers the occurrence of the term “alkyl” where no numerical range is designated. In some embodiments, it is a C₁-C₄ alkyl group. Typical alkyl groups include, but are in no way limited to, methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, n-butyl, iso-butyl, sec-butyl isobutyl, tertiary butyl, pentyl, isopentyl, neopentyl, hexyl, septyl, octyl, nonyl, decyl, and the like. The alkyl is attached to the rest of the molecule by a single bond, for example, methyl (Me), ethyl (Et), n-propyl, 1-methylethyl (iso-propyl), n-butyl, n-pentyl, 1,1-dimethylethyl (t-butyl), 3-methylhexyl, 2-methylhexyl, and the like. Unless stated otherwise specifically in the specification, an alkyl group is optionally substituted by one or more of substituents which independently are: alkyl, heteroalkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, arylalkyl, heteroaryl, heteroarylalkyl, hydroxy, halo, cyano, trifluoromethyl, trifluoromethoxy, nitro, trimethylsilanyl, —OR^(a), —SR^(a), —OC(O)—R^(a), —N(R^(a))₂, —C(O)R^(a), —C(O)OR^(a), —OC(O)N(R^(a))₂, —C(O)N(R^(a))₂, —N(R^(a))C(O)OR^(a), —N(R^(a))C(O)R^(a), —N(R^(a))C(O)N(R^(a))₂, —N(R^(a))C(NR^(a))N(R^(a))₂, —N(R^(a))S(O)_(t)R^(a) (where t is 1 or 2), —S(O)_(t)OR^(a) (where t is 1 or 2), —S(O)_(t)N(R^(a))₂ (where t is 1 or 2), or PO₃(R^(a))₂ where each R^(a) is independently hydrogen, alkyl, fluoroalkyl, carbocyclyl, carbocyclylalkyl, aryl, aralkyl, heterocycloalkyl, heterocycloalkylalkyl, heteroaryl or heteroarylalkyl.

The term “halo” or “halogen” refers to fluoro, chloro, bromo, or iodo.

The term “haloalkyl” refers to an alkyl group substituted with one or more halo groups, for example chloromethyl, 2-bromoethyl, 3-iodopropyl, trifluoromethyl, perfluoropropyl, 8-chlorononyl, and the like.

“Acyl” refers to the groups (alkyl)-C(O)—, (aryl)-C(O)—, (heteroaryl)-C(O)—, (heteroalkyl)-C(O)—, and (heterocycloalkyl)-C(O)—, wherein the group is attached to the parent structure through the carbonyl functionality. In some embodiments, it is a C₁-C₁₀ acyl radical which refers to the total number of chain or ring atoms of the alkyl, aryl, heteroaryl or heterocycloalkyl portion of the acyloxy group plus the carbonyl carbon of acyl, i.e three other ring or chain atoms plus carbonyl. If the R radical is heteroaryl or heterocycloalkyl, the hetero ring or chain atoms contribute to the total number of chain or ring atoms. Unless stated otherwise specifically in the specification, the “R” of an acyloxy group is optionally substituted by one or more substituents which independently are: alkyl, heteroalkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, arylalkyl, heteroaryl, heteroarylalkyl, hydroxy, halo, cyano, trifluoromethyl, trifluoromethoxy, nitro, trimethylsilanyl, —OR^(a), SR^(a), —OC(O)—R^(a), —N(R^(a))₂, —C(O)R^(a), —C(O)OR^(a), —OC(O)N(R^(a))₂, —C(O)N(R^(a))₂, —N(R^(a))C(O)OR^(a), —N(R^(a))C(O)R^(a), —N(R^(a))C(O)N(R^(a))₂, N(R^(a))C(NR^(a))N(R^(a))₂, —N(R^(a))S(O)_(t)R^(a) (where t is 1 or 2), —S(O)_(t)OR^(a) (where t is 1 or 2), —S(O)_(t)N(R^(a))₂ (where t is 1 or 2), or PO₃(R^(a))₂, where each R^(a) is independently hydrogen, alkyl, fluoroalkyl, carbocyclyl, carbocyclylalkyl, aryl, aralkyl, heterocycloalkyl, heterocycloalkylalkyl, heteroaryl or heteroarylalkyl.

“Cycloalkyl” refers to a monocyclic or polycyclic radical that contains only carbon and hydrogen, and may be saturated, or partially unsaturated. Cycloalkyl groups include groups having from 3 to 10 ring atoms (i.e., C₂-C₁₀ cycloalkyl). Whenever it appears herein, a numerical range such as “3 to 10” refers to each integer in the given range; e.g., “3 to 10 carbon atoms” means that the cycloalkyl group may consist of 3 carbon atoms, etc., up to and including 10 carbon atoms. In some embodiments, it is a C₃-C₈ cycloalkyl radical. In some embodiments, it is a C₃-C₅ cycloalkyl radical. Illustrative examples of cycloalkyl groups include, but are not limited to the following moieties: cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclopentenyl, cyclohexyl, cyclohexenyl, cycloseptyl, cyclooctyl, cyclononyl, cyclodecyl, norbornyl, and the like. Unless stated otherwise specifically in the specification, a cycloalkyl group is optionally substituted by one or more substituents which independently are: alkyl, heteroalkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, arylalkyl, heteroaryl, heteroarylalkyl, hydroxy, halo, cyano, trifluoromethyl, trifluoromethoxy, nitro, trimethylsilanyl, —OR^(a), —SR^(a), —OC(O)—R^(a), —N(R^(a))₂, —C(O)R^(a), —C(O)OR^(a), —OC(O)N(R^(a))₂, —C(O)N(R^(a))₂, —N(R^(a))C(O)OR^(a), —N(R^(a))C(O)R^(a), —N(R^(a))C(O)N(R^(a))₂, N(R^(a))C(NR^(a))N(R^(a))₂, —N(R^(a))S(O)_(t)R^(a) (where t is 1 or 2), —S(O)_(t)OR^(a) (where t is 1 or 2), —S(O)_(t)N(R^(a))₂ (where t is 1 or 2), or PO₃(R^(a))₂, where each R^(a) is independently hydrogen, alkyl, fluoroalkyl, carbocyclyl, carbocyclylalkyl, aryl, aralkyl, heterocycloalkyl, heterocycloalkylalkyl, heteroaryl or heteroarylalkyl.

The term “C₁₋₁₀alkyl-C₃₋₈cycloalkyl” is used to describe an alkyl group, branched or straight chain and containing 1 to 10 carbon atoms, attached to a linking cycloalkyl group which contains 3 to 8 carbons, such as for example, 2-methyl cyclopropyl, and the like. Either portion of the moiety is unsubstituted or substituted.

The term “bicycloalkyl” refers to a structure consisting of two cycloalkyl moieties, unsubstituted or substituted, that have two or more atoms in common. If the cycloalkyl moieties have exactly two atoms in common they are said to be “fused”. Examples include, but are not limited to, bicyclo[3.1.0]hexyl, perhydronaphthyl, and the like. If the cycloalkyl moieties have more than two atoms in common they are said to be “bridged”. Examples include, but are not limited to, bicyclo[3.2.1]heptyl (“norbornyl”), bicyclo[2.2.2]octyl, and the like.

As used herein, the term “heteroatom” or “ring heteroatom” is meant to include oxygen (O), nitrogen (N), sulfur (S), phosphorus (P), and silicon (Si).

“Heteroalkyl”, “heteroalkenyl” and “heteroalkynyl” include optionally substituted alkyl, alkenyl and alkynyl radicals and which have one or more skeletal chain atoms selected from an atom other than carbon, e.g., oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur, phosphorus or combinations thereof. A numerical range may be given, e.g., C₁-C₄ heteroalkyl which refers to the chain length in total, which in this example is 4 atoms long. For example, a —CH₂OCH₂CH₃ radical is referred to as a “C₄” heteroalkyl, which includes the heteroatom center in the atom chain length description.

Connection to the rest of the molecule may be through either a heteroatom or a carbon in the heteroalkyl chain. A heteroalkyl group may be substituted with one or more substituents which independently are: alkyl, heteroalkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, arylalkyl, heteroaryl, heteroarylalkyl, hydroxy, halo, cyano, nitro, oxo, thioxo, trimethylsilanyl, —OR^(a), —SR^(a), —OC(O)—R^(a), —N(R^(a))₂, —C(O)R^(a), —C(O)OR^(a), —C(O)N(R^(a))₂, —N(R^(a))C(O)OR^(a), —N(R^(a))C(O)R^(a), —N(R^(a))S(O)_(t)R^(a) (where t is 1 or 2), —S(O)_(t)OR^(a) (where t is 1 or 2), —S(O)_(t)N(R^(a))₂ (where t is 1 or 2), or PO₃(R^(a))₂, where each R^(a) is independently hydrogen, alkyl, fluoroalkyl, carbocyclyl, carbocyclylalkyl, aryl, aralkyl, heterocycloalkyl, heterocycloalkylalkyl, heteroaryl or heteroarylalkyl.

The term “heteroalkylaryl” refers to a heteroalkyl group as defined above which is attached to an aryl group, and may be attached at a terminal point or through a branched portion of the heteroalkyl, for example, an benzyloxymethyl moiety. Either portion of the moiety is unsubstituted or substituted.

The term “heteroalkylheteroaryl” refers likewise to a heteroalkyl group which is attached to a heteroaryl moiety, for example, an ethoxymethylpyridyl group. Either portion of the moiety is unsubstituted or substituted.

The term “heteroalkyl-heterocyclyl” refers to a heteroalkyl group as defined above, which is attached to a heterocyclic group, for example, 4(3-aminopropyl)-N-piperazinyl. Either portion of the moiety is unsubstituted or substituted.

The term “heteroalkyl-C₃₋₈cycloalkyl” refers to a heteroalkyl group as defined above, which is attached to a cyclic alkyl containing 3 to 8 carbons, for example, 1-aminobutyl-4-cyclohexyl. Either portion of the moiety is unsubstituted or substituted.

The term “heterobicycloalkyl” refers to a bicycloalkyl structure, which is unsubstituted or substituted, in which at least one carbon atom is replaced with a heteroatom independently selected from oxygen, nitrogen, and sulfur.

The term “heterospiroalkyl” refers to a spiroalkyl structure, which is unsubstituted or substituted, in which at least one carbon atom is replaced with a heteroatom independently selected from oxygen, nitrogen, and sulfur.

An “alkene” moiety refers to a group consisting of at least two carbon atoms and at least one carbon-carbon double bond, and an “alkyne” moiety refers to a group consisting of at least two carbon atoms and at least one carbon-carbon triple bond. The alkyl moiety, whether saturated or unsaturated, may be branched, straight chain, or cyclic.

“Alkenyl” refers to a straight or branched hydrocarbon chain radical group consisting solely of carbon and hydrogen atoms, containing at least one double bond, and having from two to ten carbon atoms (i.e., C₂-C₁₀ alkenyl). Whenever it appears herein, a numerical range such as “2 to 10” refers to each integer in the given range; e.g., “2 to 10 carbon atoms” means that the alkenyl group may consist of 2 carbon atoms, 3 carbon atoms, etc., up to and including 10 carbon atoms. In certain embodiments, an alkenyl comprises two to eight carbon atoms. In other embodiments, an alkenyl comprises two to five carbon atoms (e.g., C₂-C₅ alkenyl). The alkenyl is attached to the rest of the molecule by a single bond, for example, ethenyl (i.e., vinyl), prop-1-enyl (i.e., allyl), but-1-enyl, pent-1-enyl, penta-1,4-dienyl, and the like. Unless stated otherwise specifically in the specification, an alkenyl group is optionally substituted by one or more substituents which independently are: alkyl, heteroalkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, arylalkyl, heteroaryl, heteroarylalkyl, hydroxy, halo, cyano, trifluoromethyl, trifluoromethoxy, nitro, trimethylsilanyl, —OR^(a), —SR^(a), —OC(O)—R^(a), —N(R^(a))₂, —C(O)R^(a), —C(O)OR^(a), —OC(O)N(R^(a))₂, —C(O)N(R^(a))₂, —N(R^(a))C(O)OR^(a), —N(R^(a))C(O)R^(a), —N(R^(a))C(O)N(R^(a))₂, N(R^(a))C(NR^(a))N(R^(a))₂, —N(R^(a))S(O)_(t)R^(a) (where t is 1 or 2), —S(O)_(t)OR^(a) (where t is 1 or 2), —S(O)_(t)N(R^(a))₂ (where t is 1 or 2), or PO₃(R^(a))₂, where each R^(a) is independently hydrogen, alkyl, fluoroalkyl, carbocyclyl, carbocyclylalkyl, aryl, aralkyl, heterocycloalkyl, heterocycloalkylalkyl, heteroaryl or heteroarylalkyl.

The term “C₂₋₁₀ alkenyl-heteroalkyl” refers to a group having an alkenyl moiety, containing 2 to 10 carbon atoms and is branched or straight chain, which is attached to a linking heteroalkyl group, such as, for example, allyloxy, and the like. Either portion of the moiety is unsubstituted or substituted.

The term “C₂₋₁₀ alkynyl-heteroalkyl” refers to a group having an alkynyl moiety, which is unsubstituted or substituted, containing 2 to 10 carbon atoms and is branched or straight chain, which is attached to a linking heteroalkyl group, such as, for example, 4-but-1-ynoxy, and the like. Either portion of the moiety is unsubstituted or substituted.

The term “haloalkenyl” refers to an alkenyl group substituted with one or more halo groups.

Unless otherwise specified, the term “cycloalkenyl” refers to a cyclic aliphatic 3 to 8 membered ring structure, optionally substituted with alkyl, hydroxy and halo, having 1 or 2 ethylenic bonds such as methylcyclopropenyl, trifluoromethylcyclopropenyl, cyclopentenyl, cyclohexenyl, 1,4-cyclohexadienyl, and the like.

“Alkynyl” refers to a straight or branched hydrocarbon chain radical group consisting solely of carbon and hydrogen atoms, containing at least one triple bond, having from two to ten carbon atoms (i.e., C₂-C₁₀ alkynyl). Whenever it appears herein, a numerical range such as “2 to 10” refers to each integer in the given range; e.g., “2 to 10 carbon atoms” means that the alkynyl group may consist of 2 carbon atoms, 3 carbon atoms, etc., up to and including 10 carbon atoms. In certain embodiments, an alkynyl comprises two to eight carbon atoms. In other embodiments, an alkynyl has two to five carbon atoms (e.g., C₂-C₅ alkynyl). The alkynyl is attached to the rest of the molecule by a single bond, for example, ethynyl, propynyl, butynyl, pentynyl, hexynyl, and the like. Unless stated otherwise specifically in the specification, an alkynyl group is optionally substituted by one or more substituents which independently are: alkyl, heteroalkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, arylalkyl, heteroaryl, heteroarylalkyl, hydroxy, halo, cyano, trifluoromethyl, trifluoromethoxy, nitro, trimethylsilanyl, —OR^(a), SR^(a), —OC(O)—R^(a), —N(R^(a))₂, —C(O)R^(a), —C(O)OR^(a), —OC(O)N(R^(a))₂, —C(O)N(R^(a))₂, —N(R^(a))C(O)OR^(a), —N(R^(a))C(O)R^(a), —N(R^(a))C(O)N(R^(a))₂, N(R^(a))C(NR^(a))N(R^(a))₂, —N(R^(a))S(O)_(t)R^(a) (where t is 1 or 2), —S(O)_(t)OR^(a) (where t is 1 or 2), —S(O)_(t)N(R^(a))₂ (where t is 1 or 2), or PO₃(R^(a))₂, where each R^(a) is independently hydrogen, alkyl, fluoroalkyl, carbocyclyl, carbocyclylalkyl, aryl, aralkyl, heterocycloalkyl, heterocycloalkylalkyl, heteroaryl or heteroarylalkyl.

The term C₂₋₁₀ alkynyl-C₃₋₈ cycloalkyl refers to a group containing an alkynyl group, containing 2 to 10 carbons and branched or straight chain, which is attached to a linking cycloalkyl group containing 3 to 8 carbons, such as, for example 3-prop-3-ynyl-cyclopent-1yl, and the like. Either portion of the moiety is unsubstituted or substituted.

The term “haloalkynyl” refers to an alkynyl group substituted with one or more independent halo groups.

“Amino” or “amine” refers to a —N(R^(a))₂ radical group, where each R^(a) is independently hydrogen, alkyl, fluoroalkyl, carbocyclyl, carbocyclylalkyl, aryl, aralkyl, heterocycloalkyl, heterocycloalkylalkyl, heteroaryl or heteroarylalkyl, unless stated otherwise specifically in the specification. When a —N(R^(a))₂ group has two R^(a) other than hydrogen they can be combined with the nitrogen atom to form a 4-, 5-, 6-, or 7-membered ring. For example, —N(R^(a))₂ is meant to include, but not be limited to, 1-pyrrolidinyl and 4-morpholinyl. Unless stated otherwise specifically in the specification, an amino group is optionally substituted by one or more substituents which independently are: alkyl, heteroalkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, arylalkyl, heteroaryl, heteroarylalkyl, hydroxy, halo, cyano, trifluoromethyl, trifluoromethoxy, nitro, trimethylsilanyl, —OR^(a), —SR^(a), —OC(O)—R^(a), —N(R^(a))₂, —C(O)R^(a), —C(O)OR^(a), —OC(O)N(R^(a))₂, —C(O)N(R^(a))₂, —N(R^(a))C(O)OR^(a), —N(R^(a))C(O)R^(a), —N(R^(a))C(O)N(R^(a))₂, —N(R^(a))C(NR^(a))N(R^(a))₂, —N(R^(a))S(O)_(t)R^(a) (where t is 1 or 2), —S(O)_(t)OR^(a) (where t is 1 or 2), —S(O)_(t)N(R^(a))₂ (where t is 1 or 2), or PO₃(R^(a))₂, where each R^(a) is independently hydrogen, alkyl, fluoroalkyl, carbocyclyl, carbocyclylalkyl, aryl, aralkyl, heterocycloalkyl, heterocycloalkylalkyl, heteroaryl or heteroarylalkyl and each of these moieties may be optionally substituted as defined herein.

“Amide” or “amido” refers to a chemical moiety with formula —C(O)N(R)₂ or —NHC(O)R, where R is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl (bonded through a ring carbon) and heteroalicyclic (bonded through a ring carbon), each of which moiety may itself be optionally substituted. In some embodiments it is a C₁-C₄ amido or amide radical, which includes the amide carbonyl in the total number of carbons in the radical. The R^(2′) of —N(R)₂ of the amide may optionally be taken together with the nitrogen to which it is attached to form a 4-, 5-, 6-, or 7-membered ring. Unless stated otherwise specifically in the specification, an amido group is optionally substituted independently by one or more of the substituents as described herein for alkyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, or heterocycloalkyl. An amide may be an amino acid or a peptide molecule attached to a compound of Formula (I), thereby forming a prodrug. Any amine, hydroxy, or carboxyl side chain on the compounds described herein can be amidified. The procedures and specific groups to make such amides are known to those of skill in the art and can readily be found in reference sources such as Greene and Wuts, Protective Groups in Organic Synthesis, 3^(rd) Ed., John Wiley & Sons, New York, N.Y., 1999, which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.

“Aromatic” or “aryl” refers to an aromatic radical with six to ten ring atoms (e.g., C₆-C₁₀ aromatic or C₆-C₁₀ aryl) which has at least one ring having a conjugated pi electron system which is carbocyclic (e.g., phenyl, fluorenyl, and naphthyl). Bivalent radicals formed from substituted benzene derivatives and having the free valences at ring atoms are named as substituted phenylene radicals. Bivalent radicals derived from univalent polycyclic hydrocarbon radicals whose names end in “-yl” by removal of one hydrogen atom from the carbon atom with the free valence are named by adding “-idene” to the name of the corresponding univalent radical, e.g., a naphthyl group with two points of attachment is termed naphthylidene. Whenever it appears herein, a numerical range such as “6 to 10” refers to each integer in the given range; e.g., “6 to 10 ring atoms” means that the aryl group may consist of 6 ring atoms, 7 ring atoms, etc., up to and including 10 ring atoms. The term includes monocyclic or fused-ring polycyclic (i.e., rings which share adjacent pairs of ring atoms) groups. Unless stated otherwise specifically in the specification, an aryl moiety is optionally substituted by one or more substituents which are independently: alkyl, heteroalkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, arylalkyl, heteroaryl, heteroarylalkyl, hydroxy, halo, cyano, trifluoromethyl, trifluoromethoxy, nitro, trimethylsilanyl, —OR^(a), —SR^(a), —OC(O)—R^(a), —N(R^(a))₂, —C(O)R^(a), —C(O)OR^(a), —OC(O)N(R^(a))₂, —C(O)N(R^(a))₂, —N(R^(a))C(O)OR^(a), —N(R^(a))C(O)R^(a), —N(R^(a))C(O)N(R^(a))₂, N(R^(a))C(NR^(a))N(R^(a))₂, —N(R^(a))S(O)_(t)R^(a) (where t is 1 or 2), —S(O)_(t)OR^(a) (where t is 1 or 2), —S(O)_(t)N(R^(a))₂ (where t is 1 or 2), or PO₃(R^(a))₂, where each R^(a) is independently hydrogen, alkyl, fluoroalkyl, carbocyclyl, carbocyclylalkyl, aryl, aralkyl, heterocycloalkyl, heterocycloalkylalkyl, heteroaryl or heteroarylalkyl.

“Heteroaryl” or, alternatively, “heteroaromatic” refers to a 5- to 18-membered aromatic radical (e.g., C₅-C₁₃ heteroaryl) that includes one or more ring heteroatoms selected from nitrogen, oxygen and sulfur, and which may be a monocyclic, bicyclic, tricyclic or tetracyclic ring system. Whenever it appears herein, a numerical range such as “5 to 18” refers to each integer in the given range; e.g., “5 to 18 ring atoms” means that the heteroaryl group may consist of 5 ring atoms, 6 ring atoms, etc., up to and including 18 ring atoms. Bivalent radicals derived from univalent heteroaryl radicals whose names end in “-yl” by removal of one hydrogen atom from the atom with the free valence are named by adding “-idene” to the name of the corresponding univalent radical, e.g., a pyridyl group with two points of attachment is a pyridylidene. An N-containing “heteroaromatic” or “heteroaryl” moiety refers to an aromatic group in which at least one of the skeletal atoms of the ring is a nitrogen atom. The polycyclic heteroaryl group may be fused or non-fused. The heteroatom(s) in the heteroaryl radical is optionally oxidized. One or more nitrogen atoms, if present, are optionally quaternized. The heteroaryl is attached to the rest of the molecule through any atom of the ring(s). Examples of heteroaryls include, but are not limited to, azepinyl, acridinyl, benzimidazolyl, benzindolyl, 1,3-benzodioxolyl, benzofuranyl, benzooxazolyl, benzo[d]thiazolyl, benzothiadiazolyl, benzo[b][1,4]dioxepinyl, benzo[b][1,4]oxazinyl, 1,4-benzodioxanyl, benzonaphthofuranyl, benzoxazolyl, benzodioxolyl, benzodioxinyl, benzoxazolyl, benzopyranyl, benzopyranonyl, benzofuranyl, benzofuranonyl, benzofurazanyl, benzothiazolyl, benzothienyl (benzothiophenyl), benzothieno[3,2-d]pyrimidinyl, benzotriazolyl, benzo[4,6]imidazo[1,2-a]pyridinyl, carbazolyl, cinnolinyl, cyclopenta[d]pyrimidinyl, 6,7-dihydro-5H-cyclopenta[4,5]thieno[2,3-d]pyrimidinyl, 5,6-dihydrobenzo[h]quinazolinyl, 5,6-dihydrobenzo[h]cinnolinyl, 6,7-dihydro-5H-benzo[6,7]cyclohepta[1,2-c]pyridazinyl, dibenzofuranyl, dibenzothiophenyl, furanyl, furazanyl, furanonyl, furo[3,2-c]pyridinyl, 5,6,7,8,9,10-hexahydrocycloocta[d]pyrimidinyl, 5,6,7,8,9,10-hexahydrocycloocta[d]pyridazinyl, 5,6,7,8,9,10-hexahydrocycloocta[d]pyridinyl, isothiazolyl, imidazolyl, indazolyl, indolyl, indazolyl, isoindolyl, indolinyl, isoindolinyl, isoquinolyl, indolizinyl, isoxazolyl, 5,8-methano-5,6,7,8-tetrahydroquinazolinyl, naphthyridinyl, 1,6-naphthyridinonyl, oxadiazolyl, 2-oxoazepinyl, oxazolyl, oxiranyl, 5,6,6a,7,8,9,10,10a-octahydrobenzo[h]quinazolinyl, 1-phenyl-1H-pyrrolyl, phenazinyl, phenothiazinyl, phenoxazinyl, phthalazinyl, pteridinyl, purinyl, pyranyl, pyrrolyl, pyrazolyl, pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidinyl, pyridinyl, pyrido[3,2-d]pyrimidinyl, pyrido[3,4-d]pyrimidinyl, pyrazinyl, pyrimidinyl, pyridazinyl, pyrrolyl, quinazolinyl, quinoxalinyl, quinolinyl, isoquinolinyl, tetrahydroquinolinyl, 5,6,7,8-tetrahydroquinazolinyl, 5,6,7,8-tetrahydrobenzo[4,5]thieno[2,3-d]pyrimidinyl, 6,7,8,9-tetrahydro-5H-cyclohepta[4,5]thieno[2,3-d]pyrimidinyl, 5,6,7,8-tetrahydropyrido[4,5-c]pyridazinyl, thiazolyl, thiadiazolyl, thiapyranyl, triazolyl, tetrazolyl, triazinyl, thieno[2,3-d]pyrimidinyl, thieno[3,2-d]pyrimidinyl, thieno[2,3-c]pridinyl, and thiophenyl (i.e. thienyl). Unless stated otherwise specifically in the specification, a heteraryl moiety is optionally substituted by one or more substituents which are independently: alkyl, heteroalkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, arylalkyl, heteroaryl, heteroarylalkyl, hydroxy, halo, cyano, nitro, oxo, thioxo, trimethylsilanyl, —OR^(a), —SR^(a), —OC(O)—R^(a), —N(R^(a))₂, —C(O)R^(a), —C(O)OR^(a), —C(O)N(R^(a))₂, —N(R^(a))C(O)OR^(a), —N(R^(a))C(O)R^(a), —N(R^(a))S(O)_(t)R^(a) (where t is 1 or 2), —S(O)_(t)OR^(a) (where t is 1 or 2), —S(O)_(t)N(R^(a))₂ (where t is 1 or 2), or PO₃(R^(a))₂, where each R^(a) is independently hydrogen, alkyl, fluoroalkyl, carbocyclyl, carbocyclylalkyl, aryl, aralkyl, heterocycloalkyl, heterocycloalkylalkyl, heteroaryl or heteroarylalkyl.

The terms “aryl-alkyl”, “arylalkyl” and “aralkyl” are used to describe a group wherein the alkyl chain can be branched or straight chain forming a linking portion with the terminal aryl, as defined above, of the aryl-alkyl moiety. Examples of aryl-alkyl groups include, but are not limited to, optionally substituted benzyl, phenethyl, phenpropyl and phenbutyl such as 4-chlorobenzyl, 2,4-dibromobenzyl, 2-methylbenzyl, 2-(3-fluorophenyl)ethyl, 2-(4-methylphenyl)ethyl, 2-(4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)ethyl, 2-(2-methoxyphenyl)ethyl, 2-(3-nitrophenyl)ethyl, 2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)ethyl, 2-(3,5-dimethoxyphenyl)ethyl, 3-phenylpropyl, 3-(3-chlorophenyl)propyl, 3-(2-methylphenyl)propyl, 3-(4-methoxyphenyl)propyl, 3-(4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)propyl, 3-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)propyl, 4-phenylbutyl, 4-(4-chlorophenyl)butyl, 4-(2-methylphenyl)butyl, 4-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)butyl, 4-(2-methoxphenyl)butyl, and 10-phenyldecyl. Either portion of the moiety is unsubstituted or substituted.

The term “C₁₋₁₀alkylaryl” as used herein refers to an alkyl group, as defined above, containing 1 to 10 carbon atoms, branched or unbranched, wherein the aryl group replaces one hydrogen on the alkyl group, for example, 3-phenylpropyl. Either portion of the moiety is unsubstituted or substituted.

The term C₂₋₁₀ alkyl monocycloaryl” refers to a group containing a terminal alkyl group, branched or straight chain and containing 2 to 10 atoms attached to a linking aryl group which has only one ring, such as for example, 2-phenyl ethyl. Either portion of the moiety is unsubstituted or substituted.

The term “C₁₋₁₀ alkyl bicycloaryl” refers to a group containing a terminal alkyl group, branched or straight chain and containing 2 to 10 atoms attached to a linking aryl group which is bicyclic, such as for example, 2-(1-naphthyl)-ethyl. Either portion of the moiety is unsubstituted or substituted.

The terms “aryl-cycloalkyl” and “arylcycloalkyl” are used to describe a group wherein the terminal aryl group is attached to a cycloalkyl group, for example phenylcyclopentyl and the like. Either portion of the moiety is unsubstituted or substituted.

The terms “heteroaryl-C₃₋₈cycloalkyl” and “heteroaryl-C₃₋₈cycloalkyl” are used to describe a group wherein the terminal heteroaryl group is attached to a cycloalkyl group, which contains 3 to 8 carbons, for example pyrid-2-yl-cyclopentyl and the like. Either portion of the moiety is unsubstituted or substituted.

The term “heteroaryl-heteroalkyl” refers to a group wherein the terminal heteroaryl group is attached to a linking heteroalkyl group, such as for example, pyrid-2-yl methylenoxy, and the like. Either portion of the moiety is unsubstituted or substituted.

The terms “aryl-alkenyl”, “arylalkenyl” and “aralkenyl” are used to describe a group wherein the alkenyl chain can be branched or straight chain forming a linking portion of the aralkenyl moiety with the terminal aryl portion, as defined above, for example styryl (2-phenylvinyl), phenpropenyl, and the like. Either portion of the moiety is unsubstituted or substituted.

The term “aryl-C₂₋₁₀alkenyl” means an arylalkenyl as described above wherein the alkenyl moiety contains 2 to 10 carbon atoms such as for example, styryl (2-phenylvinyl), and the like. Either portion of the moiety is unsubstituted or substituted.

The term “C₂₋₁₀alkenyl-aryl” is used to describe a group wherein the terminal alkenyl group, which contains 2 to 10 carbon atoms and can be branched or straight chain, is attached to the aryl moiety which forms the linking portion of the alkenyl-aryl moiety, such as for example, 3-propenyl-naphth-1-yl, and the like. Either portion of the moiety is unsubstituted or substituted.

The terms “aryl-alkynyl”, “arylalkynyl” and “aralkynyl” are used to describe a group wherein the alkynyl chain can be branched or straight chain forming a linking portion of the aryl-alkynyl moiety with the terminal aryl portion, as defined above, for example 3-phenyl-1-propynyl, and the like. Either portion of the moiety is unsubstituted or substituted.

The term “aryl-C₂₋₁₀alkynyl” means an arylalkynyl as described above wherein the alkynyl moiety contains two to ten carbons, such as, for example 3-phenyl-1-propynyl, and the like. Either portion of the moiety is unsubstituted or substituted.

The term “C₂₋₁₀alkynyl-aryl” means a group containing an alkynyl moiety attached to an aryl linking group, both as defined above, wherein the alkynyl moiety contains two to ten carbons, such as, for example 3-propynyl-naphth-1-yl. Either portion of the moiety is unsubstituted or substituted.

The terms “aryl-oxy”, “aryloxy” and “aroxy” are used to describe a terminal aryl group attached to a linking oxygen atom. Typical aryl-oxy groups include phenoxy, 3,4-dichlorophenoxy, and the like. Either portion of the moiety is unsubstituted or substituted.

The terms “aryl-oxyalkyl”, “aryloxyalkyl” and “aroxyalkyl” are used to describe a group wherein an alkyl group is substituted with a terminal aryl-oxy group, for example pentafluorophenoxymethyl and the like. Either portion of the moiety is unsubstituted or substituted.

The term “C₁₋₁₀alkoxy-C₁₋₁₀alkyl” refers to a group wherein an alkoxy group, containing 1 to 10 carbon atoms and an oxygen atom within the branching or straight chain, is attached to a linking alkyl group, branched or straight chain which contains 1 to 10 carbon atoms, such as, for example methoxypropyl, and the like. Either portion of the moiety is unsubstituted or substituted.

The term “C₁₋₁₀alkoxy-C₂₋₁₀alkenyl” refers to a group wherein an alkoxy group, containing 1 to 10 carbon atoms and an oxygen atom within the branching or straight chain, is attached to a linking alkenyl group, branched or straight chain which contains 1 to 10 carbon atoms, such as, for example 3-methoxybut-2-en-1-yl, and the like. Either portion of the moiety is unsubstituted or substituted.

The term “C₁₋₁₀alkoxy-C₂₋₁₀alkynyl” refers to a group wherein an alkoxy group, containing 1 to 10 carbon atoms and an oxygen atom within the branching or straight chain, is attached to a linking alkynyl group, branched or straight chain which contains 1 to 10 carbon atoms, such as, for example 3-methoxybut-2-in-1-yl, and the like. Either portion of the moiety is unsubstituted or substituted.

The term “heterocycloalkenyl” refers to a cycloalkenyl structure, which is unsubstituted or substituted in which at least one carbon atom is replaced with a heteroatom selected from oxygen, nitrogen, and sulfur.

The terms “heteroaryl-oxy”, “heteroaryl-oxy”, “heteroaryloxy”, “heteroaryloxy”, “hetaroxy” and “heteroaroxy” are used to describe a terminal heteroaryl group, which is unsubstituted or substituted, attached to a linking oxygen atom. Typical heteroaryl-oxy groups include 4,6-dimethoxypyrimidin-2-yloxy and the like.

The terms “heteroarylalkyl”, “heteroarylalkyl”, “heteroaryl-alkyl”, “heteroaryl-alkyl”, “hetaralkyl” and “heteroaralkyl” are used to describe a group wherein the alkyl chain can be branched or straight chain forming a linking portion of the heteroaralkyl moiety with the terminal heteroaryl portion, as defined above, for example 3-furylmethyl, thenyl, furfuryl, and the like. Either portion of the moiety is unsubstituted or substituted.

The term “heteroaryl-C₁₋₁₀alkyl” is used to describe a heteroaryl alkyl group as described above where the alkyl group contains 1 to 10 carbon atoms. Either portion of the moiety is unsubstituted or substituted.

The term “C₁₋₁₀alkyl-heteroaryl” is used to describe a alkyl attached to a hetary group as described above where the alkyl group contains 1 to 10 carbon atoms. Either portion of the moiety is unsubstituted or substituted.

The terms “heteroarylalkenyl”, “heteroarylalkenyl”, “heteroaryl-alkenyl”, “heteroaryl-alkenyl”, “hetaralkenyl” and “heteroaralkenyl” are used to describe a heteroarylalkenyl group wherein the alkenyl chain can be branched or straight chain forming a linking portion of the heteroaralkenyl moiety with the terminal heteroaryl portion, as defined above, for example 3-(4-pyridyl)-1-propenyl. Either portion of the moiety is unsubstituted or substituted.

The term “heteroaryl-C₂₋₁₀alkenyl” group is used to describe a group as described above wherein the alkenyl group contains 2 to 10 carbon atoms. Either portion of the moiety is unsubstituted or substituted.

The term “C₂₋₁₀alkenyl-heteroaryl” is used to describe a group containing an alkenyl group, which is branched or straight chain and contains 2 to 10 carbon atoms, and is attached to a linking heteroaryl group, such as, for example 2-styryl-4-pyridyl, and the like. Either portion of the moiety is unsubstituted or substituted.

The terms “heteroarylalkynyl”, “heteroarylalkynyl”, “heteroaryl-alkynyl”, “heteroaryl-alkynyl”, “hetaralkynyl” and “heteroaralkynyl” are used to describe a group wherein the alkynyl chain can be branched or straight chain forming a linking portion of the heteroaralkynyl moiety with the heteroaryl portion, as defined above, for example 4-(2-thienyl)-1-butynyl, and the like. Either portion of the moiety is unsubstituted or substituted.

The term “heteroaryl-C₂₋₁₀alkynyl” is used to describe a heteroarylalkynyl group as described above wherein the alkynyl group contains 2 to 10 carbon atoms. Either portion of the moiety is unsubstituted or substituted.

The term “C₂₋₁₀alkynyl-heteroaryl” is used to describe a group containing an alkynyl group which contains 2 to 10 carbon atoms and is branched or straight chain, which is attached to a linking heteroaryl group such as, for example, 4(but-1-ynyl) thien-2-yl, and the like. Either portion of the moiety is unsubstituted or substituted.

The term “heterocyclyl” refers to a four-, five-, six-, or seven-membered ring containing one, two, three or four heteroaroms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen and sulfur. The four-membered ring has zero double bonds, the five-membered ring has zero to two double bonds, and the siz- and seven-membered rings have zero to three double bonds. The term “heterocyclyl” also includes bicyclic groups in which the heterocyclyl ring is fused to another monocyclic heterocyclyl group, or a four- to se-membered aromatic or nonaromatic carbocyclic ring. The heterocyclyl group can be attached to the parent molecular moiety through any carbon atom or nitrogen atom in the group.

“Heterocycloalkyl” refers to a stable 3- to 18-membered non-aromatic ring radical that comprises two to twelve carbon atoms and from one to six heteroatoms selected from nitrogen, oxygen and sulfur. Whenever it appears herein, a numerical range such as “3 to 18” refers to each integer in the given range; e.g., “3 to 18 ring atoms” means that the heterocycloalkyl group may consist of 3 ring atoms, 4 ring atoms, etc., up to and including 18 ring atoms. In some embodiments, it is a C₅-C₁₀ heterocycloalkyl. In some embodiments, it is a C₄-C₁₀ heterocycloalkyl. In some embodiments, it is a C₃-C₁₀ heterocycloalkyl. Unless stated otherwise specifically in the specification, the heterocycloalkyl radical is a monocyclic, bicyclic, tricyclic or tetracyclic ring system, which may include fused or bridged ring systems. The heteroatoms in the heterocycloalkyl radical may be optionally oxidized. One or more nitrogen atoms, if present, are optionally quaternized. The heterocycloalkyl radical is partially or fully saturated. The heterocycloalkyl may be attached to the rest of the molecule through any atom of the ring(s). Examples of such heterocycloalkyl radicals include, but are not limited to, dioxolanyl, thienyl[1,3]dithianyl, decahydroisoquinolyl, imidazolinyl, imidazolidinyl, isothiazolidinyl, isoxazolidinyl, morpholinyl, octahydroindolyl, octahydroisoindolyl, 2-oxopiperazinyl, 2-oxopiperidinyl, 2-oxopyrrolidinyl, oxazolidinyl, piperidinyl, piperazinyl, 4-piperidonyl, pyrrolidinyl, pyrazolidinyl, quinuclidinyl, thiazolidinyl, tetrahydrofuryl, trithianyl, tetrahydropyranyl, thiomorpholinyl, thiamorpholinyl, 1-oxo-thiomorpholinyl, and 1,1-dioxo-thiomorpholinyl. Unless stated otherwise specifically in the specification, a heterocycloalkyl moiety is optionally substituted by one or more substituents which independently are: alkyl, heteroalkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, arylalkyl, heteroaryl, heteroarylalkyl, hydroxy, halo, cyano, nitro, oxo, thioxo, trimethylsilanyl, —OR^(a), SR^(a), —OC(O)—R^(a), —N(R^(a))₂, —C(O)R^(a), —C(O)OR^(a), —C(O)N(R^(a))₂, —N(R^(a))C(O)OR^(a), —N(R^(a))C(O)R^(a), —N(R^(a))S(O)_(t)R^(a) (where t is 1 or 2), —S(O)_(t)OR^(a) (where t is 1 or 2), —S(O)_(t)N(R^(a))₂ (where t is 1 or 2), or PO₃(R^(a))₂, where each R^(a) is independently hydrogen, alkyl, fluoroalkyl, carbocyclyl, carbocyclylalkyl, aryl, aralkyl, heterocycloalkyl, heteroaryl or heteroarylalkyl.

“Heterocycloalkyl” also includes bicyclic ring systems wherein one non-aromatic ring, usually with 3 to 7 ring atoms, contains at least 2 carbon atoms in addition to 1-3 heteroatoms independently selected from oxygen, sulfur, and nitrogen, as well as combinations comprising at least one of the foregoing heteroatoms; and the other ring, usually with 3 to 7 ring atoms, optionally contains 1-3 heteroatoms independently selected from oxygen, sulfur, and nitrogen and is not aromatic.

The terms “heterocyclylalkyl”, “heterocyclyl-alkyl”, “hetcyclylalkyl”, and “hetcyclyl-alkyl” are used to describe a group wherein the alkyl chain can be branched or straight chain forming a linking portion of the heterocyclylalkyl moiety with the terminal heterocyclyl portion, as defined above, for example 3-piperidinylmethyl and the like. The term “heterocycloalkylene” refers to the divalent derivative of heterocycloalkyl.

The term “C₁₋₁₀alkyl-heterocycyl” refers to a group as defined above where the alkyl moiety contains 1 to 10 carbon atoms. Either portion of the moiety is unsubstituted or substituted.

The term “heterocycyl-C₁₋₁₀alkyl” refers to a group containing a terminal heterocyclic group attached to a linking alkyl group which contains 1 to 10 carbons and is branched or straight chain, such as, for example, 4-morpholinyl ethyl, and the like. Either portion of the moiety is unsubstituted or substituted.

The terms “heterocyclylalkenyl”, “heterocyclyl-alkenyl”, “hetcyclylalkenyl” and “hetcyclyl-alkenyl” are used to describe a group wherein the alkenyl chain can be branched or straight chain forming a linking portion of the heterocyclylalkenyl moiety with the terminal heterocyclyl portion, as defined above, for example 2-morpholinyl-1-propenyl and the like. The term “heterocycloalkenylene” refers to the divalent derivative of heterocyclylalkenyl. Either portion of the moiety is unsubstituted or substituted.

The term “heterocycyl-C₂₋₁₀ alkenyl” refers to a group as defined above where the alkenyl group contains 2 to 10 carbon atoms and is branched or straight chain, such as, for example, 4-(N-piperazinyl)-but-2-en-1-yl, and the like. Either portion of the moiety is unsubstituted or substituted.

The terms “heterocyclylalkynyl”, “heterocyclyl-alkynyl”, “hetcyclylalkynyl” and “hetcyclyl-alkynyl” are used to describe a group wherein the alkynyl chain can be branched or straight chain forming a linking portion of the heterocyclylalkynyl moiety with the terminal heterocyclyl portion, as defined above, for example 2-pyrrolidinyl-1-butynyl and the like. Either portion of the moiety is unsubstituted or substituted.

The term “heterocycyl-C₂₋₁₀ alkynyl” refers to a group as defined above where the alkynyl group contains 2 to 10 carbon atoms and is branched or straight chain, such as, for example, 4-(N-piperazinyl)-but-2-yn-1-yl, and the like.

The term “aryl-heterocycyl” refers to a group containing a terminal aryl group attached to a linking heterocyclic group, such as for example, N4-(4-phenyl)-piperazinyl, and the like. Either portion of the moiety is unsubstituted or substituted.

The term “heteroaryl-heterocycyl” refers to a group containing a terminal heteroaryl group attached to a linking heterocyclic group, such as for example, N4-(4-pyridyl)-piperazinyl, and the like. Either portion of the moiety is unsubstituted or substituted.

The term “carboxylalkyl” refers to a terminal carboxyl (—COOH) group attached to branched or straight chain alkyl groups as defined above.

The term “carboxylalkenyl” refers to a terminal carboxyl (—COOH) group attached to branched or straight chain alkenyl groups as defined above.

The term “carboxylalkynyl” refers to a terminal carboxyl (—COOH) group attached to branched or straight chain alkynyl groups as defined above.

The term “carboxylcycloalkyl” refers to a terminal carboxyl (—COOH) group attached to a cyclic aliphatic ring structure as defined above.

The term “carboxylcycloalkenyl” refers to a terminal carboxyl (—COOH) group attached to a cyclic aliphatic ring structure having ethylenic bonds as defined above.

The terms “cycloalkylalkyl” and “cycloalkyl-alkyl” refer to a terminal cycloalkyl group as defined above attached to an alkyl group, for example cyclopropylmethyl, cyclohexylethyl, and the like. Either portion of the moiety is unsubstituted or substituted.

The terms “cycloalkylalkenyl” and “cycloalkyl-alkenyl” refer to a terminal cycloalkyl group as defined above attached to an alkenyl group, for example cyclohexylvinyl, cycloheptylallyl, and the like. Either portion of the moiety is unsubstituted or substituted.

The terms “cycloalkylalkynyl” and “cycloalkyl-alkynyl” refer to a terminal cycloalkyl group as defined above attached to an alkynyl group, for example cyclopropylpropargyl, 4-cyclopentyl-2-butynyl, and the like. Either portion of the moiety is unsubstituted or substituted.

The terms “cycloalkenylalkyl” and “cycloalkenyl-alkyl” refer to a terminal cycloalkenyl group as defined above attached to an alkyl group, for example 2-(cyclopenten-1-yl)ethyl and the like. Either portion of the moiety is unsubstituted or substituted.

The terms “cycloalkenylalkenyl” and “cycloalkenyl-alkenyl” refer to terminal a cycloalkenyl group as defined above attached to an alkenyl group, for example 1-(cyclohexen-3-yl)allyl and the like.

The terms “cycloalkenylalkynyl” and “cycloalkenyl-alkynyl” refer to terminal a cycloalkenyl group as defined above attached to an alkynyl group, for example 1-(cyclohexen-3-yl)propargyl and the like. Either portion of the moiety is unsubstituted or substituted.

The term “alkoxy” refers to the group —O-alkyl, including from 1 to 8 carbon atoms of a straight, branched, cyclic configuration and combinations thereof attached to the parent structure through an oxygen. Examples include methoxy, ethoxy, propoxy, isopropoxy, cyclopropyloxy, cyclohexyloxy and the like. “Lower alkoxy” refers to alkoxy groups containing one to six carbons. In some embodiments, C₁-C₄ alkyl, is an alkyl group which encompasses both straight and branched chain alkyls of from 1 to 4 carbon atoms.

The term “haloalkoxy” refers to an alkoxy group substituted with one or more halo groups, for example chloromethoxy, trifluoromethoxy, difluoromethoxy, perfluoroisobutoxy, and the like.

The term “alkoxyalkoxyalkyl” refers to an alkyl group substituted with an alkoxy moiety which is in turn is substituted with a second alkoxy moiety, for example methoxymethoxymethyl, isopropoxymethoxyethyl, and the like. This moiety is substituted with further substituents or not substituted with other substituents.

The term “alkylthio” includes both branched and straight chain alkyl groups attached to a linking sulfur atom, for example methylthio and the like.

The term “alkoxyalkyl” refers to an alkyl group substituted with an alkoxy group, for example isopropoxymethyl and the like. Either portion of the moiety is unsubstituted or substituted.

The term “alkoxyalkenyl” refers to an alkenyl group substituted with an alkoxy group, for example 3-methoxyallyl and the like. Either portion of the moiety is unsubstituted or substituted.

The term “alkoxyalkynyl” refers to an alkynyl group substituted with an alkoxy group, for example 3-methoxypropargyl and the like. Either portion of the moiety is unsubstituted or substituted.

The term “C₂₋₁₀alkenylC₃₋₈cycloalkyl” refers to an alkenyl group as defined above substituted with a three to eight membered cycloalkyl group, for example, 4-(cyclopropyl)-2-butenyl and the like. Either portion of the moiety is unsubstituted or substituted.

The term “C₂₋₁₀alkynylC₃₋₈cycloalkyl” refers to an alkynyl group as defined above substituted with a three to eight membered cycloalkyl group, for example, 4-(cyclopropyl)-2-butynyl and the like. Either portion of the moiety is unsubstituted or substituted.

The term “heterocyclyl-C₁₋₁₀alkyl” refers to a heterocyclic group as defined above substituted with an alkyl group as defined above having 1 to 10 carbons, for example, 4-(N-methyl)-piperazinyl, and the like. Either portion of the moiety is unsubstituted or substituted.

The term “heterocyclyl-C₂₋₁₀alkenyl” refers to a heterocyclic group as defined above, substituted with an alkenyl group as defined above, having 2 to 10 carbons, for example, 4-(N-allyl) piperazinyl, and the like. Moieties wherein the heterocyclic group is substituted on a carbon atom with an alkenyl group are also included. Either portion of the moiety is unsubstituted or substituted.

The term “heterocyclyl-C₂₋₁₀alkynyl” refers to a heterocyclic group as defined above, substituted with an alkynyl group as defined above, having 2 to 10 carbons, for example, 4-(N-propargyl) piperazinyl, and the like. Moieties wherein the heterocyclic group is substituted on a carbon atom with an alkenyl group are also included. Either portion of the moiety is unsubstituted or substituted.

The term “oxo” refers to an oxygen that is double bonded to a carbon atom. One in the art understands that an “oxo” requires a second bond from the atom to which the oxo is attached.

Accordingly, it is understood that oxo cannot be substituted onto an aryl or heteroaryl ring, unless it forms part of the aromatic system as a tautomer.

The term “oligomer” refers to a low-molecular weight polymer, whose number average molecular weight is typically less than about 5000 g/mol, and whose degree of polymerization (average number of monomer units per chain) is greater than one and typically equal to or less than about 50.

“Sulfonamidyl” or “sulfonamido” refers to a —S(═O)₂—NR′R′ radical, where each R′ is selected independently from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl (bonded through a ring carbon) and heteroalicyclic (bonded through a ring carbon). The R′ groups in —NR′R′ of the —S(═O)₂—NR′R′ radical may be taken together with the nitrogen to which it is attached to form a 4-, 5-, 6-, or 7-membered ring. A sulfonamido group is optionally substituted by one or more of the substituents described for alkyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl respectively.

Compounds described can contain one or more asymmetric centers and may thus give rise to diastereomers and optical isomers. The present invention includes all such possible diastereomers as well as their racemic mixtures, their substantially pure resolved enantiomers, all possible geometric isomers, and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof. Compounds may be shown without a definitive stereochemistry at certain positions. The present invention includes all stereoisomers of the disclosed compounds and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof. Further, mixtures of stereoisomers as well as isolated specific stereoisomers are also included. During the course of the synthetic procedures used to prepare such compounds, or in using racemization or epimerization procedures known to those skilled in the art, the products of such procedures can be a mixture of stereoisomers.

The present invention includes all manner of rotamers and conformationally restricted states of an inhibitor of the invention.

Substituents for alkyl, heteroalkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl monovalent and divalent derivative radicals (including those groups often referred to as alkylene, alkenyl, heteroalkylene, heteroalkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, and heterocycloalkenyl) can be one or more of a variety of groups selected from, but not limited to: alkyl, heteroalkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, arylalkyl, heteroaryl, heteroarylalkyl, —OR′, ═O, ═NR′, ═N—OR′, —NR′R″, —SR′, -halogen, —SiR′R″R′″, —OC(O)R′, —C(O)R′, —CO₂R′, —C(O)NR′R″, —OC(O)NR′R″, —NR″C(O)R′, —NR′—C(O)NR″R′″, —NR″C(O)OR′, —NR—C(NR′R″)═NR′″, —S(O)R′, —S(O)₂R′, —S(O)₂NR′R″, —NRSO₂R′, —CN and —NO₂ in a number ranging from zero to (2m′+1), where m′ is the total number of carbon atoms in such radical. R′, R″, R′″ and R″″ each preferably independently refer to hydrogen, substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl (e.g., aryl substituted with 1-3 halogens), substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, alkoxy or thioalkoxy groups, or arylalkyl groups. When an inhibitor of the invention includes more than one R group, for example, each of the R groups is independently selected as are each R′, R″, R′″ and R″″ groups when more than one of these groups is present.

When R′ and R″ or R″ and R′″ are attached to the same nitrogen atom, they can be combined with the nitrogen atom to form a 4-, 5-, 6-, or 7-membered ring. For example, —NR′R″ is meant to include, but not be limited to, 1-pyrrolidinyl, 4 piperazinyl, and 4-morpholinyl. From the above discussion of substituents, one of skill in the art will understand that the term “alkyl” is meant to include groups including carbon atoms bound to groups other than hydrogen groups, such as haloalkyl (e.g., —CF₃ and —CH₂CF₃) and acyl (e.g., —C(O)CH₃, —C(O)CF₃, —C(O)CH₂OCH₃, and the like).

Similar to the substituents described for alkyl radicals above, exemplary substituents for aryl and heteroaryl groups (as well as their divalent derivatives) are varied and are selected from, for example: halogen, alkyl, heteroalkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, arylalkyl, heteroaryl, heteroarylalkyl, —OR′, —NR′R″, —SR′, -halogen, —SiR′R″R′″, —OC(O)R′, —C(O)R′, —CO₂R′, —C(O)NR′R″, —OC(O)NR′R″, —NR″C(O)R′, —NR′—C(O)NR″R′″, —NR″C(O)OR′, —NR—C(NR′R″R′″)═NR″″, —NR—C(NR′R″)═NR′″, —S(O)R′, —S(O)₂R′, —S(O)₂NR′R″, —NRSO₂R′, —CN and —NO₂, —R′, —N₃, —CH(Ph)₂, fluoro(C₁-C₄)alkoxo, and fluoro(C₁-C₄)alkyl, in a number ranging from zero to the total number of open valences on aromatic ring system; and where R′, R″, R′″ and R″″ are preferably independently selected from hydrogen, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl and substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl. When an inhibitor of the invention includes more than one R group, for example, each of the R groups is independently selected as are each R′, R″, R′″ and R″″ groups when more than one of these groups is present.

As used herein, 0-2 in the context of —S(O)₍₀₋₂₎— are integers of 0, 1, and 2.

Two of the substituents on adjacent atoms of aryl or heteroaryl ring may optionally form a ring of the formula -T-C(O)—(CRR′)_(q)—U—, wherein T and U are independently —NR—, —O—, —CRR′— or a single bond, and q is an integer of from 0 to 3. Alternatively, two of the substituents on adjacent atoms of aryl or heteroaryl ring may optionally be replaced with a substituent of the formula -A-(CH₂)_(r)—B—, wherein A and B are independently —CRR′—, —O—, —NR—, —S—, —S(O)—, —S(O)₂—, —S(O)₂NR′— or a single bond, and r is an integer of from 1 to 4. One of the single bonds of the new ring so formed may optionally be replaced with a double bond. Alternatively, two of the substituents on adjacent atoms of aryl or heteroaryl ring may optionally be replaced with a substituent of the formula —(CRR′)_(s)—X′—(C″R′″)_(d)—, where s and d are independently integers of from 0 to 3, and X′ is —O—, —NR′—, —S—, —S(O)—, —S(O)₂—, or —S(O)₂NR′—. The substituents R, R′, R″ and R′″ are preferably independently selected from hydrogen, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, and substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl.

Unless otherwise stated, structures depicted herein are also meant to include compounds which differ only in the presence of one or more isotopically enriched atoms. For example, compounds having the present structures except for the replacement of a hydrogen by a deuterium or tritium, or the replacement of a carbon by ¹³C- or ¹⁴C-enriched carbon are within the scope of this invention.

The compounds of the present invention may also contain unnatural proportions of atomic isotopes at one or more of atoms that constitute such compounds. For example, the compounds may be radiolabeled with radioactive isotopes, such as for example tritium (³H), iodine-125 (¹²⁵I) or carbon-14 (¹⁴C). All isotopic variations of the compounds of the present invention, whether radioactive or not, are encompassed within the scope of the present invention.

Methods

In one aspect, the present invention provides a method for treating a proliferative disorder in a subject by administering to a subject a first agent followed by administering to said subject an mTOR inhibitor, wherein said first agent suppresses progression of one or more cell-cycle phases after G1 phase. In some embodiments, the one or more cell-cycle phases after G1 phase is selected from the group consisting of G2 phase, M phase, and G2/M transition phase. In general, administration of the first agent precedes the first administration of an mTOR inhibitor as part of a therapeutic regimen. In some embodiments, administering the first agent followed by administering the mTOR inhibitor yields a synergistic effect. The synergistic effect may be a therapeutic effect that is greater than either agent used alone in comparable amounts under comparable conditions. The synergistic effect may be a therapeutic effect that is greater than results expected by adding the effects of each agent alone. In some embodiments, the synergistic effect is a therapeutic effect that is greater than the effect of administering the agents simultaneously, or in the reverse order. This method may encompass delivery of a composition comprising both an mTOR inhibitor and a first agent, wherein the mTOR inhibitor is substantially released from the composition in an active form at a later point in time than the release of the first agent in an active form.

As used herein, a therapeutically effective amount of a combination of a first agent and an mTOR inhibitor administered in the order disclosed herein refers to a combination of a first agent and an mTOR inhibitor, wherein the combination is sufficient to effect the intended application including but not limited to disease treatment, as defined herein. Encompassed in this subject method is the use of a therapeutically effective amount of a first agent and/or an mTOR inhibitor in combination to effect such treatment. Also contemplated in the subject methods is the use of a sub-therapeutic amount of a first agent and/or an mTOR inhibitor in the combination for treating an intended disease condition. The individual components of the combination, though present in sub-therapeutic amounts, synergistically yield an efficacious effect and/or reduced a side effect in an intended application.

The amount of the first agent and the mTOR inhibitor administered in the order disclosed herein may vary depending upon the intended application (in vitro or in vivo), or the subject and disease condition being treated, e.g., the weight and age of the subject, the severity of the disease condition, the manner of administration and the like, which can readily be determined by one of ordinary skill in the art.

Exemplary First Agents

The first agent suitable for use in the subject methods can be selected from a variety types of molecules. For example, the first agent can be a biological or chemical compound such as a simple or complex organic or inorganic molecule, peptide, peptide mimetic, protein (e.g. antibody), liposome, or a polynucleotide (e.g. small interfering RNA, microRNA, anti-sense, aptamer, ribozyme, or triple helix). Some exemplary classes of chemical compounds suitable for use in the subject methods are detailed in the sections below. The first agent for use in the present invention can be any first agent known in the art to suppress progression of one or more cell cycle-phases after G1 phase. Preferably, the first agent does not suppress progression of G1 phase. In some embodiments, the first agent preferentially or specifically suppresses progression of a single cell-cycle phase or phase transition after G1. Phases of the cell cycle subsequent to G1 include S (i.e. synthesis), G2, and M (i.e. mitosis) phases, as well as transitions between each of the phases (i.e. G1/S transition, S/G2 transition, and G2/M transition). M phases further comprises progression through prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telephase, and concludes with cytokinesis. A first agent of the present invention may suppress one or more cell cycle phase after G1, in any combination. Suppression by a first agent may be specific to cells associated with a proliferative disorder (e.g. cancer, whether benign or malignant), or may affect both disease-associated and non-disease-associated (e.g. normal) cells. In some embodiments, a first agent is specific to dividing cells. In general, suppression of progression of a phase of the cell cycle is evidenced by the accumulation of cells in the suppressed phase in a treated population of cells with respect to a control population of untreated cells. In general, suppression of a phase transition in the cell cycle is evidenced by the accumulation of cells in the phase immediately before the transition (e.g. accumulation in late G2 phase for a suppressor of the G2/M transition) with respect to a control population of untreated cells. In some embodiments, a cell-cycle phase suppressor suppresses cell-cycle progression in at least about 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, 95%, 99%, or more of treated cells relative to a control population of untreated cells.

Suppression of one or more cell-cycle phases may be routinely determined by any method known in the art, for known and new agents. For example, cell cycle status for cell populations may be determined by flow cytometry using fluorescent dyes which stain the DNA content of cell nuclei (Barlogie, B. et al, Cancer Res., (1983), 43(9), 3982-97). Flow cytometry yields quantitative information on the DNA content of cells and hence allows determination of the relative numbers of cells in the G1, S and G2/M phases of the cell cycle. Since the DNA content of cell nuclei varies through the cell cycle in a reasonably predictable fashion, i.e., cells in G2 or M have twice the DNA content of cells in G1, and cells undergoing DNA synthesis in S phase have an intermediate amount of DNA, it is possible to monitor the relative distribution of cells between different phases of the cell cycle. As a further example, EP 798386 describes a method for the analysis of the cell cycle of cell sub-populations present in heterogeneous cell samples. This method uses sequential incubation of the sample with fluorescently labelled monoclonal antibodies to identify specific cell types and a fluorochrome that specifically binds to nucleic acids. Hauser & Bauer (Plant and Soil, (2000), 226, 1-10) used β-glucuronidase (GUS) to study cell division in a plant meristem and Brandeis & Hunt (EMBO J., (1996), 15, 5280-5289) used chloramphenical acetyl transferase (CAT) fusion proteins to study variations in cyclin levels, and U.S. Pat. No. 6,048,693 describes a method for screening for compounds affecting cell cycle regulatory proteins, wherein expression of a reporter gene is linked to control elements that are acted on by cyclins or other cell cycle control proteins. In this method, temporal expression of a reporter gene product is driven in a cell cycle specific fashion and compounds acting on one or more cell cycle control components may increase or decrease expression levels. Jones et al (Nat. Biotech., (2004), 23, 306-312) describe a fluorescent biosensor of mitosis based on a plasma membrane targeting signal and an SV40 large T antigen NLS fused to EYFP. Throughout the cell cycle the reporter resides in the nucleus but translocates to the plasma membrane during mitosis, between nuclear envelope breakdown and re-formation. WO 03/031612 describes DNA reporter constructs and methods for determining the cell cycle position of living mammalian cells by means of cell cycle phase-specific expression control elements and destruction control elements. Further examples of methods known in the art for determining the cell-cycle effect of agents, including the use of reporters and markers, are described in U.S. Pat. No. 7,612,189.

In some embodiments, the first agent comprises one or more tubulin modulator (e.g. an anti-microtubule or anti-mitotic agent). Tubulin modulators include any agent capable of modulating the function of tubulin within a cell, such as inhibiting polymerization, inhibiting depolymerization, and otherwise disrupting an activity of function of microtubules. Tubulin modulators include phase specific agents active against the microtubules of tumor cells during M or the mitosis phase of the cell cycle. Examples of anti-microtubule agents include, but are not limited to, diterpenoids and vinca alkaloids. Diterpenoids, which are derived from natural sources, are phase specific anti-cancer agents that operate at the G₂/M phases of the cell cycle. It is believed that the diterpenoids stabilize the β-tubulin subunit of the microtubules, by binding with this protein. Disassembly of the protein appears then to be inhibited with mitosis being arrested and cell death following. Examples of diterpenoids include, but are not limited to, paclitaxel and its analog docetaxel. Paclitaxel, 5β,20-epoxy-1,2α,4,7β,10β,13α-hexa-hydroxytax-11-en-9-one 4,10-diacetate 2-benzoate 13-ester with (2R,3S)—N-benzoyl-3-phenylisoserine, is a natural diterpene product isolated from the Pacific yew tree Taxus brevifolia and is commercially available as an injectable solution TAXOL®. It is a member of the taxane family of terpenes. One mechanism for its activity relates to paclitaxel's capacity to bind tubulin, thereby inhibiting cancer cell growth. Paclitaxel has been approved for clinical use in the treatment of refractory ovarian cancer in the United States and for the treatment of breast cancer. It is a potential candidate for treatment of neoplasms in the skin and head and neck carcinomas. The compound also shows potential for the treatment of polycystic kidney disease, lung cancer and malaria. Treatment of subjects with paclitaxel results in bone marrow suppression (multiple cell lineages, Ignoff, R. J. et. al, Cancer Chemotherapy Pocket Guide, 1998) related to the duration of dosing above a threshold concentration (50 nM) (Kearns, C. M. et. al., Seminars in Oncology, 3(6) p. 16-23, 1995). Docetaxel, (2R,3S)—N-carboxy-3-phenylisoserine, N-tert-butyl ester, 13-ester with 5β-20-epoxy-1,2α,4,7β,10β,13α-hexahydroxytax-1-1-en-9-one 4-acetate 2-benzoate, trihydrate; is commercially available as an injectable solution as TAXOTERE®. Docetaxel is indicated for the treatment of breast cancer. Docetaxel is a semisynthetic derivative of paclitaxel q.v., prepared using a natural precursor, 10-deacetyl-baccatin III, extracted from the needle of the European Yew tree. The dose limiting toxicity of docetaxel is neutropenia.

In some embodiments, the first agent comprises one or more vinca alkaloids, which include phase specific anti-neoplastic agents derived from the periwinkle plant. Vinca alkaloids act at the M phase (mitosis) of the cell cycle by binding specifically to tubulin. Consequently, the bound tubulin molecule is unable to polymerize into microtubules. Mitosis is believed to be arrested in metaphase with cell death following. Examples of vinca alkaloids include, but are not limited to, vinblastine, vincristine, and vinorelbine. Vinblastine, vincaleukoblastine sulfate, is commercially available as VELBAN® as an injectable solution. Although it has possible indication as a second line therapy of various solid tumors, it is primarily indicated in the treatment of testicular cancer and various lymphomas including Hodgkin's Disease, and lymphocytic and histiocytic lymphomas. Myelosuppression is the dose limiting side effect of vinblastine. Vincristine, vincaleukoblastine, 22-oxo-, sulfate, is commercially available as ONCOVIN® as an injectable solution. Vincristine is indicated for the treatment of acute leukemias and has also found use in treatment regimens for Hodgkin's and non-Hodgkin's malignant lymphomas. Alopecia and neurologic effects are the most common side effect of vincristine and to a lesser extent myelosupression and gastrointestinal mucositis effects occur. Vinorelbine, 3′,4′-didehydro-4′-deoxy-C′-norvincaleukoblastine [R—(R*,R*)-2,3-dihydroxybutanedioate (1:2)(salt)], commercially available as an injectable solution of vinorelbine tartrate (NAVELBINE®), is a semisynthetic vinca alkaloid. Vinorelbine is indicated as a single agent or in combination with other chemotherapeutic agents, such as cisplatin, in the treatment of various solid tumors, particularly non-small cell lung, advanced breast, and hormone refractory prostate cancers. Myelosuppression is the most common dose limiting side effect of vinorelbine.

In some embodiments, the first agent comprises one or more topoisomerase II inhibitors, which include, but are not limited to, epipodophyllotoxins. Epipodophyllotoxins are phase specific anti-neoplastic agents derived from the mandrake plant. Epipodophyllotoxins typically affect cells in the S and G₂ phases of the cell cycle by forming a ternary complex with topoisomerase II and DNA causing DNA strand breaks. The strand breaks accumulate and cell death follows. Examples of epipodophyllotoxins include, but are not limited to, etoposide and teniposide. Etoposide, 4′-demethyl-epipodophyllotoxin 9[4,6-0-(R)-ethylidene-β-D-glucopyranoside], is commercially available as an injectable solution or capsules as VePESID® and is commonly known as VP-16. Etoposide is indicated as a single agent or in combination with other chemotherapy agents in the treatment of testicular and non-small cell lung cancers. Myelosuppression is the most common side effect of etoposide. The incidence of leucopenia tends to be more severe than thrombocytopenia. Teniposide, 4′-demethyl-epipodophyllotoxin 9[4,6-0-(R)-thenylidene-β-D-glucopyranoside], is commercially available as an injectable solution as VUMON® and is commonly known as VM-26. Teniposide is indicated as a single agent or in combination with other chemotherapy agents in the treatment of acute leukemia in children. Myelosuppression is the most common dose limiting side effect of teniposide. Teniposide can induce both leucopenia and thrombocytopenia. Other topoisomerase II inhibitors include epirubicin, idarubicin, nemorubicin, mitoxantrone, and losoxantrone.

In some embodiments, the first agent comprises one or more antimetabolite neoplastic agents, which include phase specific anti-neoplastic agents that act at S phase (DNA synthesis) of the cell cycle by inhibiting DNA synthesis or by inhibiting purine or pyrimidine base synthesis and thereby limiting DNA synthesis. Consequently, S phase does not proceed and cell death follows. Examples of antimetabolite anti-neoplastic agents include, but are not limited to, fluorouracil, methotrexate, cytarabine, mercaptopurine, thioguanine, and gemcitabine. 5-fluorouracil, 5-fluoro-2,4-(1H,3H) pyrimidinedione, is commercially available as fluorouracil. Administration of 5-fluorouracil leads to inhibition of thymidylate synthesis and is also incorporated into both RNA and DNA. The result typically is cell death. 5-fluorouracil is indicated as a single agent or in combination with other chemotherapy agents in the treatment of carcinomas of the breast, colon, rectum, stomach and pancreas. Myelosuppression and mucositis are dose limiting side effects of 5-fluorouracil. Other fluoropyrimidine analogs include 5-fluoro deoxyuridine (floxuridine) and 5-fluorodeoxyuridine monophosphate. Cytarabine, 4-amino-1-β-D-arabinofuranosyl-2(1H)-pyrimidinone, is commercially available as CYTOSAR-U® and is commonly known as Ara-C. It is believed that cytarabine exhibits cell phase specificity at S-phase by inhibiting DNA chain elongation by terminal incorporation of cytarabine into the growing DNA chain. Cytarabine is indicated as a single agent or in combination with other chemotherapy agents in the treatment of acute leukemia. Other cytidine analogs include 5-azacytidine and 2′,2′-difluorodeoxycytidine (gemcitabine). Cytarabine induces leucopenia, thrombocytopenia, and mucositis. Mercaptopurine, 1,7-dihydro-6H-purine-6-thione monohydrate, is commercially available as PURINETHOL®. Mercaptopurine exhibits cell phase specificity at S-phase by inhibiting DNA synthesis by an as of yet unspecified mechanism. Mercaptopurine is indicated as a single agent or in combination with other chemotherapy agents in the treatment of acute leukemia. Myelosuppression and gastrointestinal mucositis are expected side effects of mercaptopurine at high doses. A useful mercaptopurine analog is azathioprine. Thioguanine, 2-amino-1,7-dihydro-6H-purine-6-thione, is commercially available as TABLOID®. Thioguanine exhibits cell phase specificity at S-phase by inhibiting DNA synthesis by an as of yet unspecified mechanism. Thioguanine is indicated as a single agent or in combination with other chemotherapy agents in the treatment of acute leukemia. Myelosuppression, including leucopenia, thrombocytopenia, and anemia, is the most common dose limiting side effect of thioguanine administration. However, gastrointestinal side effects occur and can be dose limiting. Other purine analogs include pentostatin, erythrohydroxynonyladenine, fludarabine phosphate, and cladribine. Gemcitabine, 2′-deoxy-2′,2′-difluorocytidine monohydrochloride (β-isomer), is commercially available as GEMZAR®. Gemcitabine exhibits cell phase specificity at S-phase and by blocking progression of cells through the G1/S boundary. Gemcitabine is indicated in combination with cisplatin in the treatment of locally advanced non-small cell lung cancer and alone in the treatment of locally advanced pancreatic cancer. Myelosuppression, including leucopenia, thrombocytopenia, and anemia, is the most common dose limiting side effect of gemcitabine administration. Methotrexate, N-[4-[[(2,4-diamino-6-pteridinyl)methyl]methylamino]benzoyl]-L-glutamic acid, is commercially available as methotrexate sodium. Methotrexate exhibits cell phase effects specifically at S-phase by inhibiting DNA synthesis, repair and/or replication through the inhibition of dyhydrofolic acid reductase which is required for synthesis of purine nucleotides and thymidylate. Methotrexate is indicated as a single agent or in combination with other chemotherapy agents in the treatment of choriocarcinoma, meningeal leukemia, non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, and carcinomas of the breast, head, neck, ovary and bladder. Myelosuppression (leucopenia, thrombocytopenia, and anemia) and mucositis are expected side effect of methotrexate administration.

In some embodiments, the first agent comprises one or more topoisomerase I inhibitors, which include camptothecins such as camptothecin and camptothecin derivatives, and typically function by suppressing the cell cycle during S and/or G2 phases. Camptothecin cytotoxic activity is believed to be related to its Topoisomerase I inhibitory activity. Examples of camptothecins include, but are not limited to irinotecan and topotecan. Irinotecan HCl, (4S)-4,11-diethyl-4-hydroxy-9-[(4-piperidinopiperidino) carbonyloxy]-1H-pyrano[3′,4′,6,7]indolizino[1,2-b]quinoline-3,14(4H,12H)-dione hydrochloride, is commercially available as the injectable solution CAMPTOSAR®. Irinotecan is a derivative of camptothecin which binds, along with its active metabolite SN-38, to the topoisomerase I-DNA complex. It is believed that cytotoxicity occurs as a result of irreparable double strand breaks caused by interaction of the topoisomerase I:DNA:irinotecan or SN-38 ternary complex with replication enzymes. Irinotecan is indicated for treatment of metastatic cancer of the colon or rectum. The dose limiting side effects of irinotecan HCl are myelosuppression, including neutropenia, and GI effects, including diarrhea. Topotecan HCl, (S)-10-[(dimethylamino)methyl]-4-ethyl-4,9-dihydroxy-1H-pyrano[3′,4′,6,7]-indolizino[1,2-b]quinoline-3,14-(4H,12H)-dione monohydrochloride, is commercially available as the injectable solution HYCAMTIN®. Topotecan is a derivative of camptothecin which binds to the topoisomerase I-DNA complex and prevents religation of singles strand breaks caused by Topoisomerase I in response to torsional strain of the DNA molecule. Topotecan is indicated for second line treatment of metastatic carcinoma of the ovary and small cell lung cancer. The dose limiting side effect of topotecan HCl is myelosuppression, primarily neutropenia.

Other examples of cell cycle-specific agents that suppress progression of cell-cycle phases after G1 phase are known in the art, and include, without limitation, bleomycin, hydroxyurea, and vindesine. Also useful as first agents are any chemotherapeutic compounds described herein that are known to suppress a cell-cycle phase after G1, or may be determined to suppress a cell-cycle phase after G1 using any method known in the art, including cell-cycle determination methods described and referenced herein.

Exemplary mTor Inhibitor Compounds

An mTOR inhibitor for use in the present invention can be any mTOR inhibitor that is known in the art, and can include any chemical entity that, upon administration to a patient, results in inhibition of mTOR in the patient. An mTOR inhibitor can inhibit mTOR by any biochemical mechanism, including competition at the ATP binding site, competition elsewhere at the catalytic site of mTOR kinase, non-competitive inhibition, irreversible inhibition (e.g. covalent protein modification), or modulation of the interactions of other protein subunits or binding proteins with mTOR kinase in a way that results in inhibition of mTOR kinase activity (e.g. modulation of the interaction of mTOR with FKBP12, GβL, (mLST8), RAPTOR (mKOG1), or RICTOR (mAVO3)). Specific examples of mTOR inhibitors include: rapamycin; other rapamycin macrolides, or rapamycin analogues, derivatives or prodrugs; RAD001 (also known as Everolimus, RAD001 is an alkylated rapamycin (40-O-(2-hydroxyethyl)-rapamycin), disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,665,772; Novartis); CCI-779 (also known as Temsirolimus, CCI-779 is an ester of rapamycin (42-ester with 3-hydroxy-2-hydroxymethyl-2-methylpropionic acid), disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,362,718; Wyeth); AP23573 or AP23841 (Ariad Pharmaceuticals); ABT-578 (40-epi-(tetrazolyl)-rapamycin; Abbott Laboratories); KU-0059475 (Kudus Pharmaceuticals); and TAFA-93 (a rapamycin prodrug; Isotechnika). Examples of rapamycin analogs and derivatives known in the art include those compounds described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,329,386; 6,200,985; 6,117,863; 6,015,815; 6,015,809; 6,004,973; 5,985,890; 5,955,457; 5,922,730; 5,912,253; 5,780,462; 5,665,772; 5,637,590; 5,567,709; 5,563,145; 5,559,122; 5,559,120; 5,559,119; 5,559,112; 5,550,133; 5,541,192; 5,541,191; 5,532,355; 5,530,121; 5,530,007; 5,525,610; 5,521,194; 5,519,031; 5,516,780; 5,508,399; 5,508,290; 5,508,286; 5,508,285; 5,504,291; 5,504,204; 5,491,231; 5,489,680; 5,489,595; 5,488,054; 5,486,524; 5,486,523; 5,486,522; 5,484,791; 5,484,790; 5,480,989; 5,480,988; 5,463,048; 5,446,048; 5,434,260; 5,411,967; 5,391,730; 5,389,639; 5,385,910; 5,385,909; 5,385,908; 5,378,836; 5,378,696; 5,373,014; 5,362,718; 5,358,944; 5,346,893; 5,344,833; 5,302,584; 5,262,424; 5,262,423; 5,260,300; 5,260,299; 5,233,036; 5,221,740; 5,221,670; 5,202,332; 5,194,447; 5,177,203; 5,169,851; 5,164,399; 5,162,333; 5,151,413; 5,138,051; 5,130,307; 5,120,842; 5,120,727; 5,120,726; 5,120,725; 5,118,678; 5,118,677; 5,100,883; 5,023,264; 5,023,263; and 5,023,262; all of which are incorporated herein by reference. Rapamycin derivatives are also disclosed for example in WO 94/09010, WO 95/16691, WO 96/41807, or WO 99/15530, which are incorporated herein by reference. Such analogs and derivatives include 32-deoxorapamycin, 16-pent-2-ynyloxy-32-deoxorapamycin, 16-pent-2-ynyloxy-32 (S or R)-dihydro-rapamycin, 16-pent-2-ynyloxy-32 (S or R)-dihydro-40-O-(2-hydroxyethyl)-rapamycin, 40-0-(2-hydroxyethyl)-rapamycin, 32-deoxorapamycin and 16-pent-2-ynyloxy-32(S)-dihydro-rapamycin. Rapamycin derivatives may also include the so-called rapalogs, e.g. as disclosed in WO 98/02441 and WO 01/14387 (e.g. AP23573, AP23464, AP23675 or AP23841). Further examples of a rapamycin derivative are those disclosed under the name biolimus-7 or biolimus-9 (BIOLIMUS A9™) (Biosensors International, Singapore). Any of the above rapamycin analogs or derivatives may be readily prepared by procedures as described in the above references.

Additional examples of mTOR inhibitors useful in the invention described herein include those disclosed and claimed in U.S. Pat. No. 7,700,594 and in U.S. Pat. No. 7,651,687, a series of compounds that inhibit mTOR by binding to and directly inhibiting both mTORC1 and mTORC2 kinases. Similar results can be obtained with any compound that inhibits mTOR by binding to and directly inhibiting both mTORC1 and mTORC2 kinases, such as those whose structures are disclosed herein. Additional such compounds can readily be identified by determining their ability to inhibit both mTORC1 and mTORC2 kinase activities using immunoprecipitation-kinase assays with antibodies specific to either the raptor or rictor proteins of the mTORC1 and mTORC2 complexes (for an example of such assays, see Jacinto, E. et al. (2004) Nature Cell Biol. 6(11): 1122-1128). Also useful in the invention described herein are mTOR inhibitors that are dual PI3K/mTOR kinase inhibitors, such as for example the compound PI-103 as described in Fan, Q-W et al (2006) Cancer Cell 9:341-349 and Knight, Z. A. et al. (2006) Cell 125:733-747.

In some embodiments, the capacity of an mTOR inhibitor to inhibit mTOR is expressed in terms of an IC50 value. As used herein, the term “IC50” refers to the half maximal inhibitory concentration of an inhibitor in inhibiting biological or biochemical function. This quantitative measure indicates how much of a particular inhibitor is needed to inhibit a given biological process (or component of a process, i.e. an enzyme, cell, cell receptor or microorganism) by half. In other words, it is the half maximal (50%) inhibitory concentration (IC) of a substance (50% IC, or IC50). EC50 refers to the plasma concentration required for obtaining 50% of a maximum effect in vivo.

Determination of IC50 can be made by determining and constructing a dose-response curve and examining the effect of different concentrations of an inhibitor on reversing agonist activity. In vitro assays that are useful in making these determinations are referred to as “in vitro kinase assays.”

In some embodiments, an in vitro kinase assay includes the use of labeled ATP as phosphodonor, and following the kinase reaction the substrate peptide is captured on an appropriate filter. Unreacted labeled ATP and metabolites are resolved from the radioactive peptide substrate by various techniques, such as involving trichloroacetic acid precipitation and extensive washing. Addition of several positively charged residues allows capture on phosphocellulose paper followed by washing. Radioactivity incorporated into the substrate peptide is detected by scintillation counting. This assay is relatively simple, reasonably sensitive, and the peptide substrate can be adjusted both in terms of sequence and concentration to meet the assay requirements. Other exemplary kinase assays are detailed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,759,787 and U.S. application Ser. No. 12/728,926, both of which are incorporated herein by reference.

The mTOR inhibitor utilized in the subject methods is typically highly selective for the target molecule. In one aspect, the mTOR inhibitor binds to and directly inhibits both mTORC1 and mTORC2. Such ability can be ascertained using any method known in the art or described herein. For example, inhibition of mTorC1 and/or mTorC2 activity can be determined by a reduction in signal transduction of the PI3K/Akt/mTor pathway. A wide variety of readouts can be utilized to establish a reduction of the output of such signaling pathway. Some non-limiting exemplary readouts include (1) a decrease in phosphorylation of Akt at residues, including but not limited to S473 and T308; (2) a decrease in activation of Akt as evidenced by a reduction of phosphorylation of Akt substrates including but not limited to FoxO1/O3a T24/32, GSK3α/β S21/9, and TSC2 T1462; (3) a decrease in phosphorylation of signaling molecules downstream of mTor, including but not limited to ribosomal S6 S240/244, 70S6K T389, and 4EBP1 T37/46; (4) inhibition of proliferation of cells including but not limited to normal or neoplastic cells, mouse embryonic fibroblasts, leukemic blast cells, cancer stem cells, and cells that mediate autoimmune reactions; (5) induction of apoptosis of cells or cell cycle arrest (e.g. accumulation of cells in G1 phase); (6) reduction of cell chemotaxis; and (7) an increase in binding of 4EBP1 to eIF4E.

mTOR exists in two types of complexes, mTorC1 containing the raptor subunit and mTorC2 containing rictor. As known in the art, “rictor” refers to a cell growth regulatory protein having human gene locus 5p13.1. These complexes are regulated differently and have a different spectrum of substrates. For instance, mTorC1 phosphorylates S6 kinase (S6K) and 4EBP1, promoting increased translation and ribosome biogenesis to facilitate cell growth and cell cycle progression. S6K also acts in a feedback pathway to attenuate PI3K/Akt activation. Thus, inhibition of mTorC1 (e.g. by a biologically active agent as discussed herein) results in activation of 4EBP1, resulting in inhibition of (e.g. a decrease in) RNA translation.

mTorC2 is generally insensitive to rapamycin and selective inhibitors and is thought to modulate growth factor signaling by phosphorylating the C-terminal hydrophobic motif of some AGC kinases such as Akt. In many cellular contexts, mTorC2 is required for phosphorylation of the S473 site of Akt. Thus, mTorC1 activity is partly controlled by Akt whereas Akt itself is partly controlled by mTorC2.

Growth factor stimulation of PI3K causes activation of Akt by phosphorylation at the two key sites, S473 and T308. It has been reported that full activation of Akt requires phosphorylation of both S473 and T308 Active. Akt promotes cell survival and proliferation in many ways including suppressing apoptosis, promoting glucose uptake, and modifying cellular metabolism. Of the two phosphorylation sites on Akt, activation loop phosphorylation at T308, mediated by PDK1, is believed to be indispensable for kinase activity, while hydrophobic motif phosphorylation at S473 enhances Akt kinase activity.

Inhibition of Akt phosphorylation can be determined using any methods known in the art or described herein. Representative assays include but are not limited to immunoblotting and immunoprecipitation with antibodies such as anti-phosphotyrosine antibodies that recognize the specific phosphorylated proteins. Cell-based ELISA kit quantifies the amount of activated (phosphorylated at S473) Akt relative to total Akt protein is also available (SuperArray Biosciences).

Selective mTor inhibition may also be determined by expression levels of the mTor genes, its downstream signaling genes (for example by RT-PCR), or expression levels of the proteins (for example by immunocytochemistry, immunohistochemistry, Western blots) as compared to other PI3-kinases or protein kinases.

Cell-based assays for establishing selective inhibition of mTorC1 and/or mTorC2 can take a variety of formats. This generally will depend on the biological activity and/or the signal transduction readout that is under investigation. For example, the ability of the agent to inhibit mTorC1 and/or mTorC2 to phosphorylate downstream substrate(s) can be determined by various types of kinase assays known in the art. Representative assays include but are not limited to immunoblotting and immunoprecipitation with antibodies such as anti-phosphotyrosine, anti-phosphoserine or anti-phosphothreonine antibodies that recognize phosphorylated proteins. Alternatively, antibodies that specifically recognize a particular phosphorylated form of a kinase substrate (e.g. anti-phospho AKT S473 or anti-phospho AKT T308) can be used. In addition, kinase activity can be detected by high throughput chemiluminescent assays such as AlphaScreen™ (available from Perkin Elmer) and eTag™ assay (Chan-Hui, et al. (2003) Clinical Immunology 111: 162-174). In another aspect, single cell assays such as flow cytometry as described in the phosflow experiment can be used to measure phosphorylation of multiple downstream mTOR substrates in mixed cell populations.

One advantage of the immunoblotting and phosflow methods is that the phosphorylation of multiple kinase substrates can be measured simultaneously. This provides the advantage that efficacy and selectivity can be measured at the same time. For example, cells may be contacted with an mTOR inhibitor at various concentrations and the phosphorylation levels of substrates of both mTOR and other kinases can be measured. In one aspect, a large number of kinase substrates are assayed in what is termed a “comprehensive kinase survey.” Selective mTOR inhibitors are expected to inhibit phosphorylation of mTOR substrates without inhibiting phosphorylation of the substrates of other kinases. Alternatively, selective mTOR inhibitors may inhibit phosphorylation of substrates of other kinases through anticipated or unanticipated mechanisms such as feedback loops or redundancy.

Effect of inhibition of mTorC1 and/or mTorC2 can be established by cell colony formation assay or other forms of cell proliferation assay. A wide range of cell proliferation assays are available in the art, and many of which are available as kits. Non-limiting examples of cell proliferation assays include testing for tritiated thymidine uptake assays, BrdU (5′-bromo-2′-deoxyuridine) uptake (kit marketed by Calibochem), MTS uptake (kit marketed by Promega), MTT uptake (kit marketed by Cayman Chemical), CyQUANT® dye uptake (marketed by Invitrogen).

Apoptosis and cell cycle arrest analysis can be performed with any methods exemplified herein as well other methods known in the art. Many different methods have been devised to detect apoptosis. Exemplary assays include but are not limited to the TUNEL (TdT-mediated dUTP Nick-End Labeling) analysis, ISEL (in situ end labeling), and DNA laddering analysis for the detection of fragmentation of DNA in populations of cells or in individual cells, Annexin-V analysis that measures alterations in plasma membranes, detection of apoptosis related proteins such p53 and Fas.

A cell-based assay typically proceeds with exposing the target cells (e.g., in a culture medium) to a test compound which is a potential mTorC1 and/or mTorC2 selective inhibitor, and then assaying for readout under investigation. Depending on the nature of the candidate mTor inhibitors, they can directly be added to the cells or in conjunction with carriers. For instance, when the agent is nucleic acid, it can be added to the cell culture by methods well known in the art, which include without limitation calcium phosphate precipitation, microinjection or electroporation. Alternatively, the nucleic acid can be incorporated into an expression or insertion vector for incorporation into the cells. Vectors that contain both a promoter and a cloning site into which a polynucleotide can be operatively linked are well known in the art. Such vectors are capable of transcribing RNA in vitro or in vivo, and are commercially available from sources such as Stratagene (La Jolla, Calif.) and Promega Biotech (Madison, Wis.). In order to optimize expression and/or in vitro transcription, it may be necessary to remove, add or alter 5′ and/or 3′ untranslated portions of the clones to eliminate extra, potential inappropriate alternative translation initiation codons or other sequences that may interfere with or reduce expression, either at the level of transcription or translation. Alternatively, consensus ribosome binding sites can be inserted immediately 5′ of the start codon to enhance expression. Examples of vectors are viruses, such as baculovirus and retrovirus, bacteriophage, adenovirus, adeno-associated virus, cosmid, plasmid, fungal vectors and other recombination vehicles typically used in the art which have been described for expression in a variety of eukaryotic and prokaryotic hosts, and may be used for gene therapy as well as for simple protein expression. Among these are several non-viral vectors, including DNA/liposome complexes, and targeted viral protein DNA complexes. To enhance delivery to a cell, the nucleic acid or proteins of this invention can be conjugated to antibodies or binding fragments thereof which bind cell surface antigens. Liposomes that also comprise a targeting antibody or fragment thereof can be used in the methods of this invention. Other biologically acceptable carriers can be utilized, including those described in, for example, REMINGTON'S PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCES, 19th Ed. (2000), in conjunction with the subject compounds. Additional methods for cell-based assays for determining effects of agents on cell-cycle progression are described in U.S. Pat. No. 7,612,189, incorporated herein by reference.

In practicing the subject methods, any cells that express PI3-kinase α, mTorC1, mTorC2 and/or Akt can be target cells. Non-limiting examples of specific cell types whose proliferation can be inhibited include fibroblast, cells of skeletal tissue (bone and cartilage), cells of epithelial tissues (e.g. liver, lung, breast, skin, bladder and kidney), cardiac and smooth muscle cells, neural cells (glia and neurones), endocrine cells (adrenal, pituitary, pancreatic islet cells), melanocytes, and many different types of haemopoietic cells (e.g., cells of B-cell or T-cell lineage, and their corresponding stem cells, lymphoblasts). Also of interest are cells exhibiting a neoplastic propensity or phenotype. Of particular interest is the type of cells that differentially expresses (over-expresses or under-expresses) a disease-causing gene. The types of diseases involving abnormal functioning of genes include but are not limited to autoimmune diseases, cancer, obesity, hypertension, diabetes, neuronal and/or muscular degenerative diseases, cardiac diseases, endocrine disorders, and any combinations thereof.

In some embodiments, the mTOR inhibitor inhibits both mTORC1 and mTORC2 with an IC50 value of about 1 nM, 2 nM, 5 nM, 7 nM, 10 nM, 20 nM, 30 nM, 40 nM, 50 nM, 60 nM, 70 nM, 80 nM, 90 nM, 100 nM, 120 nM, 140 nM, 150 nM, 160 nM, 170 nM, 180 nM, 190 nM, 200 nM, 225 nM, 250 nM, 275 nM, 300 nM, 325 nM, 350 nM, 375 nM, 400 nM, 425 nM, 450 nM, 475 nM, 500 nM, 550 nM, 600 nM, 650 nM, 700 nM, 750 nM, 800 nM, 850 nM, 900 nM, 950 nM, 1 μM, 1.2 μM, 1.3 μM, 1.4 μM, 1.5 μM, 1.6 μM, 1.7 μM, 1.8 μM, 1.9 μM, 2 μM, 5 μM, 10 μM, 15 μM, 20 μM, 25 μM, 30 μM, 40 μM, 50 μM, 60 μM, 70 μM, 80 μM, 90 μM, 100 μM, 200 μM, 300 tμM, 400 μM, or 500 μM or less as ascertained in an in vitro kinase assay, and said IC50 value is at least 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 100, or 1000 times less than its IC50 value against all other type I PI3-kinases selected from the group consisting of PI3-kinase α, PI3-kinase β, PI3-kinase γ, and PI3-kinase δ. For example, the mTOR inhibitor inhibits both mTORC1 and mTORC2 with an IC50 value of about 200, 100, 75, 50, 25, 10, 5, 1 or 0.5 nM or less as ascertained in an in vitro kinase assay. In one instance, the mTOR inhibitor inhibits both mTORC1 and mTORC2 with an IC50 value of about 100 nM or less as ascertained in an in vitro kinase assay. As another example, the mTOR inhibitor inhibits both mTORC1 and mTORC2 with an IC50 value of about 10 nM or less as ascertained in an in vitro kinase assay.

In some embodiments, the present invention provides the use of an mTOR inhibitor, wherein the mTOR inhibitor directly binds to and inhibits both mTORC1 and mTORC2 with an IC50 value of about or less than a predetermined value, as ascertained in an in vitro kinase assay. In some embodiments, the mTOR inhibitor inhibits both mTORC1 and mTORC2 with an IC50 value of about 1 nM or less, 2 nM or less, 5 nM or less, 7 nM or less, 10 nM or less, 20 nM or less, 30 nM or less, 40 nM or less, 50 nM or less, 60 nM or less, 70 nM or less, 80 nM or less, 90 nM or less, 100 nM or less, 120 nM or less, 140 nM or less, 150 nM or less, 160 nM or less, 170 nM or less, 180 nM or less, 190 nM or less, 200 nM or less, 225 nM or less, 250 nM or less, 275 nM or less, 300 nM or less, 325 nM or less, 350 nM or less, 375 nM or less, 400 nM or less, 425 nM or less, 450 nM or less, 475 nM or less, 500 nM or less, 550 nM or less, 600 nM or less, 650 nM or less, 700 nM or less, 750 nM or less, 800 nM or less, 850 nM or less, 900 nM or less, 950 nM or less, 1 μM or less, 1.2 μM or less, 1.3 μM or less, 1.4 μM or less, 1.5 μM or less, 1.6 μM or less, 1.7 μM or less, 1.8 μM or less, 1.9 μM or less, 2 μM or less, 5 μM or less, 10 μM or less, 15 μM or less, 20 μM or less, 25 μM or less, 30 μM or less, 40 μM or less, 50 μM or less, 60 μM or less, 70 μM or less, 80 μM or less, 90 μM or less, 100 μM or less, 200 μM or less, 300 μM or less, 400 μM or less, or 500 μM or less.

In some embodiments, the mTOR inhibitor inhibits both mTORC1 and mTORC2 with an IC50 value of about 1 nM or less, 2 nM or less, 5 nM or less, 7 nM or less, 10 nM or less, 20 nM or less, 30 nM or less, 40 nM or less, 50 nM or less, 60 nM or less, 70 nM or less, 80 nM or less, 90 nM or less, 100 nM or less, 120 nM or less, 140 nM or less, 150 nM or less, 160 nM or less, 170 nM or less, 180 nM or less, 190 nM or less, 200 nM or less, 225 nM or less, 250 nM or less, 275 nM or less, 300 nM or less, 325 nM or less, 350 nM or less, 375 nM or less, 400 nM or less, 425 nM or less, 450 nM or less, 475 nM or less, 500 nM or less, 550 nM or less, 600 nM or less, 650 nM or less, 700 nM or less, 750 nM or less, 800 nM or less, 850 nM or less, 900 nM or less, 950 nM or less, 1 μM or less, 1.2 μM or less, 1.3 μM or less, 1.4 μM or less, 1.5 μM or less, 1.6 μM or less, 1.7 μM or less, 1.8 μM or less, 1.9 μM or less, 2 μM or less, 5 μM or less, 10 μM or less, 15 μM or less, 20 μM or less, 25 μM or less, 30 μM or less, 40 μM or less, 50 μM or less, 60 μM or less, 70 μM or less, 80 μM or less, 90 μM or less, 100 μM or less, 200 μM or less, 300 μM or less, 400 μM or less, or 500 μM or less, and the mTOR inhibitor is substantially inactive against one or more types I PI3-kinases selected from the group consisting of PI3-kinase α, PI3-kinase 3, PI3-kinase γ, and PI3-kinase δ. In some embodiments, the mTOR inhibitor inhibits both mTORC1 and mTORC2 with an IC50 value of about 10 nM or less as ascertained in an in vitro kinase assay, and the mTOR inhibitor is substantially inactive against one or more types I PI3-kinases selected from the group consisting of PI3-kinase α, PI3-kinase β, PI3-kinase γ, and PI3-kinase δ.

As used herein, the terms “substantially inactive” refers to an inhibitor that inhibits the activity of its target by less than approximately 1%, 5%, 10%, 15% or 20% of its maximal activity in the absence of the inhibitor, as determined by an in vitro enzymatic assay (e.g. in vitro kinase assay).

In other embodiments, the mTOR inhibitor inhibits both mTORC1 and mTORC2 with an IC50 value of about 1000, 500, 100, 75, 50, 25, 10, 5, 1, or 0.5 nM or less as ascertained in an in vitro kinase assay, and said IC50 value is at least 2, 5, 10, 15, 20, 50, 100 or 100 times less than its IC50 value against all other type I PI3-kinases selected from the group consisting of PI3-kinase α, PI3-kinase β, PI3-kinase γ, and PI3-kinase δ. For example, the mTOR inhibitor inhibits both mTORC1 and mTORC2 with an IC50 value of about 100 nM or less as ascertained in an in vitro kinase assay, and said IC50 value is at least 5 times less than its IC50 value against all other type I PI3-kinases selected from the group consisting of PI3-kinase α, PI3-kinase β, PI3-kinase γ, and PI3-kinase δ.

In some embodiments, the mTOR inhibitor inhibits both mTORC1 and mTORC2 with an IC50 value of about 100 nM or less as ascertained in an in vitro kinase assay, and said IC50 value is at least 5 times less than its IC50 value against all other type I PI3-kinases selected from the group consisting of PI3-kinase α, PI3-kinase β, PI3-kinase γ, and PI3-kinase δ.

In some embodiments, the mTOR inhibitor utilized in the subject methods inhibits one of mTORC1 and mTORC2 selectively with an IC50 value of about 1000, 500, 100, 75, 50, 25, 10, 5, 1, or 0.5 nM or less as ascertained in an in vitro kinase. For example, an mTOR inhibitor utilized in the subject methods inhibits mTORC1 selectively with an IC50 value of about 1000, 500, 100, 75, 50, 25, 10, 5, 1, or 0.5 nM or less as ascertained in an in vitro kinase assay. For example, rapamycin and rapamycin derivatives or analogues have been shown to primarily inhibit mTORC1 and not mTORC2. Suitable mTORC1 inhibitor compounds include, for example, sirolimus (rapamycin), deforolimus (AP23573, MK-8669), everolimus (RAD-001), temsirolimus (CCI-779), zotarolimus (ABT-578), and biolimus A9 (umirolimus).

mTOR inhibitors suitable for use in the subject methods can be selected from a variety types of molecules. For example, an inhibitor can be biological or chemical compound such as a simple or complex organic or inorganic molecule, peptide, peptide mimetic, protein (e.g. antibody), liposome, or a polynucleotide (e.g. small interfering RNA, microRNA, anti-sense, aptamer, ribozyme, or triple helix). Some exemplary classes of chemical compounds suitable for use in the subject methods are detailed in the sections below.

The advantages of selective inhibition of a cellular target as a way of treating a disease condition mediated by such target are manifold. Because healthy cells depend on the signaling pathways that are activated in cancers for survival, inhibition of these pathways during cancer treatment can cause harmful side effects. In order for a method of treating cancer to be successful without causing excessive damage to healthy cells, a very high degree of specificity in targeting the aberrant signaling component or components is desirable. Moreover, cancer cells may depend on overactive signaling for their survival (known as the oncogene addiction hypothesis). In this way, cancer cells are frequently observed to adapt to drug inhibition of an aberrant signaling component by selecting for mutations in the same pathway that overcome the effect of the drug. Therefore, cancer therapies may be more successful in overcoming the problem of drug resistance if they target a signaling pathway as a whole, or target more than one component within a signaling pathway.

Some signaling pathways that contain mTOR are illustrated in FIG. 1. One major downstream effector of mTOR signaling is the Akt serine/threonine kinase. Akt possesses a protein domain known as a PH domain, or Pleckstrin Homology domain, which binds to phosphoinositides with high affinity. In the case of the PH domain of Akt, it binds either PIP3 (phosphatidylinositol (3,4,5)-trisphosphate, PtdIns(3,4,5)P3) or PIP2 (phosphatidylinositol (3,4)-bisphosphate, PtdIns(3,4)P2). PI3K phosphorylates PIP2 in response to signals from chemical messengers, such as ligand binding to G protein-coupled receptors or receptor tyrosine kinases. Phosphorylation by PI3K converts PIP2 to PIP3, recruiting Akt to the cell membrane where it is phosphorylated at serine 473 (S473) by mTORC2. Phosphorylation of Akt at another site, threonine 308 (T308), is not directly dependent on mTORC2, but requires PI3K activity. Therefore, PI3K activity towards Akt can be isolated from mTOR activity by examining Akt threonine 308 phosphorylation status in cells lacking mTORC2 activity.

In one aspect, the invention provides a compound which is an inhibitor of mTor of the Formula I:

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein:

X₁ is N or C-E¹, X₂ is N or C, X₃ is N or C, X₄ is C—R⁹ or N, X₅ is N or C-E¹, X₆ is C or N, and X₇ is C or N; and wherein no more than two nitrogen ring atoms are adjacent;

R₁ is H, -L-C₁₋₁₀alkyl, -L-C₃₋₈cycloalkyl, -L-C₁₋₁₀alkyl-C₃₋₈cycloalkyl, -L-aryl, -L-heteroaryl, -L-C₁₋₁₀alkylaryl, -L-C₁₋₁₀alkylhetaryl, -L-C₁₋₁₀alkylheterocylyl, -L-C₂₋₁₀alkenyl, -L-C₂₋₁₀alkynyl, -L-C₂₋₁₀alkenyl-C₃₋₈cycloalkyl, -L-C₂₋₁₀alkynyl-C₃₋₈cycloalkyl, -L-heteroalkyl, -L-heteroalkylaryl, -L-heteroalkylheteroaryl, -L-heteroalkyl-heterocylyl, -L-heteroalkyl-C₃₋₈cycloalkyl, -L-aralkyl, -L-heteroaralkyl, or -L-heterocyclyl, each of which is unsubstituted or is substituted by one or more independent R³;

L is absent, —(C═O)—, —C(═O)O—, —C(═O) N(R³¹)—, —S—, —S(O)—, —S(O)₂—, —S(O)₂N(R³¹)—, or —N(R³¹)—;

E¹ and E² are independently —(W¹)_(j)—R⁴;

M₁ is a 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or-10 membered ring system, wherein the ring system is monocyclic or bicyclic, substituted with R₅ and additionally optionally substituted with one or more —(W²)_(k)—R²;

each k is 0 or 1;

j in E¹ or j in E², is independently 0 or 1;

W¹ is —O—, —NR⁷—, —S(O)₀₋₂—, —C(O)—, —C(O)N(R⁷)—, —N(R⁷)C(O)—, —N(R⁷)S(O)—, —N(R⁷)S(O)₂—, —C(O)O—, —CH(R⁷)N(C(O)OR⁸)—, —CH(R⁷)N(C(O)R⁸)—, —CH(R⁷)N(SO₂R)—, —CH(R⁷)N(R⁸)—, —CH(R⁷)C(O)N(R)—, —CH(R⁷)N(R⁸)C(O)—, —CH(R⁷)N(R⁸)S(O)—, or —CH(R⁷)N(R)S(O)₂—;

W² is —O—, —NR⁷—, —S(O)₀₋₂—, —C(O)—, —C(O)N(R⁷)—, —N(R⁷)C(O)—, —N(R⁷)C(O)N(R⁸)—, —N(R⁷)S(O)—, —N(R⁷)S(O)₂—, —C(O)O—, —CH(R⁷)N(C(O)OR⁸)—, —CH(R⁷)N(C(O)R⁸)—, —CH(R⁷)N(SO₂R)—, —CH(R⁷)N(R⁸)—, —CH(R⁷)C(O)N(R⁸)—, —CH(R⁷)N(R⁸)C(O)—, —CH(R⁷)N(R⁸)S(O)—, or —CH(R⁷)N(R)S(O)₂—;

R² is hydrogen, halogen, —OH, —R³¹, —CF₃, —OCF₃, —OR³¹, —NR³¹R³², —NR³⁴R³⁵, —C(O)R³¹, —CO₂R³¹, —C(═O)NR³¹R³², —C(═O)NR³⁴R³⁵, —NO₂, —CN, —S(O)₀₋₂R³¹, —SO₂NR³¹R³², —SO₂NR³⁴R³⁵, —NR³¹C(═O)R³², —NR³¹C(═O)OR³², —NR³¹C(═O)NR³²R³³, —NR³¹S(O)₀₋₂R³², —C(═S)OR³¹, —C(═O)SR³¹, NR³¹C(═NR³²)NR³³R³², —NR³¹C(═NR³²)OR³³, —NR³¹C(═NR³²)SR³³, —OC(═O)OR³³, —OC(═O)NR³¹R³², —OC(═O)SR³¹, —SC(═O)OR³¹, —P(O)OR³¹OR³², —SC(═O)NR³¹R³², aryl (e.g. bicyclic aryl, unsubstituted aryl, or substituted monocyclic aryl), hetaryl, C₁₋₁₀alkyl, C₃₋₈cycloalkyl, C₁₋₁₀alkyl-C₃₋₈cycloalkyl, C₃₋₈cycloalkyl-C₁₋₁₀alkyl, C₃₋₈cycloalkyl-C₂₋₁₀alkenyl, C₃₋₈cycloalkyl-C₂₋₁₀alkynyl, C₁₋₁₀alkyl-C₂₋₁₀alkenyl, C₁₋₁₀alkyl-C₂₋₁₀alkynyl, C₁₋₁₀alkylaryl (e.g. C₂₋₁₀alkyl-monocyclic aryl, C₁₋₁₀alkyl-substituted monocyclic aryl, or C₁₋₁₀alkylbicycloaryl), C₁₋₁₀alkylhetaryl, C₁₋₁₀alkylheterocyclyl, C₂₋₁₀alkenyl, C₂₋₁₀alkynyl, C₂₋₁₀alkenyl-C₁₋₁₀alkyl, C₂₋₁₀alkynyl-C₁₋₁₀alkyl, C₂₋₁₀alkenylaryl, C₂₋₁₀alkenylhetaryl, C₂₋₁₀alkenylheteroalkyl, C₂₋₁₀alkenylheterocyclcyl, C₂₋₁₀alkenyl-C₃₋₈cycloalkyl, C₂₋₁₀alkynylaryl, C₂₋₁₀alkynylhetaryl, C₂₋₁₀alkynylheteroalkyl, C₂₋₁₀alkynylheterocylyl, C₂₋₁₀alkynyl-C₃₋₈cycloalkenyl, C₁₋₁₀alkoxy C₁₋₁₀alkyl, C₁₋₁₀alkoxy-C₂₋₁₀alkenyl, C₁₋₁₀alkoxy-C₂₋₁₀alkynyl, heterocyclyl, heteroalkyl, heterocyclyl-C₁₋₁₀alkyl, heterocyclyl-C₂₋₁₀alkenyl, heterocyclyl-C₂₋₁₀alkynyl, aryl-C₁₋₁₀alkyl (e.g. monocyclic aryl-C₂₋₁₀alkyl, substituted monocyclic aryl-C₁₋₁₀alkyl, or bicycloaryl-C₁₋₁₀alkyl), aryl-C₂₋₁₀alkenyl, aryl-C₂₋₁₀alkynyl, aryl-heterocyclyl, hetaryl-C₁₋₁₀alkyl, hetaryl-C₂₋₁₀alkenyl, hetaryl-C₂₋₁₀alkynyl, hetaryl-C₃₋₈cycloalkyl, hetaryl-heteroalkyl, or hetaryl-heterocyclyl, wherein each of said bicyclic aryl or heteroaryl moiety is unsubstituted, or wherein each of bicyclic aryl, heteroaryl moiety or monocyclic aryl moiety is substituted with one or more independent alkyl, heteroalkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, arylalkyl, heteroaryl, heteroarylalkyl, halo, —OH, —R³¹, —CF₃, —OCF₃, —OR³¹, —NR³¹R³², —NR³⁴R³⁵, —C(O)R³¹, —CO₂R³¹, —C(═O)NR³¹R³², —C(═O)NR³⁴R³⁵, —NO₂, —CN, —S(O)₀₋₂R³¹, —SO₂NR³¹R³², —SO₂NR³⁴R³⁵, —NR³¹C(═O)R³², —NR³¹C(═O)OR³², —NR³¹C(═O)NR³²R³³, —NR³¹S(O)₀₋₂R³², —C(═S)OR³¹, —C(═O)SR³¹, —NR³¹C(═NR³²)NR³³R³², —NR³¹C(═NR³²)OR³³, —NR³¹C(═NR³²)SR³³, OC(═O)OR³³, —OC(═O)NR³¹R³², —OC(═O)SR³¹, —SC(═O)OR³¹, —P(O)OR³¹OR³², or —SC(═O)NR³¹R³² and wherein each of said alkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, or heteroalkyl moiety is unsubstituted or is substituted with one or more alkyl, heteroalkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, arylalkyl, heteroaryl, heteroarylalkyl, halo, —OH, —R³¹, —CF₃, —OCF₃, —OR³¹, —O-aryl, —NR³¹R³², —NR³⁴R³⁵, —C(O)R³¹, —CO₂R³¹, —C(═O)NR³R³³⁵, or —C(═O)NR³¹R³²;

R³ and R⁴ are independently hydrogen, halogen, —OH, —R³¹, —CF₃, —OCF₃, —OR³¹, —NR³¹R³², —NR³⁴R³⁵, —C(O)R³¹, —CO₂R³¹, —C(═O)NR³¹R³², —C(═O)NR³⁴R³⁵, —NO₂, —CN, —S(O)₀₋₂R³¹, —SO₂NR³¹R³², —SO₂NR³⁴R³⁵, —NR³¹C(═O)R³², —NR³¹C(═O)OR³², —NR³¹C(═O)NR³²R³³, —NR³¹S(O)₀₋₂R³², —C(═S)OR³¹, —C(═O)SR³¹, —NR³¹C(═NR³²)NR³³R³², —NR³¹C(═NR³²)OR³³, —NR³¹C(═NR³²) SR³³, —OC(═O)OR³³, —OC(═O)NR³¹R³², —OC(═O)SR³¹, —SC(═O)OR³¹, —P(O)OR³¹OR³², —SC(═O)NR³¹R³², aryl, hetaryl, C₁₋₄alkyl, C₁₋₁₀alkyl, C₃₋₈cycloalkyl, C₁₋₁₀alkyl-C₃₋₈cycloalkyl, C₃₋₈cycloalkyl-C₁₋₁₀alkyl, C₃₋₈cycloalkyl-C₂₋₁₀alkenyl, C₃₋₈cycloalkyl-C₂₋₁₀alkynyl, C₁₋₁₀alkyl-C₂₋₁₀alkenyl, C₁₋₁₀alkyl-C₂₋₁₀alkynyl, C₁₋₁₀alkylaryl, C₁₋₁₀alkylhetaryl, C₁₋₁₀alkylheterocyclyl, C₂₋₁₀alkenyl, C₂₋₁₀alkynyl, C₂₋₁₀alkenyl-C₁₋₁₀alkyl, C₂₋₁₀alkynyl-C₁₋₁₀alkyl, C₂₋₁₀alkenylaryl, C₂₋₁₀alkenylhetaryl, C₂₋₁₀alkenylheteroalkyl, C₂₋₁₀alkenylheterocyclcyl, C₂₋₁₀alkenyl-C₃₋₈cycloalkyl, C₂₋₁₀alkynyl-C₃₋₈cycloalkyl, C₂₋₁₀alkynylaryl, C₂₋₁₀alkynylhetaryl, C₂₋₁₀alkynylheteroalkyl, C₂₋₁₀alkynylheterocylyl, C₂₋₁₀alkynyl-C₃₋₈cycloalkenyl, C₁₋₁₀alkoxy C₁₋₁₀alkyl, C₁₋₁₀alkoxy-C₂₋₁₀alkenyl, C₁₋₁₀alkoxy-C₂₋₁₀alkynyl, heterocyclyl, heterocyclyl-C₁₋₁₀alkyl, heterocyclyl-C₂₋₁₀alkenyl, heterocyclyl-C₂₋₁₀alkynyl, aryl-C₁₋₁₀alkyl, aryl-C₂₋₁₀alkenyl, aryl-C₂₋₁₀alkynyl, aryl-heterocyclyl, hetaryl-C₁₋₁₀alkyl, hetaryl-C₂₋₁₀alkenyl, hetaryl-C₂₋₁₀alkynyl, hetaryl-C₃₋₈cycloalkyl, heteroalkyl, hetaryl-heteroalkyl, or hetaryl-heterocyclyl, wherein each of said aryl or heteroaryl moiety is unsubstituted or is substituted with one or more independent halo, —OH, —R³¹, —CF₃, —OCF₃, —OR³¹, —NR³¹R³², —NR³⁴R³⁵, —C(O)R³¹, —CO₂R³¹, —C(═O)NR³¹R³², —C(═O)NR³⁴R³⁵, —NO₂, —CN, —S(O)₀₋₂R³¹, —SO₂NR³¹R³², —SO₂NR³⁴R³⁵, —NR³¹C(═O)R³², —NR³¹C(═O)OR³², —NR³¹C(═O)NR³²R³³, —NR³¹S(O)₀₋₂R³², C(═S)OR³¹, —C(═O)SR³¹, —NR³¹C(═NR³²)NR³³R³², —NR³¹C(═NR³²)OR³³, —NR³¹C(═NR³²)SR³³, OC(═O)OR³³, —OC(═O)NR³¹R³², —OC(═O)SR³¹, —SC(═O)OR³¹, —P(O)OR³¹OR³², or —SC(═O)NR³¹R³², and wherein each of said alkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, or heteroalkyl moiety is unsubstituted or is substituted with one or more halo, —OH, —R³¹, —CF₃, —OCF₃, —OR³¹, —O-aryl, —NR³¹R³², NR³⁴R³⁵, —C(O)R³¹, —CO₂R³¹, —C(═O)NR³⁴R³⁵, or —C(═O)NR³¹R³²;

R⁵ is hydrogen, halogen, —OH, —R³¹, —CF₃, —OCF₃, —OR³¹, NR³¹R³², NR³⁴R³⁵, —C(O)R³¹, —CO₂R³¹, —C(═O)NR³¹R³², —C(═O)NR³⁴R³⁵, —NO₂, —CN, —S(O)₀₋₂R³¹, —SO₂NR³¹R³², —SO₂NR³⁴R³⁵, —NR³¹C(═O)R³², —NR³¹C(═O)OR³², —NR³¹C(═O)NR³²R³³, —R³¹S(O)₀₋₂R³², —C(═S)OR³¹, —C(═O)SR³¹, —NR³¹C(═NR³²)NR³³R³², —NR³¹C(═NR³²)OR³³, —NR³¹C(═NR³²)SR³³, —OC(═O)OR³³, —OC(═O)NR³¹R³², —OC(═O)SR³¹, —SC(═O)OR³¹, —P(O)OR³¹OR³², or —SC(═O)NR³¹R³²;

each of R³¹, R³², and R³³ is independently H or C₁₋₁₀alkyl, wherein the C₁₋₁₀alkyl is unsubstituted or is substituted with one or more aryl, heteroalkyl, heterocyclyl, or hetaryl group, wherein each of said aryl, heteroalkyl, heterocyclyl, or hetaryl group is unsubstituted or is substituted with one or more halo, —OH, —C₁₋₁₀alkyl, —CF₃, —O-aryl, —OCF₃, —OC₁₋₁₀alkyl, —NH₂, —N(C₁₋₁₀alkyl)(C₁₋₁₀alkyl), —NH(C₁₋₁₀alkyl), —NH(aryl), —NR³⁴R³⁵, —C(O)(C₁₋₁₀alkyl), —C(O)(C₁₋₁₀alkyl-aryl), —C(O)(aryl), —CO₂—C₁₋₁₀alkyl, —CO₂—C₁₋₁₀alkylaryl, —CO₂-aryl, —C(═O)N(C₁₋₁₀alkyl)(C₁₋₁₀alkyl), —C(═O)NH(C₁₋₁₀alkyl), —C(═O)NR³⁴R³⁵, —C(═O)NH₂, —OCF₃, —O(C₁₋₁₀alkyl), —O-aryl, —N(aryl)(C₁₋₁₀alkyl), —NO₂, —CN, —S(O)₀₋₂C₁₋₁₀alkyl, —S(O)₀₋₂C₁₋₁₀alkylaryl, —S(O)₀₋₂ aryl, —SO₂N(aryl), —SO₂N(C₁₋₁₀alkyl)(C₁₋₁₀alkyl), —SO₂NH(C₁₋₁₀alkyl) or —SO₂NR³⁴R³⁵;

R³⁴ and R³⁵ in —NR³⁴R³⁵, —C(═O)NR³⁴R³⁴R³⁵, or —SO₂NR³⁴R³⁵, are taken together with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached to form a 3-10 membered saturated or unsaturated ring; wherein said ring is independently unsubstituted or is substituted by one or more —NR³¹R³², hydroxyl, halogen, oxo, aryl, hetaryl, C₁₋₆alkyl, or O-aryl, and wherein said 3-10 membered saturated or unsaturated ring independently contains 0, 1, or 2 more heteroatoms in addition to the nitrogen atom;

each of R⁷ and R⁸ is independently hydrogen, C₁₋₁₀alkyl, C₂₋₁₀alkenyl, aryl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl or C₃₋₁₀cycloalkyl, each of which except for hydrogen is unsubstituted or is substituted by one or more independent R⁶;

R⁶ is halo, —OR³¹, —SH, —NH₂, —NR³⁴R³⁵, —NR³¹R³², —CO₂R³¹, —CO₂aryl, —C(═O)NR³¹R³², C(═O)NR³⁴R³⁵, —NO₂, —CN, —S(O)₀₋₂C₁₋₁₀alkyl, —S(O)₀₋₂aryl, —SO₂NR³⁴R³⁵, —SO₂NR³¹R³², C₁₋₁₀alkyl, C₂₋₁₀alkenyl, C₂₋₁₀alkynyl; aryl-C₁₋₁₀alkyl, aryl-C₂₋₁₀alkenyl, aryl-C₂₋₁₀alkynyl, hetaryl-C₁₋₁₀alkyl, hetaryl-C₂₋₁₀alkenyl, hetaryl-C₂₋₁₀alkynyl, wherein each of said alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroalkyl, heterocyclyl, or hetaryl group is unsubstituted or is substituted with one or more independent halo, cyano, nitro, —OC₁₋₁₀alkyl, C₁₋₁₀alkyl, C₂₋₁₀alkenyl, C₂₋₁₀alkynyl, haloC₁₋₁₀alkyl, haloC₂₋₁₀alkenyl, haloC₂₋₁₀alkynyl, —COOH, —C(═O)NR³¹R³², —C(═O)NR³⁴R⁵, —SO₂NR³⁴R³⁵, —SO₂NR³¹R³², —NR³¹R³², or —NR³⁴R³⁵; and

R⁹ is H, halo, —OR³¹, —SH, —NH₂, —NR³⁴R³⁵, —NR³¹R³², —CO₂R³¹, —CO₂aryl, —C(═O)NR³¹R³², C(═O)NR³⁴R³⁵, —NO₂, —CN, —S(O)₀₋₂C₁₋₁₀alkyl, —S(O)₀₋₂aryl, —SO₂NR³⁴R³⁵, —SO₂NR³¹R³², C₁₋₁₀alkyl, C₂₋₁₀alkenyl, C₂₋₁₀alkynyl; aryl-C₁₋₁₀alkyl, aryl-C₂₋₁₀alkenyl, aryl-C₂₋₁₀alkynyl, hetaryl-C₁₋₁₀alkyl, hetaryl-C₂₋₁₀alkenyl, hetaryl-C₂₋₁₀alkynyl, wherein each of said alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroalkyl, heterocyclyl, or hetaryl group is unsubstituted or is substituted with one or more independent halo, cyano, nitro, —OC₁₋₁₀alkyl, C₁₋₁₀alkyl, C₂₋₁₀alkenyl, C₂₋₁₀alkynyl, haloC₁₋₁₀alkyl, haloC₂₋₁₀alkenyl, haloC₂₋₁₀alkynyl, —COOH, —C(═O)NR³¹R³², —C(═O)NR³⁴R³⁵, —SO₂NR³⁴R³⁵, —SO₂NR³¹R³², NR³¹R³², or —NR³⁴R³⁵.

M₁ is a 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or-10 membered ring system, wherein the ring system is monocyclic or bicyclic. The monocyclic M₁ ring is unsubstituted or substituted with one or more R⁵ substituents (including 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5 R⁵ substituents). In some embodiments, the monocyclic M₁ ring is aromatic (including phenyl) or heteroaromatic (including but not limited to pyridinyl, pyrrolyl, imidazolyl, thiazolyl, or pyrimidinyl). The monocyclic M₁ ring may be a 5 or 6 membered ring (including but not limited to pyridinyl, pyrrolyl, imidazolyl, thiazolyl, or pyrimidinyl). In some embodiments, M₂ is a five membered heteroaromatic group with one heteroatom, wherein the heteroatom is N, S, or O. In another embodiment, M₂ is a five membered heteroaromatic group with two heteroatoms, wherein the heteroatoms are nitrogen and oxygen or nitrogen and sulfur.

The bicyclic M₁ ring is unsubstituted or substituted with one or more R⁵ substituents (including 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 or 7 R⁵ substituents). Bicyclic M₁ ring is a 7, 8, 9, or 10 membered aromatic or heteroaromatic. Examples of an aromatic bicyclic M₁ ring include naphthyl. In other embodiments the bicyclic M₁ ring is heteroaromatic and includes but is not limited to benzothiazolyl, quinolinyl, quinazolinyl, benzoxazolyl, and benzoimidazolyl.

The invention also provides compounds wherein M₁ is a moiety having a structure of Formula M1-A or Formula M1-B:

wherein W₁, W₂, and W₇ are independently N or C—R⁵; W₄ and W₁₀ are independently N—R⁵, O, or S; W₆ and W₈ are independently N or C—R⁵; W₅ and W₉ are independently N or C—R²; and W₃ is C or N, provided no more than two N and/or N—R⁵ are adjacent and no two O or S are adjacent.

In some embodiments of the invention, the M₁ moiety of Formula M1-A is a moiety of Formula M1-A1, Formula M1-A2, Formula M1-A3, or Formula M1-A4:

wherein W₄ is N—R⁵, O, or S; W₆ is N or C—R⁵ and W₅ is N or C—R².

Some nonlimiting examples of the M₁ moiety of Formula M1-A include:

wherein R⁵ is —(W)_(k)—R⁵³ or R⁵⁵; each k is independently 0 or 1, n is 0, 1, 2, or 3, and —(W¹)_(k)—R⁵³ and R⁵⁵ are as defined above.

In other embodiments of the invention, the M₁ moiety of Formula M1-B is a moiety of Formula M1-B1, Formula M1-B2, Formula M1-B3, or Formula M1-B4:

wherein W₁₀ is N—R⁵, O, or S, W₈ is N or C—R⁵, and W₅ is N or C—R².

Some nonlimiting examples of the M₁ moiety of Formula M1-B include:

wherein R′⁵ is —(W¹)_(k)—R⁵³ or R⁵⁵; k is 0 or 1, n is 0, 1, 2, or 3, and —(W¹)_(k)—R⁵³ and R⁵⁵ are as defined above.

The invention also provides compounds wherein M₁ is a moiety having a structure of Formula M1-C or Formula M1-D:

wherein W₁₂, W₁₃, W₁₄, and W₁₅ are independently N or C—R⁵; W₁₁ and W₁₈ are independently N—R⁵, O, or S; W₁₆ and W₁₇ are independently N or C—R⁵; provided no more than two N are adjacent.

In other embodiments of the invention, the M₁ moiety of Formula M1-C or Formula M1-D is a moiety of Formula M1-C1 or Formula M1-D1:

wherein W₁₁ and W₁₈ are N—R⁵, O, or S; and W₁₆ and W₁₇ are N or C—R⁵.

Some nonlimiting examples of the M₁ moiety of Formula M1-C and Formula M1-D include:

wherein R′⁵ is —(W)_(k)—R⁵³ or R⁵⁵; k is 0 or 1, and —(W)_(k)—R⁵³ and R⁵⁵ are as defined above.

The invention also provides compounds wherein M₁ is a moiety having a structure of Formula M1-E:

wherein X₁₁, X₁₂, X₁₃, X₁₄, X₁₅, X₁₆, and X₁₇ are independently N, or C—R⁵; provided that no more than two N are adjacent.

In some embodiments of the invention, the M₁ moiety having a structure of Formula M1-E, is a moiety having a structure of Formula M1-E1, M1-E2, M1-E3, M1-E4, M1-E5, M1-E6, M1-E7, or M1-E8:

In some embodiments of the invention, the M₁ moiety having a structure of Formula M1-E, is a moiety having a structure:

Some nonlimiting examples of the M₁ moiety of Formula M1-E include:

wherein R′⁵ is —(W¹)_(k)—R⁵³ or R⁵⁵; k is 0 or 1, n is 0, 1, 2, or 3, and —(W)_(k)—R⁵³ or R⁵⁵ are as defined above. In some embodiments, k is 0, and R⁵ is R⁵³.

In some embodiments, R⁵³ is hydrogen, unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₁₀alkyl (which includes but is not limited to —CH₃, —CH₂CH₃, n-propyl, isopropyl, n-butyl, tert-butyl, sec-butyl, pentyl, hexyl, and heptyl), or unsubstituted or substituted C₃-C₈cycloalkyl (which includes but is not limited to cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, and cyclohexyl). In other embodiments, R⁵³ is monocyclic or bicyclic aryl, wherein the R⁵³ aryl is unsubstituted or substituted. Some examples of aryl include but are not limited to phenyl, naphthyl or fluorenyl. In some other embodiments, R⁵³ is unsubstituted or substituted heteroaryl, including but not limited to monocyclic and bicyclic heteroaryl. Monocyclic heteroaryl R⁵³ includes but is not limited to pyrrolyl, thienyl, furyl, pyridinyl, pyranyl, imidazolyl, thiazolyl, pyrazolyl, and oxazolyl. Bicyclic heteroaryl R⁵³ includes but is not limited to benzothiophenyl, benzofuryl, indolyl, quinolinyl, isoquinolinyl, benzimidazolyl, benzoxazolyl, benzothiazolyl, quinazolinyl, azaindolyl, pyrazolopyrimidinyl, and purinyl. Additionally, R⁵³ may be alkylcycloalkyl (including but not limited to cyclopropylethyl, cyclopentylethyl, and cyclobutylpropyl), -alkylaryl (including but not limited to benzyl, phenylethyl, and phenylnaphthyl), -alkylhetaryl (including but not limited to pyridinylmethyl, pyrrolylethyl, and imidazolylpropyl), or -alkylheterocyclyl (non-limiting examples are morpholinylmethyl, 1-piperazinylmethyl, and azetidinylpropyl). For each of alkylcycloalkyl, alkylaryl, alkylhetaryl, or -alkylheterocyclyl, the moiety is connected to M₁ through the alkyl portion of the moiety In other embodiments, R⁵³ is unsubstituted or substituted C₂-C₁₀alkenyl (including but not limited to alkenyl such as, for example, vinyl, allyl, 1-methyl propen-1-yl, butenyl, or pentenyl) or unsubstituted or substituted alkynyl (including but not limited to unsubstituted or substituted C₂-C₁₀alkynyl such as acetylenyl, propargyl, butynyl, or pentynyl).

Further embodiments provide R⁵³ wherein R⁵³ is alkenylaryl, alkenylheteroaryl, alkenylheteroalkyl, or alkenylheterocyclcyl, wherein each of alkenyl, aryl, heteroaryl, heteroalkyl, and heterocyclyl is as described herein and wherein the alkenylaryl, alkenylhetaryl, alkenylheteroalkyl, or alkenylheterocyclcyl moiety is attached to M₁ through the alkenyl. Some nonlimiting examples in include styryl, 3-pyridinylallyl, 2-methoxyethoxyvinyl, and 3-morpholinlylallyl In other embodiments, R⁵³ is -alkynylaryl, -alkynylhetaryl, -alkynylheteroalkyl, -alkynylheterocylyl, -alkynylcycloalkyl, or -alkynylC₃₋₈cycloalkenyl, wherein each of alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, heteroalkyl, and heterocyclyl is as described herein and wherein the alkynylaryl, alkynylhetaryl, alkynylheteroalkyl, or alkynylheterocyclcyl moiety is attached to M₁ through the alkynyl. Alternatively, R⁵³ is -alkoxyalkyl, -alkoxyalkenyl, or -alkoxyalkynyl, wherein each of alkoxy, alkyl, alkenyl, and alkynyl is as described herein and wherein the -alkoxyalkyl, -alkoxyalkenyl, or -alkoxyalkynyl moiety is attached to M₁ through the alkoxy. In yet other embodiments, R⁵³ is -heterocyclylalkyl, -heterocyclylalkenyl, or -heterocyclylalkynyl, wherein the heterocyclyl, alkyl, alkenyl, or alkynyl is as described herein and wherein the -heterocyclylalkyl, -heterocyclylalkenyl, or -heterocyclylalkynyl is attached to to M₁ through the heterocyclyl portion of the moiety. Further, R⁵³ may be aryl-alkenyl, aryl-alkynyl, or aryl-heterocyclyl, wherein the aryl, alkenyl, alkynyl, or heterocyclyl is as described herein and wherein the aryl-alkenyl, aryl-alkynyl, or aryl-heterocyclyl moiety is attached to M₁ through the aryl portion of the moiety. In some other embodiments, R⁵³ is heteroaryl-alkyl, heteroaryl -alkenyl, heteroaryl -alkynyl, heteroaryl-cycloalkyl, heteroaryl -heteroalkyl, or heteroaryl -heterocyclyl, wherein each of heteroaryl, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, heteroalkyl, and heterocyclyl is as described herein and wherein the heteroaryl-alkyl, heteroaryl-alkenyl, heteroaryl -alkynyl, heteroaryl-cycloalkyl, heteroaryl -heteroalkyl, or heteroaryl -heterocyclyl moiety is attached to M₁ through the heteroaryl portion of the moiety.

For each of the aryl or heteroaryl moieties forming part or all of R⁵³, the aryl or heteroaryl is unsubstituted or is substituted with one or more independent halo, —OH, —R³¹, —CF₃, —OCF₃, —OR³¹, —NR³¹R³², —NR³⁴R³⁵, —C(O)R³¹, —CO₂R³¹, —C(═O)NR³¹R³², —C(═O)NNR³⁴R³⁵, —NO₂, —CN, —S(O)₀₋₂R³¹, —SO₂NR³¹R³², —SO₂NR³⁴R³⁵, —NR³¹C(═O)R³², —NR³¹C(═O)OR³², NR³¹C(═O)NR²R³²R³³, —R³¹S(O)₀₋₂R³², —C(═S)OR³¹, —C(═O)SR³¹, —NR³¹C(═NR³²)NR³³R³², NR³¹C(═NR³²)OR³³, —NR³¹C(═NR³²)SR³³, —OC(═O)OR³³, —OC(═O)NR³¹R³², —OC(═O)SR³¹, —SC(═O)OR³¹, —P(O)OR³¹OR³², or —SC(═O)NR³¹R³² substituents. Additionally, each of the alkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, or heteroalkyl moieties forming part of all of R⁵³ is unsubstituted or substituted with one or more halo, —OH, —R³¹, —CF₃, —OCF₃, —OR³¹, —O-aryl, —NR³¹R³², —NR³⁴R³⁵, —C(O)R³¹, —CO₂R³¹, —C(═O)NNR³⁴R³⁵, or —C(═O)NR³² substituents.

In other embodiments, R⁵ is is —W¹—R⁵³. In some embodiments, R⁵ is —OR⁵³, including but not limited to Oalkyl (including but not limited to methoxy or ethoxy), —Oaryl (including but not limited to phenoxy), —O-heteroaryl (including but not limited to pyridinoxy) and —O-heterocycloxy (including but not limited to 4-N-piperidinoxy). In some embodiments R⁵ is —NR⁶R⁵³ (including but not limited to anilinyl, diethylamino, and 4-N-piperidinylamino. In yet other embodiments R⁵ is —S(O)₀₋₂R⁵³, including but not limited to phenylsulfonyl and pyridinylsulfonyl. The invention also provides compounds wherein R⁵ is —C(O) (including but not limited to acetyl, benzoyl, and pyridinoyl) or —C(O)O R⁵³ (including but not limited to carboxyethyl, and carboxybenzyl). In other embodiments, R⁵ is —C(O)N(R⁶)R⁵³ (including but not limited to C(O)NH(cyclopropyl) and C(O)N(Me)(phenyl)) or —CH(R⁶)N(R⁷)R⁵³ (including but not limited to —CH₂—NH-pyrrolidinyl, CH₂—NHcyclopropyl, and CH₂-anilinyl). Alternatively, R⁵ is —N(R⁶)C(O)R⁵³ (including but not linited to —NHC(O)phenyl, —NHC(O)cyclopentyl, and to —NHC(O)piperidinyl) or —N(R⁶)S(O)₂R⁵³ (including but not limited to —NHS(O)₂phenyl, —NHS(O)₂piperazinyl, and —NHS(O)₂methyl. Additionally, R⁵ is —N(R⁶)S(O) R⁵³, —CH(R⁶)N(C(O)OR⁷)R⁵³, —CH(R⁷)N(C(O)R⁷)R⁵³, —CH(R⁶)N(SO₂R⁷)R⁵³, —CH(R⁶)N(R⁷)R⁵³, —CH(R⁶)C(O)N(R⁷)R⁵³, —CH(R⁶)N(R⁷)C(O) R⁵³, —CH(R⁶)N(R⁷)S(O) R⁵³, or —CH(R⁶)N(R⁷)S(O)₂R⁵³.

Alternatively, R⁵ is R⁵⁵. R⁵⁵ is halo, —OH, —NO₂, —CF₃, —OCF₃, or —CN. In some other embodiments, R⁵⁵ is —R³¹, —OR³¹ (including but not limited to methoxy, ethoxy, and butoxy) —C(O)R³¹ (non-limiting examples include acetyl, propionyl, and pentanoyl), or —CO₂R³¹ (including but not limited to carboxymethyl, carboxyethyl and carboxypropyl). In further embodiments, R⁵⁵ is —NR³¹R³², —C(═O)NR³¹R³², —SO₂NR³¹R³², or —S(O)₀₋₂R³¹. In other embodiments, R⁵⁵ is —NR³⁴R³⁵ or —SO₂NR³⁴R³⁵, wherein R³⁴R³⁵ are taken together with the nitrogen to which R³⁴R³⁵ are attached to form a cyclic moiety. The cyclic moiety so formed may be unsubstituted or substituted, wherein the substituents are selected from the group consisting of alkyl, —C(O)alkyl, —S(O)₂alkyl, and —S(O)₂aryl. Examples include but are not limited to morpholinyl, piperazinyl, or —SO₂-(4-N-methyl-piperazin-1-yl. Additionally, R⁵⁵ is —NR³¹C(═O)R³², —NR³¹C(═O)OR³², —NR³¹C(═O)NR³²R³³, —R³¹S(O)₀₋₂R³², —C(═S)OR³¹, —C(═O)SR³¹, —NR³¹C(═NR³²)NR³³R³², —NR³¹C(═NR³²)OR³³, —NR³¹C(═NR³²)SR³³, —OC(═O)OR³³, —OC(═O)NR³¹R³², —C(═O)NNR³⁴R³⁵, —OC(═O)SR³¹, —SC(═O)OR³¹, —P(O)OR³OR³², or —SC(═O)NR³¹R³². In yet another embodiment, R⁵⁵ is —O-aryl, including but not limited to phenoxy, and naphthyloxy.

The invention further provides a compound which is an mTor inhibitor, wherein the compound has the Formula I-A:

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein:

X₁ is N or C-E¹, X₂ is N, X₃ is C, and X₄ is C—R⁹ or N; or X₁ is N or C-E¹, X₂ is C, X₃ is N, and X₄ is C—R⁹ or N;

R₁ is —H, -L-C₁₋₁₀alkyl, -L-C₃₋₈cycloalkyl, -L-C₁₋₁₀alkyl-C₃₋₈cycloalkyl, -L-aryl, -L-heteroaryl, -L-C₁₋₁₀alkylaryl, -L-C₁₋₁₀alkylheteroaryl, -L-C₁₋₁₀alkylheterocyclyl, -L-C₂₋₁₀alkenyl, -L-C₂₋₁₀alkynyl, -L-C₂₋₁₀alkenyl-C₃₋₈cycloalkyl, -L-C₂₋₁₀alkynyl-C₃₋₈cycloalkyl, -L-heteroalkyl, -L-heteroalkylaryl, -L-heteroalkylheteroaryl, -L-heteroalkyl-heterocyclyl, -L-heteroalkyl-C₃₋₈cycloalkyl, -L-aralkyl, -L-heteroaralkyl, or -L-heterocyclyl, each of which is unsubstituted or is substituted by one or more independent R³;

L is absent, —(C═O)—, —C(═O)O—, —C(═O) N(R³¹)—, —S—, —S(O)—, —S(O)₂—, —S(O)₂N(R³¹)—, or —N(R³¹)—;

M₁ is a moiety having the structure of Formula M1-F1 or M1-F2:

k is 0 or 1;

E¹ and E² are independently —(W¹)_(j)—R⁴;

j, in each instance (i.e., in E¹ or j in E²), is independently 0 or 1

W¹ is —O—, —NR⁷—, —S(O)₀₋₂—, —C(O)—, —C(O)N(R⁷)—, —N(R⁷)C(O)—, —N(R⁷)S(O)—, —N(R⁷)S(O)₂—, —C(O)O—, —CH(R⁷)N(C(O)OR⁸)—, —CH(R⁷)N(C(O)R⁸)—, —CH(R⁷)N(SO₂R⁸)—, —CH(R⁷)N(R⁸)—, —CH(R⁷)C(O)N(R⁸)—, —CH(R⁷)N(R⁸)C(O)—, —CH(R⁷)N(R⁸)S(O)—, or —CH(R⁷)N(R⁸)S(O)₂—;

W² is —O—, —NR⁷—, —S(O)₀₋₂—, —C(O)—, —C(O)N(R⁷)—, —N(R⁷)C(O)—, —N(R⁷)C(O)N(R⁸)—, —N(R⁷)S(O)—, —N(R⁷)S(O)₂—, —C(O)O—, —CH(R⁷)N(C(O)OR⁸)—, —CH(R⁷)N(C(O)R⁸)—, —CH(R⁷)N(SO₂R⁸)—, —CH(R⁷)N(R⁸)—, —CH(R⁷)C(O)N(R⁸)—, —CH(R⁷)N(R⁸)C(O)—, —CH(R⁷)N(R⁸)S(O)—, or —CH(R⁷)N(R)S(O)₂—;

R² is hydrogen, halogen, —OH, —R³¹, —CF₃, —OCF₃, —OR³¹, —NR³¹R³², —NR³⁴R³⁵, —C(O)R³¹, —CO₂R³¹, —C(═O)NR³¹R³², —C(═O)NR³⁴R³⁵, —NO₂, —CN, —S(O)₀₋₂R³¹, —SO₂NR³¹R³², —SO₂NR³⁴R³⁵, —NR³¹C(═O)R³², —NR³¹C(═O)OR³², —NR³¹C(═O)NR³²R³³, —NR³¹S(O)₀₋₂R₃₂, —C(═S)OR³¹, —C(═O)SR³¹, —NR³¹C(═NR³²NR³³R³², —NR³¹C(═NR³²)OR³³, —R³¹C(═NR³²) SR³³, —OC(═O)OR³³, —OC(═O)NR³¹R³², —OC(═O)SR³¹, —SC(═O)OR³¹, —P(O)OR³¹OR³², —SC(═O)NR³¹R³², aryl (e.g. bicyclic aryl, unsubstituted aryl, or substituted monocyclic aryl), heteroaryl, C₁₋₁₀alkyl, C₃₋₈cycloalkyl, C₁₋₁₀alkyl-C₃₋₈cycloalkyl, C₃₋₈cycloalkyl-C₁₋₁₀alkyl, C₃₋₈cycloalkyl-C₂₋₁₀alkenyl, C₃₋₈cycloalkyl-C₂₋₁₀alkynyl, C₁₋₁₀alkyl-C₂₋₁₀alkenyl, C₁₋₁₀alkyl-C₂₋₁₀alkynyl, C₁₋₁₀alkylaryl (e.g. C₂₋₁₀alkyl-monocyclic aryl, C₁₋₁₀alkyl-substituted monocyclic aryl, or C₁₋₁₀alkylbicycloaryl), C₁₋₁₀alkylheteroaryl, C₁₋₁₀alkylheterocyclyl, C₂₋₁₀alkenyl, C₂₋₁₀alkynyl, C₂₋₁₀alkenyl-C₁₋₁₀alkyl, C₂₋₁₀alkynyl-C₁₋₁₀alkyl, C₂₋₁₀alkenylaryl, C₂₋₁₀alkenylheteroaryl, C₂₋₁₀alkenylheteroalkyl, C₂₋₁₀alkenylheterocyclcyl, C₂₋₁₀alkenyl-C₃₋₈cycloalkyl, C₂₋₁₀alkynylaryl, C₂₋₁₀alkynylheteroaryl, C₂₋₁₀alkynylheteroalkyl, C₂₋₁₀alkynylheterocyclyl, C₂₋₁₀alkynyl-C₃₋₈cycloalkenyl, C₁₋₁₀alkoxy C₁₋₁₀alkyl, C₁₋₁₀alkoxy-C₂₋₁₀alkenyl, C₁₋₁₀alkoxy-C₂₋₁₀alkynyl, heterocyclyl, heteroalkyl, heterocyclyl-C₁₋₁₀alkyl, heterocyclyl-C₂₋₁₀alkenyl, heterocyclyl-C₂₋₁₀alkynyl, aryl-C₁₋₁₀alkyl (e.g. monocyclic aryl-C₂₋₁₀alkyl, substituted monocyclic aryl-C₁₋₁₀alkyl, or bicycloaryl-C₁₋₁₀alkyl), aryl-C₂₋₁₀alkenyl, aryl-C₂₋₁₀alkynyl, aryl-heterocyclyl, heteroaryl-C₁₋₁₀alkyl, heteroaryl-C₂₋₁₀alkenyl, heteroaryl-C₂₋₁₀alkynyl, heteroaryl-C₃₋₈cycloalkyl, heteroaryl-heteroalkyl, or heteroaryl-heterocyclyl, wherein each of said bicyclic aryl or heteroaryl moiety is unsubstituted, or wherein each of bicyclic aryl, heteroaryl moiety or monocyclic aryl moiety is substituted with one or more independent alkyl, heteroalkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, arylalkyl, heteroaryl, heteroarylalkyl, halo, —OH, —R³¹, —CF₃, —OCF₃, —OR³¹, —NR³¹R³², —NR³⁴R³⁵, —C(O)R³¹, —CO₂R³¹, —C(═O)NR³¹R³², —C(═O)NR³⁴R³⁵, —NO₂, —CN, —S(O)₀₋₂R³¹, —SO₂NR³¹R³², —SO₂NR³⁴R³⁵, —NR³¹C(═O)R³², —NR³¹C(═O)OR³², —NR³¹C(═O)NR³²R³³, —NR³¹S(O)₀₋₂R³², C(═S)OR³¹, —C(═O)SR³¹, —NR³¹C(═NR³²)NR³³R³², —NR³¹C(═NR³²)OR³³, —NR³¹C(═NR³²)SR³³, OC(═O)OR³³, —OC(═O)NR³¹R³², —OC(═O)SR³¹, —SC(═O)OR³¹, —P(O)OR³¹R³², or —SC(═O)NR³¹R³², and wherein each of said alkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, or heteroalkyl moiety is unsubstituted or is substituted with one or more alkyl, heteroalkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, arylalkyl, heteroaryl, heteroarylalkyl, halo, —OH, —R³¹, —CF₃, —OCF₃, —OR³¹, —O-aryl, —NR³¹R³², —NR³⁴R³⁵, —C(O)R³¹, —CO₂R³¹, —C(═O)NR³R³⁴R³⁵, or —C(═O)NR³²;

R³ and R⁴ are independently hydrogen, halogen, —OH, —R³¹, —CF₃, —OCF₃, —OR³¹, —NR³¹R³², —NR³⁴R³⁵, —C(O)R³¹, —CO₂R³¹, —C(═O)NR³¹R³², —C(═O)NR³⁴R³⁵, —NO₂, —CN, —S(O)₀₋₂R³¹, —SO₂NR³¹R³², —SO₂NR³⁴R³⁵, —NR³¹C(═O)R³², —NR³¹C(═O)OR³², —NR³¹C(═O)NR³²R³³, NR³¹S(O)₀₋₂R³², —C(═S)OR³¹, —C(═O)SR³¹, —NR³¹C(═NR³²)NR³³R³², —NR³¹C(═NR³²)OR³³, —NR³¹C(═NR³²)SR³³, —OC(═O)OR³³, —OC(═O)NR³¹R³², —OC(═O)SR³¹, —SC(═O)OR³¹, —P(O)OR³¹OR³², —SC(═O)NR³¹R³², aryl, heteroaryl, C₁₋₄alkyl, C₁₋₁₀alkyl, C₃₋₈cycloalkyl, C₁₋₁₀alkyl-C₃₋₈cycloalkyl, C₃₋₈cycloalkyl-C₁₋₁₀alkyl, C₃₋₈cycloalkyl-C₂₋₁₀alkenyl, C₃₋₈cycloalkyl-C₂₋₁₀alkynyl, C₁₋₁₀alkyl-C₂₋₁₀alkenyl, C₁₋₁₀alkyl-C₂₋₁₀alkynyl, C₁₋₁₀alkylaryl, C₁₋₁₀alkylheteroaryl, C₁₋₁₀alkylheterocyclyl, C₂₋₁₀alkenyl, C₂₋₁₀alkynyl, C₂₋₁₀alkenyl-C₁₋₁₀alkyl, C₂₋₁₀alkynyl-C₁₋₁₀alkyl, C₂₋₁₀alkenylaryl, C₂₋₁₀alkenylheteroaryl, C₂₋₁₀alkenylheteroalkyl, C₂₋₁₀alkenylheterocyclcyl, C₂₋₁₀alkenyl-C₃₋₈cycloalkyl, C₂₋₁₀alkynyl-C₃₋₈cycloalkyl, C₂₋₁₀alkynylaryl, C₂₋₁₀alkynylheteroaryl, C₂₋₁₀alkynylheteroalkyl, C₂₋₁₀alkynylheterocyclyl, C₂₋₁₀alkynyl-C₃₋₈cycloalkenyl, C₁₋₁₀alkoxy C₁₋₁₀alkyl, C₁₋₁₀alkoxy-C₂₋₁₀alkenyl, C₁₋₁₀alkoxy-C₂₋₁₀alkynyl, heterocyclyl, heterocyclyl-C₁₋₁₀alkyl, heterocyclyl-C₂₋₁₀alkenyl, heterocyclyl-C₂₋₁₀alkynyl, aryl-C₁₋₁₀alkyl, aryl-C₂₋₁₀alkenyl, aryl-C₂₋₁₀alkynyl, aryl-heterocyclyl, heteroaryl-C₁₋₁₀alkyl, heteroaryl-C₂₋₁₀alkenyl, heteroaryl-C₂₋₁₀alkynyl, heteroaryl-C₃₋₈cycloalkyl, heteroalkyl, heteroaryl-heteroalkyl, or heteroaryl-heterocyclyl, wherein each of said aryl or heteroaryl moiety is unsubstituted or is substituted with one or more independent halo, —OH, —R³¹, —CF₃, —OCF₃, —OR³¹, —NR³¹R³², —NR³⁴R³⁵, —C(O)R³¹, —CO₂R³¹, —C(═O)NR³¹R³², —C(═O)NR³⁴R³⁵, —NO₂, —CN, —S(O)₀₋₂R³¹, —SO₂NR³¹R³², —SO₂NR³⁴R³⁵, —NR³¹C(═O)R³², —NR³¹C(═O)OR³², —NR³¹C(═O)NR³²R³³, —NR³¹S(O)₀₋₂R³², C(═S)OR³¹, —C(═O)SR³¹, —R³¹C(═NR³²)NR³³R³², —NR³¹C(═NR³²)OR³³, —NR³¹C(═NR³²)SR³³, —OC(═O)OR³³, —OC(═O)NR³¹R³², —OC(═O)SR³¹, —SC(═O)OR³¹, —P(O)OR³¹OR³², or —SC(═O)NR³¹R³², and wherein each of said alkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, or heteroalkyl moiety is unsubstituted or is substituted with one or more halo, —OH, —R³¹, —CF₃, —OCF₃, —OR³¹, —O-aryl, —NR³¹R³², —NR³⁴R³⁵, —C(O)R³¹, —CO₂R³¹, —C(═O)NR³⁴R³⁵, or —C(═O)NR³¹R³²;

R⁵ is hydrogen, halogen, —OH, —R³¹, —CF₃, —OCF₃, —OR³¹, NR³¹R³², NR³⁴R³⁵, —C(O)R³¹, —CO₂R³¹, —C(═O)NR³¹R³², —C(═O)NR³⁴R³⁵, —NO₂, —CN, —S(O)₀₋₂R³¹, —SO₂NR³¹R³², —SO₂NR³⁴R³⁵, —NR³¹C(═O)R³², —NR³¹C(═O)OR³², —NR³¹C(═O)NR³²R³³, —NR³¹S(O)₀₋₂R₃₂, —C(═S)OR³¹, —C(═O)SR³¹, —R³¹C(═NR³²)NR³³R³², —R³¹C(═R³²)OR³³, —R³¹C(═R³²) SR³³, —OC(═O)OR³³, —OC(═O)NR³¹R³², —OC(═O)SR³¹, —SC(═O)OR³¹, —P(O)OR³¹OR³², or —SC(═O)NR³¹R³²;

R³¹, R³², and R³³, in each instance, are independently H or C₁₋₁₀alkyl, wherein the C₁₋₁₀alkyl is unsubstituted or is substituted with one or more aryl, heteroalkyl, heterocyclyl, or heteroaryl group, wherein each of said aryl, heteroalkyl, heterocyclyl, or heteroaryl group is unsubstituted or is substituted with one or more halo, —OH, —C₁₋₁₀alkyl, —CF₃, —O-aryl, —OCF₃, —OC₁₋₁₀alkyl, —NH₂, —N(C₁₋₁₀alkyl)(C₁₋₁₀alkyl), —NH(C₁₋₁₀alkyl), —NH(aryl), —NR³⁴R³⁵, —C(O)(C₁₋₁₀alkyl), —C(O)(C₁₋₁₀alkyl-aryl), —C(O)(aryl), —CO₂—C₁₋₁₀alkyl, —CO₂—C₁₋₁₀alkylaryl, —CO₂-aryl, —C(═O)N(C₁₋₁₀alkyl)(C₁₋₁₀alkyl), —C(═O)NH(C₁₋₁₀alkyl), —C(═O)NR³⁴R³⁵, —C(═O)NH₂, —OCF₃, —O(C₁₋₁₀alkyl), —O-aryl, —N(aryl)(C₁₋₁₀alkyl), —NO₂, —CN, —S(O)₀₋₂C₁₋₁₀alkyl, —S(O)₀₋₂C₁₋₁₀alkylaryl, —S(O)₀₋₂ aryl, —SO₂N(aryl), —SO₂N(C₁₋₁₀alkyl)(C₁₋₁₀alkyl), —S2 NH(C₁₋₁₀alkyl) or —SO₂NR³⁴R³⁵;

R³⁴ and R³⁵ in —NR³⁴R³⁵, —C(═O)NR³⁴R³⁴R³⁵, or —SO₂NR³⁴R³⁵, are taken together with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached to form a 3-10 membered saturated or unsaturated ring; wherein said ring is independently unsubstituted or is substituted by one or more —NR³¹R³², hydroxyl, halogen, oxo, aryl, heteroaryl, C₁₋₆alkyl, or O-aryl, and wherein said 3-10 membered saturated or unsaturated ring independently contains 0, 1, or 2 more heteroatoms in addition to the nitrogen atom;

R⁷ and R⁸ are each independently hydrogen, C₁₋₁₀alkyl, C₂₋₁₀alkenyl, aryl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl or C₃₋₁₀cycloalkyl, each of which except for hydrogen is unsubstituted or is substituted by one or more independent R⁶;

R⁶ is halo, —OR³¹, —SH, —NH₂, —NR³⁴R³⁵, —NR³¹R³², —CO₂R³¹, —CO₂aryl, —C(═O)NR³¹R³², C(═O)NR³⁴R³⁵, —NO₂, —CN, —S(O)₀₋₂C₁₋₁₀alkyl, —S(O)₀₋₂aryl, —SO₂NR³⁴R³⁵, —SO₂NR³¹R³², C₁₋₁₀alkyl, C₂₋₁₀alkenyl, C₂₋₁₀alkynyl; aryl-C₁₋₁₀alkyl, aryl-C₂₋₁₀alkenyl, aryl-C₂₋₁₀alkynyl, heteroaryl-C₁₋₁₀alkyl, heteroaryl-C₂₋₁₀alkenyl, heteroaryl-C₂₋₁₀alkynyl, wherein each of said alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroalkyl, heterocyclyl, or heteroaryl group is unsubstituted or is substituted with one or more independent halo, cyano, nitro, —OC₁₋₁₀alkyl, C₁₋₁₀alkyl, C₂₋₁₀alkenyl, C₂₋₁₀alkynyl, haloC₁₋₁₀alkyl, haloC₂₋₁₀alkenyl, haloC₂₋₁₀alkynyl, —COOH, —C(═O)NR³¹R³², —C(═O)NR³⁴R³⁵, —SO₂NR³⁴R³⁵, —SO₂NR³¹R³², —NR³¹R³², or —NR³⁴R³⁵; and

R⁹ is H, halo, —OR³¹, —SH, —NH₂, —NR³⁴R³⁵, —NR³¹R³², —CO₂R³¹, —CO₂aryl, —C(═O)NR³¹R³², C(═O)NR³⁴R³⁵, —NO₂, —CN, —S(O)₀₋₂C₁₋₁₀alkyl, —S(O)₀₋₂aryl, —SO₂NR³⁴R³⁵, —SO₂NR³¹R³², C₁₋₁₀alkyl, C₂₋₁₀alkenyl, C₂₋₁₀alkynyl; aryl-C₁₋₁₀alkyl, aryl-C₂₋₁₀alkenyl, aryl-C₂₋₁₀alkynyl, heteroaryl-C₁₋₁₀alkyl, heteroaryl-C₂₋₁₀alkenyl, heteroaryl-C₂₋₁₀alkynyl, wherein each of said alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroalkyl, heterocyclyl, or heteroaryl group is unsubstituted or is substituted with one or more independent halo, cyano, nitro, —OC₁₋₁₀alkyl, C₁₋₁₀alkyl, C₂₋₁₀alkenyl, C₂₋₁₀alkynyl, haloC₁₋₁₀alkyl, haloC₂₋₁₀alkenyl, haloC₂₋₁₀alkynyl, —COOH, —C(═O)NR³¹R³², —C(═O)NR³⁴R³⁵, —SO₂NR³⁴R³⁵, —SO₂NR³¹R³², —NR³¹R³², or —NR³⁴R³⁵.

In some embodiments, X₄ is C—R⁹.

The invention also provides an inhibitor as defined above, wherein the compound is of Formula I:

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and wherein the substituents are as defined above.

In various embodiments the compound of Formula I-B or its pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, is a compound having the structure of Formula I-B1 or Formula I-B2:

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

In various embodiments of Formula I-B1, X₁ is N and X₂ is N. In other embodiments, X₁ is C-E¹ and X₂ is N. In yet other embodiments, X₁ is NH and X₂ is C. In further embodiments, X₁ is CH-E¹ and X₂ is C.

In various embodiments of Formula I-B2, X₁ is N and X₂ is C. In further embodiments, X₁ is C-E¹ and X₂ is C.

In various embodiments, X₁ is C—(W¹)_(j)—R⁴, where j is 0.

In another embodiment, X₁ is CH. In yet another embodiment, X₁ is C-halogen, where halogen is Cl, F, Br, or I.

In various embodiments of X₁, it is C—(W¹)_(j)—R⁴. In various embodiments of X₁, j is 1, and W¹ is —O—. In various embodiments of X₁, j is 1, and W¹ is —NR⁷—. In various embodiments of X₁, j is 1, and W¹ is —NH—. In various embodiments of X, j is 1, and W¹ is —S(O)₀₋₂—. In various embodiments of X, j is 1, and W¹ is —C(O)—. In various embodiments of X₁, j is 1, and W¹ is —C(O)N(R⁷)—. In various embodiments of X₁, j is 1, and W¹ is —N(R⁷)C(O)—. In various embodiments of X, j is 1, and W¹ is —N(R⁷)S(O)—. In various embodiments of X₁, j is 1, and W¹ is —N(R⁷)S(O)₂—. In various embodiments of X, j is 1, and W¹ is —C(O)O—. In various embodiments of X, j is 1, and W¹ is CH(R⁷)N(C(O)OR⁸)—. In various embodiments of X, j is 1, and W¹ is —CH(R⁷)N(C(O)R⁸)—. In various embodiments of X₁, j is 1, and W¹ is —CH(R⁷)N(SO₂R⁸)—. In various embodiments of X, j is 1, and W¹ is —CH(R⁷)N(R⁸)—. In various embodiments of X, j is 1, and W¹ is —CH(R⁷)C(O)N(R⁸)—. In various embodiments of X, j is 1, and W¹ is —CH(R⁷)N(R⁸)C(O)—. In various embodiments of X₁, j is 1, and W¹ is —CH(R⁷)N(R⁸)S(O)—. In various embodiments of X, j is 1, and W¹ is —CH(R⁷)N(R⁸)S(O)₂—.

In another embodiment, X₁ is CH₂. In yet another embodiment, X₁ is CH-halogen, where halogen is CL, F, Br, or I.

In another embodiment, X₁ is N.

In various embodiments, X₂ is N. In other embodiments, X₂ is C.

In various embodiments, E² is —(W¹)_(j)—R⁴, where j is 0.

In another embodiment, E² is CH. In yet another embodiment, E² is C-halogen, where halogen is Cl, F, Br, or I.

In various embodiments of E², it is —(W¹), —R⁴. In various embodiments of E², j is 1, and W¹ is —O—. In various embodiments of E², j is 1, and W¹ is —NR⁷—. In various embodiments of E², j is 1, and W¹ is —NH—. In various embodiments of E², j is 1, and W¹ is —S(O)₀₋₂—. In various embodiments of E², j is 1, and W¹ is —C(O)—. In various embodiments of E², j is 1, and W¹ is —C(O)N(R⁷)—. In various embodiments of E², j is 1, and W¹ is —N(R⁷)C(O)—. In various embodiments of E², j is 1, and W¹ is —N(R⁷)S(O)—. In various embodiments of E², j is 1, and W¹ is —N(R⁷)S(O)₂—. In various embodiments of E², j is 1, and W¹ is —C(O)O—. In various embodiments of E², j is 1, and W¹ is CH(R⁷)N(C(O)OR⁸)—. In various embodiments of E², j is 1, and W¹ is —CH(R⁷)N(C(O)R⁸)—. In various embodiments of E², j is 1, and W¹ is —CH(R⁷)N(SO₂R⁸)—. In various embodiments of E², j is 1, and W¹ is —CH(R⁷)N(R⁸)—. In various embodiments of E², j is 1, and W¹ is —CH(R⁷)C(O)N(R⁸)—. In various embodiments of E², j is 1, and W¹ is —CH(R⁷)N(R⁸)C(O)—. In various embodiments of E², j is 1, and W¹ is —CH(R⁷)N(R⁸)S(O)—. In various embodiments of E², j is 1, and W¹ is —CH(R⁷)N(R⁸)S(O)₂—.

In various embodiments when M₁ is a moiety of Formula M1-F1, M₁ is benzoxazolyl substituted with —(W₂)_(k)—R₂. In some embodiments, M₁ is a benzoxazolyl substituted at the 2-position with —(W²)_(j)—R². In some embodiments, M₁ is either a 5-benzoxazolyl or a 6-benzoxazolyl moiety, optionally substituted at the 2-position with —(W²)_(j)—R². Exemplary Formula M1-F1M₁ moieties include but are not limited to the following:

In various embodiments when M₁ is a moiety of Formula M1-F2, Formula M1-F2 is an aza-substituted benzoxazolyl moiety having a structure of one of the following formulae:

Exemplary Formula M1-F2M₁ moieties include but are not limited to the following:

In various embodiments of M₁, k is 0. In other embodiments of M₁, k is 1, and W² is selected from one of the following: —O—, —NR⁷—, —S(O)₀₋₂—, —C(O)—, —C(O)N(R⁷)—, —N(R⁷)C(O)—, or —N(R⁷)C(O)N(R⁸)—. In yet another embodiment of M₁, k is 1, and W² is —N(R⁷)S(O)—, —N(R⁷)S(O)₂—, —C(O)O—, —CH(R⁷)N(C(O)OR⁸)—, —CH(R⁷)N(C(O)R⁸)—, or —CH(R⁷)N(SO₂R⁸)—. In a further embodiment of M₁, k is 1, and W² is —CH(R⁷)N(R⁸)—, —CH(R⁷)C(O)N(R⁸)—, —CH(R⁷)N(R⁸)C(O)—, or —CH(R⁷)N(R⁸)S(O)—. In yet another embodiment of M₁, k is 1, and W² is —CH(R⁷)N(R⁸)S(O)₂—.

The invention provides an inhibitor of mTor which is a compound of Formula I-C or Formula I-D:

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein X₁ is N or C-E¹, X₂ is N, and X₃ is C; or X₁ is N or C-E¹, X₂ is C, and X₃ is N;

R₁ is —H, -L-C₁₋₁₀alkyl, -L-C₃₋₈cycloalkyl, -L-C₁₋₁₀alkyl-C₃₋₈cycloalkyl, -L-aryl, -L-heteroaryl, -L-C₁₋₁₀alkylaryl, -L-C₁₋₁₀alkylheteroaryl, -L-C₁₋₁₀alkylheterocyclyl, -L-C₂₋₁₀alkenyl, -L-C₂₋₁₀alkynyl, -L-C₂₋₁₀alkenyl-C₃₋₈cycloalkyl, -L-C₂₋₁₀alkynyl-C₃₋₈cycloalkyl, -L-heteroalkyl, -L-heteroalkylaryl, -L-heteroalkylheteroaryl, -L-heteroalkyl-heterocyclyl, -L-heteroalkyl-C₃₋₈cycloalkyl, -L-aralkyl, -L-heteroaralkyl, or -L-heterocyclyl, each of which is unsubstituted or is substituted by one or more independent R³;

L is absent, —(C═O)—, —C(═O)O—, —C(═O) N(R³¹)—, —S—, —S(O)—, —S(O)₂—, —S(O)₂N(R³¹)—, or —N(R³¹)—;

E¹ and E² are independently —(W¹)_(j)—R⁴;

j in E¹ or j in E², is independently 0 or 1;

W¹ is —O—, —NR⁷—, —S(O)₀₋₂—, —C(O)—, —C(O)N(R⁷)—, —N(R⁷)C(O)—, —N(R⁷)S(O)—, —N(R⁷)S(O)₂—, —C(O)O—, —CH(R⁷)N(C(O)OR⁸)—, —CH(R⁷)N(C(O)R⁸)—, —CH(R⁷)N(SO₂R)—, —CH(R⁷)N(R⁸)—, —CH(R⁷)C(O)N(R)—, —CH(R⁷)N(R⁸)C(O)—, —CH(R⁷)N(R⁸)S(O)—, or —CH(R⁷)N(R)S(O)₂—;

W² is —O—, —NR⁷—, —S(O)₀₋₂—, —C(O)—, —C(O)N(R⁷)—, —N(R⁷)C(O)—, —N(R⁷)C(O)N(R⁸)—, —N(R⁷)S(O)—, —N(R⁷)S(O)₂—, —C(O)O—, —CH(R⁷)N(C(O)OR⁸)—, —CH(R⁷)N(C(O)R⁸)—, —CH(R⁷)N(SO₂R)—, —CH(R⁷)N(R⁸)—, —CH(R⁷)C(O)N(R⁸)—, —CH(R⁷)N(R⁸)C(O)—, —CH(R⁷)N(R⁸)S(O)—, or —CH(R⁷)N(R)S(O)₂—;

k is 0 or 1;

R² is hydrogen, halogen, —OH, —R³¹, —CF₃, —OCF₃, —OR³¹, —NR³¹R³², —NR³⁴R³⁵, —C(O)R³¹, CO₂R³¹, —C(═O)NR³¹R³², —C(═O)NR³⁴R³⁵, —NO₂, —CN, —S(O)₀₋₂R³¹, —SO₂NR³¹R³², —SO₂NR³⁴R³⁵, —NR³¹C(═O)R³², —NR³¹C(═O)OR³², —NR³¹C(═O)NR³²R³³, —NR³¹S(O)₀₋₂R³², —C(═S)OR³¹, C(═O)SR³¹, —NR³¹C(═NR³²NR³³R³², —NR³¹C(═NR³²)OR, NR³¹C(═NR³²) SR³³, —OC(═O)OR³³, —OC(═O)NR³¹R³², —OC(═O)SR³¹, —SC(═O)OR³¹, —P(O)OR³¹OR³², —SC(═O)NR³¹R³², aryl (e.g. bicyclic aryl, unsubstituted aryl, or substituted monocyclic aryl), heteroaryl, C₁₋₁₀alkyl, C₃₋₈cycloalkyl, C₁₋₁₀alkyl-C₃₋₈cycloalkyl, C₃₋₈cycloalkyl-C₁₋₁₀alkyl, C₃₋₈cycloalkyl-C₂₋₁₀alkenyl, C₃₋₈cycloalkyl-C₂₋₁₀alkynyl, C₁₋₁₀alkyl-C₂₋₁₀alkenyl, C₁₋₁₀alkyl-C₂₋₁₀alkynyl, C₁₋₁₀alkylaryl (e.g. C₂₋₁₀alkyl-monocyclic aryl, C₁₋₁₀alkyl-substituted monocyclic aryl, or C₁₋₁₀alkylbicycloaryl), C₁₋₁₀alkylheteroaryl, C₁₋₁₀alkylheterocyclyl, C₂₋₁₀alkenyl, C₂₋₁₀alkynyl, C₂₋₁₀alkenyl-C₁₋₁₀alkyl, C₂₋₁₀alkynyl-C₁₋₁₀alkyl, C₂₋₁₀alkenylaryl, C₂₋₁₀alkenylheteroaryl, C₂₋₁₀alkenylheteroalkyl, C₂₋₁₀alkenylheterocyclcyl, C₂₋₁₀alkenyl-C₃₋₈cycloalkyl, C₂₋₁₀alkynylaryl, C₂₋₁₀alkynylheteroaryl, C₂₋₁₀alkynylheteroalkyl, C₂₋₁₀alkynylheterocyclyl, C₂₋₁₀alkynyl-C₃₋₈cycloalkenyl, C₁₋₁₀alkoxy C₁₋₁₀alkyl, C₁₋₁₀alkoxy-C₂₋₁₀alkenyl, C₁₋₁₀alkoxy-C₂₋₁₀alkynyl, heterocyclyl-C₁₋₁₀alkyl, heterocyclyl-C₂₋₁₀alkenyl, heterocyclyl-C₂₋₁₀alkynyl, aryl-C₁₋₁₀alkyl (e.g. monocyclic aryl-C₂₋₁₀alkyl, substituted monocyclic aryl-C₁₋₁₀alkyl, or bicycloaryl-C₁₋₁₀alkyl), aryl-C₂₋₁₀alkenyl, aryl-C₂₋₁₀alkynyl, aryl-heterocyclyl, heteroaryl-C₁₋₁₀alkyl, heteroaryl-C₂₋₁₀alkenyl, heteroaryl-C₂₋₁₀alkynyl, heteroaryl-C₃₋₈cycloalkyl, heteroaryl-heteroalkyl, or heteroaryl-heterocyclyl, wherein each of said bicyclic aryl or heteroaryl moiety is unsubstituted, or wherein each of bicyclic aryl, heteroaryl moiety or monocyclic aryl moiety is substituted with one or more independent alkyl, heteroalkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, arylalkyl, heteroaryl, heteroarylalkyl, halo, —OH, —R³¹, —CF₃, —OCF₃, —OR³¹, NR³¹R³², NR³⁴R³⁵, —C(O)R³¹, —CO₂R³¹, —C(═O)NR³¹R³², —C(═O)NR³⁴R³⁵, —NO₂, —CN, —S(O)₀₋₂R³¹, —SO₂NR³¹R³², —SO₂NR³⁴R³⁵, NR³¹C(═O)R³², —NR³¹C(═O)OR³², —NR³¹C(═O)NR³²R³³, —R³¹S(O)₀₋₂R³², —C(═S)OR³¹, —C(═O)SR³¹, —NR³¹C(═NR³²NR³³R³², —NR³¹C(═NR³²)OR³³, —R³¹C(═NR³²) SR³³, —OC(═O)OR³³, —OC(═O)NR³¹R³², —OC(═O)SR³¹, —SC(═O)OR³¹, —P(O)OR³¹OR³², or —SC(═O)NR³¹R³²S, and wherein each of said alkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, or heteroalkyl moiety is unsubstituted or is substituted with one or more alkyl, heteroalkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, arylalkyl, heteroaryl, heteroarylalkyl, halo, —OH, —R³¹, —CF₃, —OCF₃, —OR³¹, —O-aryl, —NR³¹R³², —NR³⁴R³⁵, —C(O)R³¹, —CO₂R³¹, —C(═O)NR³⁴R³⁵, or —C(═O)NR³¹R³²;

R³ and R⁴ are independently hydrogen, halogen, —OH, —R³¹, —CF₃, —OCF₃, —OR³¹, —NR³¹R³², —NR³⁴R³⁵, —C(O)R³¹, —CO₂R³¹, —C(═O)NR³¹R³², —C(═O)NR³⁴R³⁵, —NO₂, —CN, —S(O)₀₋₂R³¹, —SO₂NR³¹R³², —SO₂NR³⁴R³⁵, —NR³¹C(═O)R³², —NR³¹C(═O)OR³², —NR³¹C(═O)NR³²R³³, NR³¹S(O)₀₋₂R³², —C(═S)OR³¹, —C(═O)SR³¹, —NR³¹C(═NR³²NR³³R³², —NR³¹C(═NR³²)OR³³, —NR³¹C(═NR³²)SR³³, —OC(═O)OR³³, —OC(═O)NR³¹R³², —OC(═O)SR³¹, —SC(═O)OR³¹, —P(O)OR³¹OR³², —SC(═O)NR³¹R³², aryl, heteroaryl, C₁₋₁₀alkyl, C₃₋₈cycloalkyl, C₁₋₁₀alkyl-C₃₋₈cycloalkyl, C₃₋₈cycloalkyl-C₁₋₁₀alkyl, C₃₋₈cycloalkyl-C₂₋₁₀alkenyl, C₃₋₈cycloalkyl-C₂₋₁₀alkynyl, C₁₋₁₀alkyl-C₂₋₁₀alkenyl, C₁₋₁₀alkyl-C₂₋₁₀alkynyl, C₁₋₁₀alkylaryl, C₁₋₁₀alkylheteroaryl, C₁₋₁₀alkylheterocyclyl, C₂₋₁₀alkenyl, C₂₋₁₀alkynyl, C₂₋₁₀alkenyl-C₁₋₁₀alkyl, C₂₋₁₀alkynyl-C₁₋₁₀alkyl, C₂₋₁₀alkenylaryl, C₂₋₁₀alkenylheteroaryl, C₂₋₁₀alkenylheteroalkyl, C₂₋₁₀alkenylheterocyclcyl, C₂₋₁₀alkenyl-C₃₋₈cycloalkyl, C₂₋₁₀alkynylaryl, C₂₋₁₀alkynylheteroaryl, C₂₋₁₀alkynylheteroalkyl, C₂₋₁₀alkynylheterocyclyl, C₂₋₁₀alkynyl-C₃₋₈cycloalkenyl, C₁₋₁₀alkoxy C₁₋₁₀alkyl, C₁₋₁₀alkoxy-C₂₋₁₀alkenyl, C₁₋₁₀alkoxy-C₂₋₁₀alkynyl, heterocyclyl-C₁₋₁₀alkyl, heterocyclyl-C₂₋₁₀alkenyl, heterocyclyl-C₂₋₁₀alkynyl, aryl-C₁₋₁₀alkyl, aryl-C₂₋₁₀alkenyl, aryl-C₂₋₁₀alkynyl, aryl-heterocyclyl, heteroaryl-C₁₋₁₀alkyl, heteroaryl-C₂₋₁₀alkenyl, heteroaryl-C₂₋₁₀alkynyl, heteroaryl-C₃₋₈cycloalkyl, heteroaryl-heteroalkyl, or heteroaryl-heterocyclyl, wherein each of said aryl or heteroaryl moiety is unsubstituted or is substituted with one or more independent alkyl, heteroalkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, arylalkyl, heteroaryl, heteroarylalkyl, halo, —OH, —R³¹, —CF₃, —OCF₃, —OR³¹, —R³¹R³², —R³⁴R³⁵, —C(O)R³¹, —CO₂R³¹, —C(═O)NR³¹R³², C(═O)NR³⁴R³⁵, —NO₂, —CN, —S(O)₀₋₂R³¹, —SO₂NR³¹R³², —SO₂NR³⁴R³⁵, —NR³¹C(═O)R³²NR³¹C(═O)OR³², —NR³¹C(═O)NR³²R³³, —NR³¹S(O)₀₋₂R³², —C(═S)OR³¹, —C(═O)SR³¹, NR³¹C(═NR³²)NR³³R³², —NR³¹C(═NR³²)OR³³, —NR³¹C(═NR³²)SR³³, —OC(═O)OR³³, —OC(═O)NR³¹R³², —OC(═O)SR³¹, —SC(═O)OR³¹, —P(O)OR³¹OR³², or —SC(═O)NR³¹R³², and wherein each of said alkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, or heteroalkyl moiety is unsubstituted or is substituted with one or more alkyl, heteroalkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, arylalkyl, heteroaryl, heteroarylalkyl, halo, —OH, —R³¹, —CF₃, —OCF₃, —OR³¹, —O-aryl, —NR³¹R³², —NR³⁴R³⁵, —C(O)R³¹, —CO₂R³¹, —C(═O)NR³⁴R³⁵, or —C(═O)NR³¹R³²;

R⁵ is hydrogen, halogen, —OH, —R³¹, —CF₃, —OCF₃, —OR³¹, —NR³¹R³², —NR³⁴R³⁵, —C(O)R³¹, CO₂R³¹, —C(═O)NR³¹R³², —C(═O)NR³⁴R³⁵, —NO₂, —CN, —S(O)₀₋₂R³¹, —SO₂NR³¹R³², —SO₂NR³⁴R³⁵, —NR³¹C(═O)R³², —NR³¹C(═O)OR³², —NR³¹C(═O)NR³²R³³, —NR³¹S(O)₀₋₂R³², —C(═S)OR³¹, C(═O)SR³¹, —NR³¹C(═NR³³R³², —NR³³R³², —NR³¹C(═NR³²)OR³³, —NR³¹C(═NR³²) SR³³, —OC(═O)OR³³, —OC(═O)NR³¹³², —OC(═O)SR³¹, —SC(═O)OR³¹, —P(O)OR³¹OR³², or —SC(═O)NR³¹R³²;

R³¹, R³², and R³³, in each instance, are independently H or C₁₋₁₀alkyl, wherein the C₁₋₁₀alkyl is unsubstituted or is substituted with one or more aryl, heteroalkyl, heterocyclyl, or heteroaryl group, wherein each of said aryl, heteroalkyl, heterocyclyl, or heteroaryl group is unsubstituted or is substituted with one or more halo, —OH, —C₁₋₁₀alkyl, —CF₃, —O-aryl, —OCF₃, —OC₁₋₁₀alkyl, —NH₂, —N(C₁₋₁₀alkyl)(C₁₋₁₀alkyl), —NH(C₁₋₁₀alkyl), —NH(aryl), —NR³⁴R³⁵, —C(O)(C₁₋₁₀alkyl), —C(O)(C₁₋₁₀alkyl-aryl), —C(O)(aryl), —CO₂—C₁₋₁₀alkyl, —CO₂—C₁₋₁₀alkylaryl, —CO₂-aryl, —C(═O)N(C₁₋₁₀alkyl)(C₁₋₁₀alkyl), —C(═O)NH(C₁₋₁₀alkyl), —C(═O)NR³⁴R³⁵, —C(═O)NH₂, —OCF₃, —O(C₁₋₁₀alkyl), —O-aryl, —N(aryl)(C₁₋₁₀alkyl), —NO₂, —CN, —S(O)₀₋₂C₁₋₁₀alkyl, —S(O)₀₋₂C₁₋₁₀alkylaryl, —S(O)₀₋₂ aryl, —SO₂N(aryl), —SO₂N(C₁₋₁₀alkyl)(C₁₋₁₀alkyl), —SO₂NH(C₁₋₁₀alkyl) or —SO₂NR³⁴R³⁵;

R³⁴ and R³⁵ in —NR³⁴R³⁵, —C(═O)NR³⁴R³⁴R³⁵, or —SO₂NR³⁴R³⁵, are taken together with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached to form a 3-10 membered saturated or unsaturated ring; wherein said ring is independently unsubstituted or is substituted by one or more —NR³¹R³², hydroxyl, halogen, oxo, aryl, heteroaryl, C₁₋₆alkyl, or O-aryl, and wherein said 3-10 membered saturated or unsaturated ring independently contains 0, 1, or 2 more heteroatoms in addition to the nitrogen atom; and

R⁷ and R⁸ are each independently hydrogen, C₁₋₁₀alkyl, C₂₋₁₀alkenyl, aryl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl or C₃₋₁₀cycloalkyl, each of which except for hydrogen is unsubstituted or is substituted by one or more independent R⁶; and R⁶ is halo, —OR³¹, —SH, NH₂, —NR³⁴R³⁵, —NR³¹R³², —CO₂R³¹, —CO₂aryl, —C(═O)NR³¹R³², C(═O) NR³⁴R³⁵, —NO₂, —CN, —S(O)₀₋₂C₁₋₁₀alkyl, —S(O)₀₋₂aryl, —SO₂NR³⁴R³⁵, —SO₂NR³¹R³², C₁₋₁₀alkyl, C₂₋₁₀alkenyl, or C₂₋₁₀alkynyl; or R⁶ is aryl-C₁₋₁₀alkyl, aryl-C₂₋₁₀alkenyl, aryl-C₂₋₁₀alkynyl, heteroaryl-C₁₋₁₀alkyl, heteroaryl-C₂₋₁₀alkenyl, heteroaryl-C₂₋₁₀alkynyl, each of which is unsubstituted or is substituted with one or more independent halo, cyano, nitro, —OC₁₋₁₀alkyl, C₁₋₁₀alkyl, C₂₋₁₀alkenyl, C₂₋₁₀alkynyl, haloC₁₋₁₀alkyl, haloC₂₋₁₀alkenyl, haloC₂₋₁₀alkynyl, —COOH, —C(═O)NR³¹R³², —C(═O) NR³⁴R³⁵, —SO₂NR³⁴R³⁵, —SO₂NR³¹R³², —NR³¹R³², or —NR³⁴R³⁵.

In various embodiments of the compound of Formula I-C, the compound has a structure of Formula I-C1 or Formula I-C2:

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

In some embodiments of Formula I-C1, X₁ is N and X₂ is N. In other embodiments, X₁ is C-E¹ and X₂ is N. In yet other embodiments, X₁ is NH and X₂ is C. In further embodiments, X₁ is CH-E¹ and X₂ is C.

In several embodiments of Formula I-C2, X₁ is N and X₂ is C. In yet other embodiments, X₁ is NH and X₂ is C. In further embodiments, X₁ is CH-E¹ and X₂ is C.

In various embodiments of the compound of Formula I-D, the compound has a structure of Formula I-D1 or Formula I-D2:

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

In some embodiments of Formula I-D1, X₁ is N and X₂ is N. In other embodiments, X₁ is C-E¹ and X₂ is N. In yet other embodiments, X₁ is NH and X₂ is C. In further embodiments, X₁ is CH-E¹ and X₂ is C.

In several embodiments of Formula I-D2, X₁ is N and X₂ is C. In further embodiments, X₁ is C-E¹ and X₂ is C.

In various embodiments, X₁ is C—(W¹)_(j)—R⁴, where j is 0.

In another embodiment, X₁ is CH. In yet another embodiment, X₁ is C-halogen, where halogen is Cl, F, Br, or I.

In various embodiments of X₁, it is C—(W¹)_(j)—R⁴. In various embodiments of X₁, j is 1, and W¹ is —O—. In various embodiments of X, j is 1, and W¹ is —NR⁷—. In various embodiments of X, j is 1, and W¹ is —NH—. In various embodiments of X, j is 1, and W¹ is —S(O)₀₋₂—. In various embodiments of X, j is 1, and W¹ is —C(O)—. In various embodiments of X₁, j is 1, and W¹ is —C(O)N(R⁷)—. In various embodiments of X₁, j is 1, and W¹ is —N(R⁷)C(O)—. In various embodiments of X, j is 1, and W¹ is —N(R⁷)S(O)—. In various embodiments of X₁, j is 1, and W¹ is —N(R⁷)S(O)₂—. In various embodiments of X, j is 1, and W¹ is —C(O)O—. In various embodiments of X, j is 1, and W¹ is CH(R⁷)N(C(O)OR⁸)—. In various embodiments of X, j is 1, and W¹ is —CH(R⁷)N(C(O)R⁸)—. In various embodiments of X₁, j is 1, and W¹ is —CH(R⁷)N(SO₂R⁸)—. In various embodiments of X, j is 1, and W¹ is —CH(R⁷)N(R⁸)—. In various embodiments of X, j is 1, and W¹ is —CH(R⁷)C(O)N(R⁸)—. In various embodiments of X, j is 1, and W¹ is —CH(R⁷)N(R⁸)C(O)—. In various embodiments of X₁, j is 1, and W¹ is —CH(R⁷)N(R⁸)S(O)—. In various embodiments of X, j is 1, and W¹ is —CH(R⁷)N(R⁸)S(O)₂—.

In various embodiments, X₁ is CH—(W¹)_(j)—R⁴, where j is 0.

In another embodiment, X₁ is CH₂. In yet another embodiment, X₁ is CH-halogen, where halogen is Cl, F, Br, or I.

In various embodiments of X₁, it is CH—(W¹)_(j)—R⁴. In various embodiments of X₁, j is 1, and W¹ is —O—. In various embodiments of X₁, j is 1, and W¹ is —NR⁷—. In various embodiments of X₁, j is 1, and W¹ is —NH—. In various embodiments of X₁, j is 1, and W¹ is —S(O)₀₋₂—. In various embodiments of X, j is 1, and W¹ is —C(O)—. In various embodiments of X₁, j is 1, and W¹ is —C(O)N(R⁷)—. In various embodiments of X₁, j is 1, and W¹ is —N(R⁷)C(O)—. In various embodiments of X, j is 1, and W¹ is —N(R⁷)S(O)—. In various embodiments of X₁, j is 1, and W¹ is —N(R⁷)S(O)₂—. In various embodiments of X, j is 1, and W¹ is —C(O)O—. In various embodiments of X, j is 1, and W¹ is CH(R⁷)N(C(O)OR⁸)—. In various embodiments of X, j is 1, and W¹ is —CH(R⁷)N(C(O)R⁸)—. In various embodiments of X₁, j is 1, and W¹ is —CH(R⁷)N(SO₂R⁸)—. In various embodiments of X, j is 1, and W¹ is —CH(R⁷)N(R⁸)—. In various embodiments of X, j is 1, and W¹ is —CH(R⁷)C(O)N(R⁸)—. In various embodiments of X, j is 1, and W¹ is —CH(R⁷)N(R⁸)C(O)—. In various embodiments of X₁, j is 1, and W¹ is —CH(R⁷)N(R⁸)S(O)—. In various embodiments of X, j is 1, and W¹ is —CH(R⁷)N(R⁸)S(O)₂—.

In another embodiment, X₁ is N.

In various embodiments, X₂ is N. In other embodiments, X₂ is C.

In various embodiments, E² is —(W¹)_(j)—R⁴, where j is 0.

In another embodiment, E² is CH. In yet another embodiment, E² is C-halogen, where halogen is Cl, F, Br, or I.

In various embodiments of E², it is —(W¹)_(j)R⁴. In various embodiments of E², j is 1, and W¹ is —O—. In various embodiments of E², j is 1, and W¹ is —NR⁷—. In various embodiments of E², j is 1, and W¹ is —NH—. In various embodiments of E², j is 1, and W¹ is —S(O)₀₋₂—. In various embodiments of E², j is 1, and W¹ is —C(O)—. In various embodiments of E², j is 1, and W¹ is —C(O)N(R⁷)—. In various embodiments of E², j is 1, and W¹ is —N(R⁷)C(O)—. In various embodiments of E², j is 1, and W¹ is —N(R⁷)S(O)—. In various embodiments of E², j is 1, and W¹ is —N(R⁷)S(O)₂—. In various embodiments of E², j is 1, and W¹ is —C(O)O—. In various embodiments of E², j is 1, and W¹ is CH(R⁷)N(C(O)OR⁸)—. In various embodiments of E², j is 1, and W¹ is —CH(R⁷)N(C(O)R⁸)—. In various embodiments of E², j is 1, and W¹ is —CH(R⁷)N(SO₂R⁸)—. In various embodiments of E², j is 1, and W¹ is —CH(R⁷)N(R⁸)—. In various embodiments of E², j is 1, and W¹ is —CH(R⁷)C(O)N(R⁸)—. In various embodiments of E², j is 1, and W¹ is —CH(R⁷)N(R⁸)C(O)—. In various embodiments of E², j is 1, and W¹ is —CH(R⁷)N(R⁸)S(O)—. In various embodiments of E², j is 1, and W¹ is —CH(R⁷)N(R⁸)S(O)₂—.

In various embodiments, k is 0. In other embodiments, k is 1 and W² is —O—. In another embodiment, k is 1 and W² is —NR⁷—. In yet another embodiment of, k is 1, and W² is —S(O)₀₋₂—. In another embodiment of, k is 1 and W² is —C(O)—. In a further embodiment, k is 1 and W² is —C(O)N(R⁷)—. In another embodiment, k is 1, and W² is —N(R⁷)C(O)—. In another embodiment, k is 1 and W² is —N(R⁷)C(O)N(R⁸)—. In yet another embodiment, k is 1 and W² is —N(R⁷)S(O)—. In still yet another embodiment, k is 1 and W² is —N(R⁷)S(O)₂—. In a further embodiment, k is 1 and W² is —C(O)O—. In another embodiment, k is 1 and W² is —CH(R⁷)N(C(O)OR⁸)—. In another embodiment, k is 1 and W² is —CH(R⁷)N(C(O)R⁸)—. In another embodiment, k is 1 and W² is —CH(R⁷)N(SO₂R⁸)—. In a further embodiment, k is 1 and W² is —CH(R⁷)N(R⁸)—. In another embodiment, k is 1 and W² is —CH(R⁷)C(O)N(R⁸)—. In yet another embodiment, k is 1 and W² is —CH(R⁷)N(R⁸)C(O)—. In another embodiment, k is 1 and W² is —CH(R⁷)N(R⁸)S(O)—. In yet another embodiment, k is 1 and W² is —CH(R⁷)N(R⁸)S(O)₂—.

The invention also provides a compound which is an mTor inhibitor of Formula I-E:

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein: X₁ is N or C-E¹, X₂ is N, and X₃ is C; or X₁ is N or C-E¹, X₂ is C, and X₃ is N;

R₁ is —H, -L-C₁₋₁₀alkyl, -L-C₃₋₈cycloalkyl, -L-C₁₋₁₀alkyl-C₃₋₈cycloalkyl, -L-aryl, -L-heteroaryl, -L-C₁₋₁₀alkylaryl, -L-C₁₋₁₀alkylheteroaryl, -L-C₁₋₁₀alkylheterocyclyl, -L-C₂₋₁₀alkenyl, -L-C₂₋₁₀alkynyl, -L-C₂₋₁₀alkenyl-C₃₋₈cycloalkyl, -L-C₂₋₁₀alkynyl-C₃₋₈cycloalkyl, -L-heteroalkyl, -L-heteroalkylaryl, -L-heteroalkylheteroaryl, -L-heteroalkyl-heterocyclyl, -L-heteroalkyl-C₃₋₈cycloalkyl, -L-aralkyl, -L-heteroaralkyl, or -L-heterocyclyl, each of which is unsubstituted or is substituted by one or more independent R³;

L is absent, —(C═O)—, —C(═O)O—, —C(═O) N(R³¹)—, —S—, —S(O)—, —S(O)₂—, —S(O)₂N(R³¹)—, or —N(R³¹)—;

M₁ is a moiety having the structure of Formula M1-F1 or Formula M1-F2:

k is 0 or 1;

E¹ and E² are independently —(W¹)_(j)—R⁴;

j in E¹ or j in E², is independently 0 or 1;

W¹ is —O—, —NR⁷—, —S(O)₀₋₂—, —C(O)—, —C(O)N(R⁷)—, —N(R⁷)C(O)—, —N(R⁷)S(O)—, —N(R⁷)S(O)₂—, —C(O)O—, —CH(R⁷)N(C(O)OR⁸)—, —CH(R⁷)N(C(O)R⁸)—, —CH(R⁷)N(SO₂R⁸)—, —CH(R⁷)N(R⁸)—, —CH(R⁷)C(O)N(R⁸)—, —CH(R⁷)N(R⁸)C(O)—, —CH(R⁷)N(R⁸)S(O)—, or —CH(R⁷)N(R⁸)S(O)₂—;

W² is —O—, —NR⁷—, —S(O)₀₋₂—, —C(O)—, —C(O)N(R⁷)—, —N(R⁷)C(O)—, —N(R⁷)C(O)N(R⁸)—, —N(R⁷)S(O)—, —N(R⁷)S(O)₂—, —C(O)O—, —CH(R⁷)N(C(O)OR⁸)—, —CH(R⁷)N(C(O)R⁸)—, —CH(R⁷)N(SO₂R⁸)—, —CH(R⁷)N(R⁸)—, —CH(R⁷)C(O)N(R⁸)—, —CH(R⁷)N(R⁸)C(O)—, —CH(R⁷)N(R⁸)S(O)—, or —CH(R⁷)N(R⁸)S(O)₂—;

R² is hydrogen, halogen, —OH, —R³¹, —CF₃, —OCF₃, —OR³¹, —NR³¹R³², —NR³⁴R³⁵, —C(O)R³¹, —CO₂R³¹, —C(═O)NR³¹R³², —C(═O)NR³⁴R³⁵, —NO₂, —CN, —S(O)₀₋₂R³¹, —SO₂NR³¹R³², —SO₂NR³⁴R³⁴R³⁵, —NR³¹C(═O)R³², —NR³¹C(═O)OR³², —NR³¹C(═O)NR³²R³³, —NR³¹S(O)₀₋₂R³², —C(═S)OR³¹, C(═O)SR³¹, —NR³¹C(═NR³²)NR³³R³², NR³¹C(═NR³²)OR³³, —R³¹C(═NR³²) SR³³, —OC(═O)OR³³, —OC(═O)NR³¹R³², —OC(═O)SR³¹, —SC(═O)OR³¹, —P(O)OR³¹OR³², —SC(═O)NR³¹R³², aryl (e.g. bicyclic aryl, unsubstituted aryl, or substituted monocyclic aryl), heteroaryl, C₁₋₁₀alkyl, C₃₋₈cycloalkyl, C₁₋₁₀alkyl-C₃₋₈cycloalkyl, C₃₋₈cycloalkyl-C₁₋₁₀alkyl, C₃₋₈cycloalkyl-C₂₋₁₀alkenyl, C₃₋₈cycloalkyl-C₂₋₁₀alkynyl, C₁₋₁₀alkyl-C₂₋₁₀alkenyl, C₁₋₁₀alkyl-C₂₋₁₀alkynyl, C₁₋₁₀alkylaryl (e.g. C₂₋₁₀alkyl-monocyclic aryl, C₁₋₁₀alkyl-substituted monocyclic aryl, or C₁₋₁₀alkylbicycloaryl), C₁₋₁₀alkylheteroaryl, C₁₋₁₀alkylheterocyclyl, C₂₋₁₀alkenyl, C₂₋₁₀alkynyl, C₂₋₁₀alkenyl-C₁₋₁₀alkyl, C₂₋₁₀alkynyl-C₁₋₁₀alkyl, C₂₋₁₀alkenylaryl, C₂₋₁₀alkenylheteroaryl, C₂₋₁₀alkenylheteroalkyl, C₂₋₁₀alkenylheterocyclcyl, C₂₋₁₀alkenyl-C₃₋₈cycloalkyl, C₂₋₁₀alkynylaryl, C₂₋₁₀alkynylheteroaryl, C₂₋₁₀alkynylheteroalkyl, C₂₋₁₀alkynylheterocyclyl, C₂₋₁₀alkynyl-C₃₋₈cycloalkenyl, C₁₋₁₀alkoxy C₁₋₁₀alkyl, C₁₋₁₀alkoxy-C₂₋₁₀alkenyl, C₁₋₁₀alkoxy-C₂₋₁₀alkynyl, heterocyclyl-C₁₋₁₀alkyl, heterocyclyl-C₂₋₁₀alkenyl, heterocyclyl-C₂₋₁₀alkynyl, aryl-C₁₋₁₀alkyl (e.g. monocyclic aryl-C₂₋₁₀alkyl, substituted monocyclic aryl-C₁₋₁₀alkyl, or bicycloaryl-C₁₋₁₀alkyl), aryl-C₂₋₁₀alkenyl, aryl-C₂₋₁₀alkynyl, aryl-heterocyclyl, heteroaryl-C₁₋₁₀alkyl, heteroaryl-C₂₋₁₀alkenyl, heteroaryl-C₂₋₁₀alkynyl, heteroaryl-C₃₋₈cycloalkyl, heteroaryl-heteroalkyl, or heteroaryl-heterocyclyl, wherein each of said bicyclic aryl or heteroaryl moiety is unsubstituted, or wherein each of bicyclic aryl, heteroaryl moiety or monocyclic aryl moiety is substituted with one or more independent alkyl, heteroalkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, arylalkyl, heteroaryl, heteroarylalkyl, halo, —OH, —R³¹, —CF₃, —OCF₃, —OR³¹, NR³¹R³², NR³⁴R³⁵, —C(O)R³¹, —CO₂R³¹, —C(═O)NR³¹R³², —C(═O)NR³⁴R³⁵, —NO₂, —CN, —S(O)₀₋₂R³¹, —SO₂NR³¹R³², —SO₂NR³⁴R³⁵, —NR³¹C(═O)R³², —NR³¹C(═O)OR³², —NR³¹C(═O)NR³²R³³, —R³¹S(O)₀₋₂R³², —C(═S)OR³¹, —C(═O)SR³¹, —NR³¹C(═NR³²NR³³R³², —NR³¹C(═NR³²)OR³³, —R³¹C(═NR³²) SR³³, —OC(═O)OR³³, —OC(═O)NR³¹R³², —OC(═O)SR³¹, —SC(═O)OR³¹, —P(O)OR³¹OR³², or —SC(═O)NR³¹R³², and wherein each of said alkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, or heteroalkyl moiety is unsubstituted or is substituted with one or more alkyl, heteroalkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, arylalkyl, heteroaryl, heteroarylalkyl, halo, —OH, —R³¹, —CF₃, —OCF₃, —OR³¹, —O-aryl, —NR³¹R³², —NR³⁴R³⁵, —C(O)R³¹, —CO₂R³¹, —C(═O)NR³⁴R³⁵, or —C(═O)NR³¹R³²;

R³ and R⁴ are independently hydrogen, halogen, —OH, —R³¹, —CF₃, —OCF₃, —OR³¹, —NR³¹R³², —NR³⁴R³⁵, —C(O)R³¹, —CO₂R³¹, —C(═O)NR³¹R³², —C(═O)NR³⁴R³⁵, —NO₂, —CN, —S(O)₀₋₂R³¹, —SO₂NR³¹R³², —SO₂NR³⁴R³⁵, —NR³¹C(═O)R³², —NR³¹C(═O)OR³², —NR³¹C(═O)NR³²R³³, NR³¹S(O)₀₋₂R³², —C(═S)OR³¹, —C(═O)SR³¹, —NR³¹C(═NR³²)NR³³R³², —NR³¹C(═NR³²)OR³³, —NR³¹C(═NR³²)SR³³, —OC(═O)OR³³, —OC(═O)NR³¹R³², —OC(═O)SR³¹, —SC(═O)OR³¹, —P(O)OR³¹OR³², —SC(═O)NR³¹R³², aryl, heteroaryl, C₁₋₄alkyl, C₁₋₁₀alkyl, C₃₋₈cycloalkyl, C₁₋₁₀alkyl-C₃₋₈cycloalkyl, C₃₋₈cycloalkyl-C₁₋₁₀alkyl, C₃₋₈cycloalkyl-C₂₋₁₀alkenyl, C₃₋₈cycloalkyl-C₂₋₁₀alkynyl, C₁₋₁₀alkyl-C₂₋₁₀alkenyl, C₁₋₁₀alkyl-C₂₋₁₀alkynyl, C₁₋₁₀alkylaryl, C₁₋₁₀alkylheteroaryl, C₁₋₁₀alkylheterocyclyl, C₂₋₁₀alkenyl, C₂₋₁₀alkynyl, C₂₋₁₀alkenyl-C₁₋₁₀alkyl, C₂₋₁₀alkynyl-C₁₋₁₀alkyl, C₂₋₁₀alkenylaryl, C₂₋₁₀alkenylheteroaryl, C₂₋₁₀alkenylheteroalkyl, C₂₋₁₀alkenylheterocyclcyl, C₂₋₁₀alkenyl-C₃₋₈cycloalkyl, C₂₋₁₀alkynyl-C₃₋₈cycloalkyl, C₂₋₁₀alkynylaryl, C₂₋₁₀alkynylheteroaryl, C₂₋₁₀alkynylheteroalkyl, C₂₋₁₀alkynylheterocyclyl, C₂₋₁₀alkynyl-C₃₋₈cycloalkenyl, C₁₋₁₀alkoxy C₁₋₁₀alkyl, C₁₋₁₀alkoxy-C₂₋₁₀alkenyl, C₁₋₁₀alkoxy-C₂₋₁₀alkynyl, heterocyclyl, heterocyclyl-C₁₋₁₀alkyl, heterocyclyl-C₂₋₁₀alkenyl, heterocyclyl-C₂₋₁₀alkynyl, aryl-C₁₋₁₀alkyl, aryl-C₂₋₁₀alkenyl, aryl-C₂₋₁₀alkynyl, aryl-heterocyclyl, heteroaryl-C₁₋₁₀alkyl, heteroaryl-C₂₋₁₀alkenyl, heteroaryl-C₂₋₁₀alkynyl, heteroaryl-C₃₋₈cycloalkyl, heteroalkyl, heteroaryl-heteroalkyl, or heteroaryl-heterocyclyl, wherein each of said aryl or heteroaryl moiety is unsubstituted or is substituted with one or more independent halo, —OH, —R³¹, —CF₃, —OCF₃, —OR³¹, —NR³¹R³², —NR³⁴R³⁵, —C(O)R³¹, —CO₂R³¹, —C(═O)NR³¹R³², —C(═O)NR³⁴R³⁵, —NO₂, —CN, —S(O)₀₋₂R³¹, —SO₂NR³¹R³², —SO₂NR³⁴R³⁵, —NR³¹C(═O)R³², —NR³¹C(═O)OR³², —NR³¹C(═O)NR³²R³³, —NR³¹S(O)₀₋₂R³², —C(═S)OR³¹, —C(═O)SR³¹, —NR³¹C(═NR³²)NR³³R³², —NR³¹C(═NR³²)OR³³, —NR³¹C(═NR³²)SR³³, —OC(═O)OR³³, —OC(═O)NR³¹R³², —OC(═O)SR³¹, —SC(═O)OR³¹, —P(O)OR³¹OR³², or —SC(═O)NR³¹R³², and wherein each of said alkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, or heteroalkyl moiety is unsubstituted or is substituted with one or more halo, —OH, —R³¹, —CF₃, —OCF₃, —OR³¹, —O-aryl, —NR³¹R³², —NR³⁴R³⁵, —C(O)R³¹, —CO₂R³¹, —C(═O)NR³⁴R³⁵, or —C(═O)NR³¹R³²;

R⁵ is hydrogen, halogen, —OH, —R³¹, —CF₃, —OCF₃, —OR³¹, —NR³¹R³², —NR³⁴R³⁵, —C(O)R³¹, CO₂R³¹, —C(═O)NR³¹R³², —C(═O)NR³⁴R³⁵, —NO₂, —CN, —S(O)₀₋₂R³¹, —SO₂NR³¹R³², —SO₂NR³⁴R³⁴R³⁵, —NR³¹C(═O)R³², —NR³¹C(═O)OR³², —NR³¹C(═O)NR³²R³³, —NR³¹S(O)₀₋₂R³², —C(═S)OR³¹, C(═O)SR³¹, —NR³¹C(═NR³²)NR³³R³², —NR³¹C(═NR³²)OR³³, —NR³¹C(═NR³²) SR³³, —OC(═O)OR³³, —OC(═O)NR³¹R³², —OC(═O)SR³¹, —SC(═O)OR³¹, —P(O)OR³¹OR³², or —SC(═O)NR³¹R³²;

R³¹, R³², and R³³, in each instance, are independently H or C₁₋₁₀alkyl, wherein the C₁₋₁₀alkyl is unsubstituted or is substituted with one or more aryl, heteroalkyl, heterocyclyl, or heteroaryl group wherein each of said aryl, heteroalkyl, heterocyclyl, or heteroaryl group is unsubstituted or is substituted with one or more halo, —OH, —C₁₋₁₀alkyl, —CF₃, —O-aryl, —OCF₃, —OC₁₋₁₀alkyl, —NH₂, —N(C₁₋₁₀alkyl)(C₁₋₁₀alkyl), —NH(C₁₋₁₀alkyl), —NH(aryl), —NR³⁴R³⁵, —C(O)(C₁₋₁₀alkyl), —C(O)(C₁₋₁₀alkyl-aryl), —C(O)(aryl), —CO₂—C₁₋₁₀alkyl, —CO₂—C₁₋₁₀alkylaryl, —CO₂-aryl, —C(═O)N(C₁₋₁₀alkyl)(C₁₋₁₀alkyl), —C(═O)NH(C₁₋₁₀alkyl), —C(═O)NR³⁴R³⁵, —C(═O)NH₂, —OCF₃, —O(C₁₋₁₀alkyl), —O-aryl, —N(aryl)(C₁₋₁₀alkyl), —NO₂, —CN, —S(O)₀₋₂ C₁₋₁₀alkyl, —S(O)₀₋₂C₁₋₁₀alkylaryl, —S(O)₀₋₂ aryl, —SO₂N(aryl), —SO₂N(C₁₋₁₀alkyl)(C₁₋₁₀alkyl), —SO₂NH(C₁₋₁₀alkyl) or —SO₂NR³⁴R³⁵;

R³⁴ and R³⁵ in —NR³⁴R³⁵, —C(═O)NR³⁴R³⁴R³⁵, or —SO₂NR³⁴R³⁵, are taken together with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached to form a 3-10 membered saturated or unsaturated ring; wherein said ring is independently unsubstituted or is substituted by one or more —NR³¹R³², hydroxyl, halogen, oxo, aryl, heteroaryl, C₁₋₆alkyl, or O-aryl, and wherein said 3-10 membered saturated or unsaturated ring independently contains 0, 1, or 2 more heteroatoms in addition to the nitrogen atom;

R⁷ and R⁸ are each independently hydrogen, C₁₋₁₀alkyl, C₂₋₁₀alkenyl, aryl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl or C₃₋₁₀cycloalkyl, each of which except for hydrogen is unsubstituted or is substituted by one or more independent R⁶;

R⁶ is halo, —OR³¹, —SH, —NH₂, —NR³⁴R³⁵, —NR³¹R³², —CO₂R³¹, —CO₂aryl, —C(═O)NR³¹R³², C(═O)NR³⁴R³⁵, —NO₂, —CN, —S(O)₀₋₂C₁₋₁₀alkyl, —S(O)₀₋₂aryl, —SO₂NR³⁴R³⁵, —SO₂NR³¹R³², C₁₋₁₀alkyl, C₂₋₁₀alkenyl, C₂₋₁₀alkynyl; aryl-C₁₋₁₀alkyl, aryl-C₂₋₁₀alkenyl, aryl-C₂₋₁₀alkynyl, heteroaryl-C₁₋₁₀alkyl, heteroaryl-C₂₋₁₀alkenyl, heteroaryl-C₂₋₁₀alkynyl, wherein each of said alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroalkyl, heterocyclyl, or heteroaryl group is unsubstituted or is substituted with one or more independent halo, cyano, nitro, —OC₁₋₁₀alkyl, C₁₋₁₀alkyl, C₂₋₁₀alkenyl, C₂₋₁₀alkynyl, haloC₁₋₁₀alkyl, haloC₂₋₁₀alkenyl, haloC₂₋₁₀alkynyl, —COOH, —C(═O)NR³¹R³², —C(═O)NR³⁴R³⁵, —SO₂NR³⁴R³⁵, —SO₂NR³¹R³², —NR³¹R³², or —NR³⁴R³⁵; and

R⁹ is H, halo, —OR³¹, —SH, —NH₂, —NR³⁴R³⁵, —NR³¹R³², —CO₂R³¹, —CO₂aryl, —C(═O)NR³¹R³², C(═O)NR³⁴R³⁵, —NO₂, —CN, —S(O)₀₋₂C₁₋₁₀alkyl, —S(O)₀₋₂aryl, —SO₂NR³⁴R³⁵, —SO₂NR³¹R³², C₁₋₁₀alkyl, C₂₋₁₀alkenyl, C₂₋₁₀alkynyl; aryl-C₁₋₁₀alkyl, aryl-C₂₋₁₀alkenyl, aryl-C₂₋₁₀alkynyl, heteroaryl-C₁₋₁₀alkyl, heteroaryl-C₂₋₁₀alkenyl, heteroaryl-C₂₋₁₀alkynyl, wherein each of said alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroalkyl, heterocyclyl, or heteroaryl group is unsubstituted or is substituted with one or more independent halo, cyano, nitro, —OC₁₋₁₀alkyl, C₁₋₁₀alkyl, C₂₋₁₀alkenyl, C₂₋₁₀alkynyl, haloC₁₋₁₀alkyl, haloC₂₋₁₀alkenyl, haloC₂₋₁₀alkynyl, —COOH, —C(═O)NR³¹R³², —C(═O)NR³⁴R³⁵, —SO₂NR³⁴R³⁵, —SO₂NR³¹R³², —NR³¹R³², or —NR³⁴R³⁵.

In various embodiments of the compound of Formula I-E, the compound has a structure of Formula I-E1 or Formula I-E2:

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

In some embodiments of Formula I-E1, X₁ is N and X₂ is N. In other embodiments, X₁ is C-E¹ and X₂ is N. In yet other embodiments, X₁ is NH and X₂ is C. In further embodiments, X₁ is CH-E¹ and X₂ is C.

In several embodiments of Formula I-E2, X₁ is N and X₂ is C. In further embodiments, X₁ is C-E¹ and X₂ is C.

In various embodiments, X₁ is C—(W¹)_(j)R⁴, where j is 0.

In another embodiment, X₁ is CH. In yet another embodiment, X₁ is C-halogen, where halogen is Cl, F, Br, or I.

In various embodiments of X₁, it is C—(W¹)_(j)R⁴. In various embodiments of X₁, j is 1, and W¹ is —O—. In various embodiments of X₁, j is 1, and W¹ is —NR⁷—. In various embodiments of X₁, j is 1, and W¹ is —NH—. In various embodiments of X, j is 1, and W¹ is —S(O)₀₋₂—. In various embodiments of X, j is 1, and W¹ is —C(O)—. In various embodiments of X₁, j is 1, and W¹ is —C(O)N(R⁷)—. In various embodiments of X₁, j is 1, and W¹ is —N(R⁷)C(O)—. In various embodiments of X, j is 1, and W¹ is —N(R⁷)S(O)—. In various embodiments of X₁, j is 1, and W¹, is —N(R⁷)S(O)₂—. In various embodiments of X, j is 1, and W¹ is —C(O)O—. In various embodiments of X, j is 1, and W¹ is CH(R⁷)N(C(O)OR⁸)—. In various embodiments of X, j is 1, and W¹ is —CH(R⁷)N(C(O)R⁸)—. In various embodiments of X₁, j is 1, and W¹ is —CH(R⁷)N(SO₂R⁸)—. In various embodiments of X, j is 1, and W¹ is —CH(R⁷)N(R⁸)—. In various embodiments of X, j is 1, and W¹ is —CH(R⁷)C(O)N(R⁸)—. In various embodiments of X, j is 1, and W¹ is —CH(R⁷)N(R⁸)C(O)—. In various embodiments of X₁, j is 1, and W¹ is —CH(R⁷)N(R⁸)S(O)—. In various embodiments of X, j is 1, and W¹ is —CH(R⁷)N(R⁸)S(O)₂—.

In another embodiment, X₁ is N.

In various embodiments, X₂ is N. In other embodiments, X₂ is C.

In various embodiments, E² is —(W¹)_(j)—R⁴, where j is 0.

In another embodiment, E² is CH. In yet another embodiment, E² is C-halogen, where halogen is Cl, F, Br, or I.

In various embodiments of E², it is —(W¹)_(j)—R⁴. In various embodiments of E², j is 1, and W¹ is —O—. In various embodiments of E², j is 1, and W¹ is —NR⁷—. In various embodiments of E², j is 1, and W¹ is —NH—. In various embodiments of E², j is 1, and W¹ is —S(O)₀₋₂—. In various embodiments of E², j is 1, and W¹ is —C(O)—. In various embodiments of E², j is 1, and W¹ is —C(O)N(R⁷)—. In various embodiments of E², j is 1, and W¹ is —N(R⁷)C(O)—. In various embodiments of E², j is 1, and W¹ is —N(R⁷)S(O)—. In various embodiments of E², j is 1, and W¹ is —N(R⁷)S(O)₂—. In various embodiments of E², j is 1, and W¹ is —C(O)O—. In various embodiments of E², j is 1, and W¹ is CH(R⁷)N(C(O)OR⁸)—. In various embodiments of E², j is 1, and W¹ is —CH(R⁷)N(C(O)R⁸)—. In various embodiments of E², j is 1, and W¹ is —CH(R⁷)N(SO₂R⁸)—. In various embodiments of E², j is 1, and W¹ is —CH(R⁷)N(R⁸)—. In various embodiments of E², j is 1, and W¹ is —CH(R⁷)C(O)N(R⁸)—. In various embodiments of E², j is 1, and W¹ is —CH(R⁷)N(R⁸)C(O)—. In various embodiments of E², j is 1, and W¹ is —CH(R⁷)N(R⁸)S(O)—. In various embodiments of E², j is 1, and W¹ is —CH(R⁷)N(R⁸)S(O)₂—.

In various embodiments when M₁ is a moiety of Formula I-E1, M₁ is benzoxazolyl substituted with —(W₂)_(k)—R₂. In some embodiments, M₁ is a benzoxazolyl moiety, substituted at the 2-position with —(W₂)_(k)—R₂. In some embodiments, M₁ is either a 5-benzoxazolyl or a 6-benzoxazolyl moiety, optionally substituted with —(W₂)_(k)—R₂. Exemplary Formula I-E1M₁ moieties include but are not limited to the following:

In various embodiments when M₁ is a moiety of Formula I-E2, Formula I-E2 is an aza-substituted benzoxazolyl moiety having a structure of one of the following formulae:

Exemplary Formula I-E2 M₁ moieties include but are not limited to the following:

In various embodiments of M₁, k is 0. In other embodiments of M, k is 1 and W² is —O—. In another embodiment of M₁, k is 1 and W² is —NR⁷—. In yet another embodiment of M₁, k is 1 and W is —S(O)₀₋₂—. In another embodiment of M₁, k is 1 and W² is —C(O)—. In a further embodiment of M₁, k is 1 and W² is —C(O)N(R⁷)—. In another embodiment of M₁, k is 1 and W² is —N(R⁷)C(O)—. In another embodiment, k is 1 and W² is —N(R⁷)C(O)N(R⁸)—. In yet another embodiment of M₁, k is 1 and W² is —N(R⁷)S(O)—. In still yet another embodiment of M₁, k is 1 and W² is —N(R⁷)S(O)₂—. In a further embodiment of M₁, k is 1 and W² is —C(O)O—. In another embodiment of M₁, k is 1 and W² is —CH(R⁷)N(C(O)OR⁸)—. In another embodiment of M₁, k is 1 and W² is —CH(R⁷)N(C(O)R⁸)—. In another embodiment of M₁, k is 1 and W² is —CH(R⁷)N(SO₂R⁸)—. In a further embodiment of M₁, k is 1 and W² is —CH(R⁷)N(R⁸)—. In another embodiment of M₁, k is 1 and W² is —CH(R⁷)C(O)N(R⁸)—. In yet another embodiment of M₁, k is 1 and W² is —CH(R⁷)N(R⁸)C(O)—. In another embodiment of M₁, k is 1 and W² is —CH(R⁷)N(R)S(O)—. In yet another embodiment of M₁, k is 1 and W² is —CH(R⁷)N(R⁸)S(O)₂—.

Additional embodiments of compounds of Formula I, including I-A, I-B, I-C, I-D, I-E and others are described below.

In various embodiments of compounds of Formula I, L is absent. In another embodiment, L is —(C═O)—. In another embodiment, L is C(═O)O—. In a further embodiment, L is —C(═O) NR³¹—. In yet another embodiment, L is —S—. In one embodiment, L is —S(O)—. In another embodiment, L is —S(O)₂—. In yet another embodiment, L is —S(O)₂NR³¹—. In another embodiment, L is —NR³¹—.

In various embodiments of compounds of Formula I, R₁ is -L-C₁₋₁₀alkyl, which is unsubstituted. In another embodiment, R₁ is -L-C₁₋₁₀alkyl, which is substituted by one or more independent R³. In yet another embodiment, R₁ is -L-unsubstituted C₁₋₁₀alkyl, where L is absent. In another embodiment, R₁ is -L-C₁₋₁₀alkyl, which is substituted by one or more independent R³, and L is absent.

In various embodiments of compounds of Formula I, R₁ is -L-C₃₋₈cycloalkyl, which is unsubstituted. In another embodiment, R₁ is L-C₃₋₈cycloalkyl, which is substituted by one or more independent R³. In yet another embodiment, R₁ is -L-C₃₋₈cycloalkyl, which is unsubstituted, and L is absent. In a further embodiment, R₁ is -L-C₃₋₈cycloalkyl which is substituted by one or more independent R³, and L is absent.

In various embodiments of compounds of Formula I, R₁ is H.

In various embodiments of compounds of Formula I, R₁ is -L-aryl, which is unsubstituted. In another embodiment, R₁ is -L-aryl, which is substituted by one or more independent R³. In another embodiment, R₁ is -L-aryl which is unsubstituted, and L is absent. In yet another embodiment, R₁ is -L-aryl, which is substituted by one or more independent R³, and L is absent.

In various embodiments of compounds of Formula I, R₁ is -L-heteroaryl, which is unsubstituted. In another embodiment, R₁ is -L-heteroaryl, which is substituted by one or more independent R³. In a further embodiment, R₁ is -L-heteroaryl which is unsubstituted and L is absent. In yet another embodiment, R₁ is -L-heteroaryl, which is substituted by one or more independent R³, and L is absent.

In various embodiments of compounds of Formula I, R₁ is -L-C₁₋₁₀alkyl-C₃₋₈cycloalkyl, which is unsubstituted. In another embodiment, R₁ is -L-C₁₋₁₀alkyl-C₃₋₈cycloalkyl, which is substituted by one or more independent R³. In a further embodiment, R₁ is -L-C₁₋₁₀alkyl-C₃₋₈cycloalkyl which is unsubstituted and L is absent. In yet another embodiment, R₁ is -L-C₁₋₁₀alkyl-C₃₋₈cycloalkyl, which is substituted by one or more independent R³, and L is absent.

In various embodiments of compounds of Formula I, R₁ is -L-C₁₋₁₀alkylaryl, which is unsubstituted. In another embodiment, R₁ is -L-C₁₋₁₀alkylaryl, which is substituted by one or more independent R³. In a further embodiment, R₁ is -L-C₁₋₁₀alkylaryl which is unsubstituted and L is absent. In yet another embodiment, R₁ is -L-C₁₋₁₀alkylaryl, which is substituted by one or more independent R³, where L is absent.

In various embodiments of compounds of Formula I, R₁ is -L-C₁₋₁₀alkylheteroaryl, which is unsubstituted. In another embodiment, R₁ is -L-C₁₋₁₀alkylheteroaryl, which is substituted by one or more independent R³. In a further embodiment, R, is -L-C₁₋₁₀alkylheteroaryl which is unsubstituted and L is absent. In yet another embodiment, R, is -L-C₁₋₁₀alkylheteroaryl, which is substituted by one or more independent R³, where L is absent.

In various embodiments of compounds of Formula I, R₁ is -L-C₁₋₁₀alkylheterocyclyl, which is unsubstituted. In another embodiment, R₁ is -L-C₁₋₁₀alkylheterocyclyl, which is substituted by one or more independent R³. In a further embodiment, R, is -L-C₁₋₁₀alkylheterocyclyl which is unsubstituted and L is absent. In yet another embodiment, R, is -L-C₁₋₁₀alkylheterocyclyl, which is substituted by one or more independent R³, where L is absent.

In various embodiments of compounds of Formula I, R₁ is -L-C₂₋₁₀alkenyl, which is unsubstituted. In another embodiment, R, is -L-C₂₋₁₀alkenyl which is substituted by one or more independent R³. In a further embodiment, R, is -L-C₂₋₁₀alkenyl which is unsubstituted and L is absent. In yet another embodiment, R₁ is -L-C₂₋₁₀alkenyl, which is substituted by one or more independent R³, where L is absent.

In various embodiments of compounds of Formula I, R₁ is -L-C₂₋₁₀alkynyl, which is unsubstituted. In another embodiment, R, is -L-C₂₋₁₀alkynyl which is substituted by one or more independent R³. In a further embodiment, R, is -L-C₂₋₁₀alkynyl which is unsubstituted and L is absent. In yet another embodiment, R₁ is -L-C₂₋₁₀alkynyl, which is substituted by one or more independent R³, where L is absent.

In various embodiments of compounds of Formula I, R₁ is -L-C₂₋₁₀alkenyl-C₃₋₈cycloalkyl, which is unsubstituted. In another embodiment, R, is -L-C₂₋₁₀alkenyl-C₃₋₈cycloalkyl which is substituted by one or more independent R³. In a further embodiment, R, is -L-C₂₋₁₀alkenyl-C₃₋₈cycloalkyl which is unsubstituted and L is absent. In yet another embodiment, R, is -L-C₂₋₁₀alkenyl-C₃₋₈cycloalkyl, which is substituted by one or more independent R³, where L is absent.

In various embodiments of compounds of Formula I, R₁ is -L-C₂₋₁₀alkynyl-C₃₋₈cycloalkyl, which is unsubstituted. In another embodiment, R, is -L-C₂₋₁₀alkynyl-C₃₋₈cycloalkyl which is substituted by one or more independent R³. In a further embodiment, R, is -L-C₂₋₁₀alkynyl-C₃₋₈cycloalkyl which is unsubstituted and L is absent. In yet another embodiment, R₁ is -L-C₂₋₁₀alkynyl-C₃₋₈cycloalkyl, which is substituted by one or more independent R³, where L is absent.

In various embodiments of compounds of Formula I, R₁ is -L-C₂₋₁₀alkynyl-C₃₋₈cycloalkyl, which is unsubstituted. In another embodiment, R, is -L-C₂₋₁₀alkynyl-C₃₋₈cycloalkyl which is substituted by one or more independent R³. In a further embodiment, R, is -L-C₂₋₁₀alkynyl-C₃₋₈cycloalkyl which is unsubstituted and L is absent. In yet another embodiment, R₁ is -L-C₂₋₁₀alkynyl-C₃₋₈cycloalkyl, which is substituted by one or more independent R³, where L is absent.

In various embodiments of compounds of Formula I, R₁ is -L-heteroalkyl, which is unsubstituted. In another embodiment, R₁ is -L-heteroalkyl which is substituted by one or more independent R³. In a further embodiment, R₁ is -L-heteroalkyl which is unsubstituted and L is absent. In yet another embodiment, R₁ is -L-heteroalkyl, which is substituted by one or more independent R³, where L is absent.

In various embodiments of compounds of Formula I, R₁ is -L-heteroalkylaryl, which is unsubstituted. In another embodiment, R₁ is -L-heteroalkylaryl which is substituted by one or more independent R³. In a further embodiment, R₁ is -L-heteroalkylaryl which is unsubstituted and L is absent. In yet another embodiment, R₁ is -L-heteroalkylaryl, which is substituted by one or more independent R³, where L is absent.

In various embodiments of compounds of Formula I, R₁ is -L-heteroalkylheteroaryl, which is unsubstituted. In another embodiment, R₁ is -L-heteroalkylheteroaryl, which is substituted by one or more independent R³. In a further embodiment, R₁ is -L-heteroalkylheteroaryl which is unsubstituted and L is absent. In yet another embodiment, R₁ is -L-heteroalkylheteroaryl, which is substituted by one or more independent R³, where L is absent.

In various embodiments of compounds of Formula, R₁ is -L-heteroalkyl-heterocyclyl, which is unsubstituted. In another embodiment, R₁ is -L-heteroalkyl-heterocyclyl, which is substituted by one or more independent R³. In a further embodiment, R₁ is -L-heteroalkyl-heterocyclyl which is unsubstituted, and L is absent. In yet another embodiment, R₁ is -L-heteroalkyl-heterocyclyl, which is substituted by one or more independent R³, where L is absent.

In In various embodiments of compounds of Formula I, R₁ is -L-heteroalkyl-C₃₋₈cycloalkyl, which is unsubstituted. In another embodiment, R₁ is -L-heteroalkyl-C₃₋₈cycloalkyl, which is substituted by one or more independent R³. In a further embodiment, R₁ is -L-heteroalkyl-C₃₋₈cycloalkyl which is unsubstituted and L is absent. In yet another embodiment, R₁ is -L-heteroalkyl-C₃₋₈cycloalkyl, which is substituted by one or more independent R³, where L is absent.

In various embodiments of compounds of Formula I, R₁ is -L-aralkyl, which is unsubstituted. In another embodiment, R₁ is -L-aralkyl, which is substituted by one or more independent R³. In a further embodiment, R₁ is -L-aralkyl which is unsubstituted. In yet another embodiment, R₁ is -L-aralkyl, which is substituted by one or more independent R³, where L is absent.

In various embodiments of compounds of Formula I, R₁ is -L-heteroaralkyl, which is unsubstituted. In another embodiment, R₁ is -L-heteroaralkyl, which is substituted by one or more independent R³. In a further embodiment, R₁ is -L-heteroaralkyl which is unsubstituted and L is absent. In yet another embodiment, R₁ is -L-heteroaralkyl, which is substituted by one or more independent R³, where L is absent.

In various embodiments of compounds of Formula I, R₁ is -L-heterocyclyl, which is unsubstituted. In another embodiment, R₁ is -L-heterocyclyl, which is substituted by one or more independent R³. In a further embodiment, R₁ is -L-heterocyclyl which is unsubstituted and L is absent. In yet another embodiment, R₁ is -L-heterocyclyl, which is substituted by one or more independent R³, where L is absent.

In various embodiments of compounds of Formula I, R₁ is a substituent as shown below:

In various embodiments of compounds of Formula I, R² is hydrogen. In another embodiment, R² is halogen. In another embodiment, R² is —OH. In another embodiment, R² is —R³¹. In another embodiment, R² is —CF₃. In another embodiment, R² is —OCF₃. In another embodiment, R² is —OR³¹. In another embodiment, R² is —NR³¹R³². In another embodiment, R² is —NR³⁴R³. In another embodiment, R² is —C(O)R³¹. In another embodiment, R² is —CO₂R³¹. In another embodiment, R² is —C(═O)NR³¹R³². In another embodiment, R² is —C(═O)NR³⁴R³⁵. In another embodiment, R² is —NO₂. In another embodiment, R² is —CN. In another embodiment, R² is —S(O)₀₋₂R³. In another embodiment, R² is —SO₂NR³¹R³². In another embodiment, R² is —SO₂NR³⁴R³⁵. In another embodiment, R² is —NR³¹C(═O)R³². In another embodiment, R² is —NR³¹C(═O)OR³². In another embodiment, R² is —NR³¹C(═O)NR³²R³³. In another embodiment, R² is —NR³¹S(O)₀₋₂R³². In another embodiment, R² is —C(═S)OR³¹. In another embodiment, R² is —C(═O)SR³¹. In another embodiment, R² is —NR³¹C(═R³²)NR³³R³². In another embodiment, R² is —NR³¹C(═NR³²)OR³³. In another embodiment, R² is —NR³¹C(═NR³²)SR³³. In another embodiment, R² is —OC(═O)OR³³. In another embodiment, R² is —OC(═O)NR³¹R³². In another embodiment, R² is —OC(═O)SR³¹. In another embodiment, R² is —SC(═O)OR³¹. In another embodiment, R² is —P(O)OR³¹OR³². In another embodiment, R² is —SC(═O)NR³¹R³². In another embodiment, R² is monocyclic aryl. In another embodiment, R² is bicyclic aryl. In another embodiment, R² is substituted monocyclic aryl. In another embodiment, R² is heteroaryl. In another embodiment, R² is C₁₋₄alkyl. In another embodiment, R² is C₁₋₁₀alkyl. In another embodiment, R² is C₃₋₈cycloalkyl. In another embodiment, R² is C₃₋₈cycloalkyl-C₁₋₁₀alkyl. In another embodiment, R² is C₁₋₁₀alkyl-C₃₋₈cycloalkyl. In another embodiment, R² is C₁₋₁₀alkyl-monocyclic aryl. In another embodiment, R² is C₂₋₁₀alkyl-monocyclic aryl. In another embodiment, R² is monocyclic aryl-C₂₋₁₀alkyl. In another embodiment, R² is C₁₋₁₀alkyl-bicyclicaryl. In another embodiment, R² is bicyclicaryl-C₁₋₁₀alkyl. In another embodiment, R² is —C₁₋₁₀alkylheteroaryl. In another embodiment, R² is —C₁₋₁₀alkylheterocyclyl. In another embodiment, R² is —C₂₋₁₀alkenyl. In another embodiment, R² is —C₂₋₁₀alkynyl. In another embodiment, R² is C₂₋₁₀alkenylaryl. In another embodiment, R² is C₂₋₁₀alkenylheteroaryl. In another embodiment, R² is C₂₋₁₀alkenylheteroalkyl. In another embodiment, R² is C₂₋₁₀alkenylheterocyclcyl. In another embodiment, R² is —C₂₋₁₀alkynylaryl. In another embodiment, R² is —C₂₋₁₀alkynylheteroaryl. In another embodiment, R² is —C₂₋₁₀alkynylheteroalkyl. In another embodiment, R² is —C₂₋₁₀alkynylheterocyclyl. In another embodiment, R² is —C₂₋₁₀alkynylC₃₋₈cycloalkyl. In another embodiment, R² is —C₂₋₁₀alkynylC₃₋₈cycloalkenyl. In another embodiment, R² is —C₁₋₁₀alkoxy-C₁₋₁₀alkyl. In another embodiment, R² is —C₁₋₁₀alkoxy-C₂₋₁₀alkenyl. In another embodiment, R² is —C₁₋₁₀alkoxy-C₂₋₁₀alkynyl. In another embodiment, R² is -heterocyclyl C₁₋₁₀alkyl. In another embodiment, R² is heterocyclylC₂₋₁₀alkenyl. In another embodiment, R² is heterocyclylC₂₋₁₀alkynyl. In another embodiment, R² is aryl-C₂₋₁₀alkyl. In another embodiment, R² is aryl-C₁₋₁₀alkyl. In another embodiment, R² is aryl-C₂₋₁₀alkenyl. In another embodiment, R² is aryl-C₂₋₁₀alkynyl. In another embodiment, R² is aryl-heterocyclyl. In another embodiment, R² is heteroaryl-C₁₋₁₀alkyl. In another embodiment, R² is heteroaryl-C₂₋₁₀alkenyl. In another embodiment, R² is heteroaryl-C₂₋₁₀alkynyl. In another embodiment, R² is heteroaryl-C₃₋₈cycloalkyl. In another embodiment, R² is heteroaryl-heteroalkyl. In another embodiment, R² is heteroaryl-heterocyclyl.

In various embodiments of compounds of Formula I, when R² is bicyclic aryl, monocyclic aryl, heteroaryl, C₁₋₁₀alkyl, C₃₋₈cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, heteroalkyl, C₂₋₁₀alkenyl, C₂₋₁₀alkynyl, monocyclic aryl-C₂₋₁₀alkyl, heterocyclyl C₁₋₁₀alkyl, or C₃₋₈cycloalkyl-C₁₋₁₀alkyl, it is unsubstituted. In various embodiments, when R² is bicyclic aryl, monocyclic aryl, heteroaryl, C₁₋₁₀alkyl, C₃₋₈cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, heteroalkyl, C₂₋₁₀alkenyl, C₂₋₁₀alkynyl, monocyclic aryl-C₂₋₁₀alkyl, heterocyclyl C₁₋₁₀alkyl, or C₃₋₈cycloalkyl-C₁₋₁₀alkyl, it is substituted with one or more independent halo. In another embodiment, when R² is bicyclic aryl, monocyclic aryl, heteroaryl, C₁₋₁₀alkyl, C₃₋₈cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, heteroalkyl, C₂₋₁₀alkenyl, C₂₋₁₀alkynyl, monocyclic aryl-C₂₋₁₀alkyl, heterocyclyl C₁₋₁₀alkyl, or C₃₋₈cycloalkyl-C₁₋₁₀alkyl, it is substituted with one or more independent —OH. In another embodiment, when R² is bicyclic aryl, monocyclic aryl, heteroaryl, C₁₋₁₀alkyl, C₃₋₈cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, heteroalkyl, C₂₋₁₀alkenyl, C₂₋₁₀alkynyl, monocyclic aryl-C₂₋₁₀alkyl, heterocyclyl C₁₋₁₀alkyl, or C₃₋₈cycloalkyl-C₁₋₁₀alkyl, it is substituted with one or more independent —R³¹. In another embodiment, when R² is bicyclic aryl, monocyclic aryl, heteroaryl, C₁₋₁₀alkyl, C₃₋₈cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, heteroalkyl, C₂₋₁₀alkenyl, C₂₋₁₀alkynyl, monocyclic aryl-C₂₋₁₀alkyl, heterocyclyl C₁₋₁₀alkyl, or C₃₋₈cycloalkyl-C₁₋₁₀alkyl, it is substituted with one or more independent —CF₃. In another embodiment, when R² is bicyclic aryl, monocyclic aryl, heteroaryl, C₁₋₁₀alkyl, C₃₋₈cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, heteroalkyl, C₂₋₁₀alkenyl, C₂₋₁₀alkynyl, monocyclic aryl-C₂₋₁₀alkyl, heterocyclyl C₁₋₁₀alkyl, or C₃₋₈cycloalkyl-C₁₋₁₀alkyl, it is substituted with one or more independent —OCF. In another embodiment, when R² is bicyclic aryl, monocyclic aryl, heteroaryl, C₁₋₁₀alkyl, C₃₋₈cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, heteroalkyl, C₂₋₁₀alkenyl, C₂₋₁₀alkynyl, monocyclic aryl-C₂-10alkyl, heterocyclyl C₁₋₁₀alkyl, or C₃₋₈cycloalkyl-C₁₋₁₀alkyl, it is substituted with one or more independent —OR³¹. In another embodiment, when R² is bicyclic aryl, monocyclic aryl, heteroaryl, C₁₋₁₀alkyl, C₃₋₈cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, heteroalkyl, C₂₋₁₀alkenyl, C₂₋₁₀alkynyl, monocyclic aryl-C₂₋₁₀alkyl, heterocyclyl C₁₋₁₀alkyl, or C₃₋₈cycloalkyl-C₁₋₁₀alkyl, it is substituted with one or more independent —NR³¹R³². In another embodiment, when R² is bicyclic aryl, monocyclic aryl, heteroaryl, C₁₋₁₀alkyl, C₃₋₈cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, heteroalkyl, C₂₋₁₀alkenyl, C₂₋₁₀alkynyl, monocyclic aryl-C₂₋₁₀alkyl, heterocyclyl C₁₋₁₀alkyl, or C₃₋₈cycloalkyl-C₁₋₁₀alkyl, it is substituted with one or more independent —NR³⁴R³⁵. In another embodiment, when R⁴ is bicyclic aryl, monocyclic aryl, heteroaryl, C₁₋₁₀alkyl, C₃₋₈cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, heteroalkyl, C₂₋₁₀alkenyl, C₂₋₁₀alkynyl, monocyclic aryl-C₂₋₁₀alkyl, heterocyclyl C₁₋₁₀alkyl, or C₃₋₈cycloalkyl-C₁₋₁₀alkyl, it is substituted with one or more independent —C(O)R³¹. In another embodiment, when R² is bicyclic aryl, monocyclic aryl, heteroaryl, C₁₋₁₀alkyl, C₃₋₈cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, heteroalkyl, C₂₋₁₀alkenyl, C₂₋₁₀alkynyl, monocyclic aryl-C₂₋₁₀alkyl, heterocyclyl C₁₋₁₀alkyl, or C₃₋₈cycloalkyl-C₁₋₁₀alkyl, it is substituted with one or more independent —CO₂R³¹. In another embodiment, when R² is bicyclic aryl, monocyclic aryl, heteroaryl, C₁₋₁₀alkyl, C₃₋₈cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, heteroalkyl, C₂₋₁₀alkenyl, C₂₋₁₀alkynyl, monocyclic aryl-C₂₋₁₀alkyl, heterocyclyl C₁₋₁₀alkyl, or C₃₋₈cycloalkyl-C₁₋₁₀alkyl, it is substituted with one or more independent —C(═O)NR³¹R³². In another embodiment, when R² is bicyclic aryl, monocyclic aryl, heteroaryl, C₁₋₁₀alkyl, C₃₋₈cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, heteroalkyl, C₂₋₁₀alkenyl, C₂₋₁₀alkynyl, monocyclic aryl-C₂₋₁₀alkyl, heterocyclyl C₁₋₁₀alkyl, or C₃₋₈cycloalkyl-C₁₋₁₀alkyl, it is substituted with one or more independent —C(═O)NR³⁴R³⁵. In another embodiment, when R² is bicyclic aryl, monocyclic aryl, heteroaryl, C₁₋₁₀alkyl, C₃₋₈cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, heteroalkyl, C₂₋₁₀alkenyl, C₂₋₁₀alkynyl, monocyclic aryl-C₂₋₁₀alkyl, heterocyclyl C₁₋₁₀alkyl, or C₃₋₈cycloalkyl-C₁₋₁₀alkyl, it is substituted with one or more independent —NO₂. In another embodiment, when R² is bicyclic aryl, monocyclic aryl, heteroaryl, C₁₋₁₀alkyl, C₃₋₈cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, heteroalkyl, C₂₋₁₀alkenyl, C₂₋₁₀alkynyl, monocyclic aryl-C₂₋₁₀alkyl, heterocyclyl C₁₋₁₀alkyl, or C₃₋₈cycloalkyl-C₁₋₁₀alkyl, it is substituted with one or more independent —CN. In another embodiment, when R² is bicyclic aryl, monocyclic aryl, heteroaryl, C₁₋₁₀alkyl, C₃₋₈cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, heteroalkyl, C₂₋₁₀alkenyl, C₂₋₁₀alkynyl, monocyclic aryl-C₂₋₁₀alkyl, heterocyclyl C₁₋₁₀alkyl, or C₃₋₈cycloalkyl-C₁₋₁₀alkyl, it is substituted with one or more independent —S(O)₀₋₂R³¹. In another embodiment, when R² is bicyclic aryl, monocyclic aryl, heteroaryl, C₁₋₁₀alkyl, C₃₋₈cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, heteroalkyl, C₂₋₁₀alkenyl, C₂₋₁₀alkynyl, monocyclic aryl-C₂₋₁₀alkyl, heterocyclyl C₁₋₁₀alkyl, or C₃₋₈cycloalkyl-C₁₋₁₀alkyl, it is substituted with one or more independent —SO₂NR³¹R³². In another embodiment, when R² is bicyclic aryl, monocyclic aryl, heteroaryl, C₁₋₁₀alkyl, C₃₋₈cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, heteroalkyl, C₂₋₁₀alkenyl, C₂₋₁₀alkynyl, monocyclic aryl-C₂₋₁₀alkyl, heterocyclyl C₁₋₁₀alkyl, or C₃₋₈cycloalkyl-C₁₋₁₀alkyl, it is substituted with one or more independent —SO₂NR³⁴R³⁵. In another embodiment, when R² is bicyclic aryl, monocyclic aryl, heteroaryl, C₁₋₁₀alkyl, C₃₋₈cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, heteroalkyl, C₂₋₁₀alkenyl, C₂₋₁₀alkynyl, monocyclic aryl-C₂₋₁₀alkyl, heterocyclyl C₁₋₁₀alkyl, or C₃₋₈cycloalkyl-C₁₋₁₀alkyl, it is substituted with one or more independent NR³¹C(═O)R³². In another embodiment, when R² is bicyclic aryl, monocyclic aryl, heteroaryl, C₁₋₁₀alkyl, C₃₋₈cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, heteroalkyl, C₂₋₁₀alkenyl, C₂₋₁₀alkynyl, monocyclic aryl-C₂₋₁₀alkyl, heterocyclyl C₁₋₁₀alkyl, or C₃₋₈cycloalkyl-C₁₋₁₀alkyl, it is substituted with one or more independent —NR³¹C(═O)OR³². In another embodiment, when R² is bicyclic aryl, monocyclic aryl, heteroaryl, C₁₋₁₀alkyl, C₃₋₈cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, heteroalkyl, C₂₋₁₀alkenyl, C₂₋₁₀alkynyl, monocyclic aryl-C₂₋₁₀alkyl, heterocyclyl C₁₋₁₀alkyl, or C₃₋₈cycloalkyl-C₁₋₁₀alkyl, it is substituted with one or more independent —NR³¹C(═O)NR³²R³³. In another embodiment, when R² is bicyclic aryl, monocyclic aryl, heteroaryl, C₁₋₁₀alkyl, C₃₋₈cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, heteroalkyl, C₂₋₁₀alkenyl, C₂₋₁₀alkynyl, monocyclic aryl-C₂₋₁₀alkyl, heterocyclyl C₁₋₁₀alkyl, or C₃₋₈cycloalkyl-C₁₋₁₀alkyl, it is substituted with one or more independent —NR³¹S(O)₀₋₂R³². In another embodiment, when R² is bicyclic aryl, monocyclic aryl, heteroaryl, C₁₋₁₀alkyl, C₃₋₈cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, heteroalkyl, C₂₋₁₀alkenyl, C₂₋₁₀alkynyl, monocyclic aryl-C₂₋₁₀alkyl, heterocyclyl C₁₋₁₀alkyl, or C₃₋₈cycloalkyl-C₁₋₁₀alkyl, it is substituted with one or more independent —C(═S)OR³¹. In another embodiment, when R² is bicyclic aryl, monocyclic aryl, heteroaryl, C₁₋₁₀alkyl, C₃₋₈cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, heteroalkyl, C₂₋₁₀alkenyl, C₂₋₁₀alkynyl, monocyclic aryl-C₂₋₁₀alkyl, heterocyclyl C₁₋₁₀alkyl, or C₃₋₈cycloalkyl-C₁₋₁₀alkyl, it is substituted with one or more independent —C(═O)SR³¹. In another embodiment, when R² is bicyclic aryl, monocyclic aryl, heteroaryl, C₁₋₁₀alkyl, C₃₋₈cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, heteroalkyl, C₂₋₁₀alkenyl, C₂₋₁₀alkynyl, monocyclic aryl-C₂₋₁₀alkyl, heterocyclyl C₁₋₁₀alkyl, or C₃₋₈cycloalkyl-C₁₋₁₀alkyl, it is substituted with one or more independent —NR³¹C(═NR³²)NR³³R³². In another embodiment, when R² is bicyclic aryl, monocyclic aryl, heteroaryl, C₁₋₁₀alkyl, C₃₋₈cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, heteroalkyl, C₂₋₁₀alkenyl, C₂₋₁₀alkynyl, monocyclic aryl-C₂₋₁₀alkyl, heterocyclyl C₁₋₁₀alkyl, or C₃₋₈cycloalkyl-C₁₋₁₀alkyl, it is substituted with one or more independent, —NR³¹C(═NR³²)OR³³. In another embodiment, when R² is bicyclic aryl, monocyclic aryl, heteroaryl, C₁₋₁₀alkyl, C₃₋₈cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, heteroalkyl, C₂₋₁₀alkenyl, C₂₋₁₀alkynyl, monocyclic aryl-C₂₋₁₀alkyl, heterocyclyl C₁₋₁₀alkyl, or C₃₋₈cycloalkyl-C₁₋₁₀alkyl, it is substituted with one or more independent —NR³¹C(═NR³²)SR³³. In another embodiment, when R² is bicyclic aryl, monocyclic aryl, heteroaryl, C₁₋₁₀alkyl, C₃₋₈cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, heteroalkyl, C₂₋₁₀alkenyl, C₂₋₁₀alkynyl, monocyclic aryl-C₂₋₁₀alkyl, heterocyclyl C₁₋₁₀alkyl, or C₃₋₈cycloalkyl-C₁₋₁₀alkyl, it is substituted with one or more independent —OC(═O)OR³³. In another embodiment, when R² is bicyclic aryl, monocyclic aryl, heteroaryl, C₁₋₁₀alkyl, C₃₋₈cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, heteroalkyl, C₂₋₁₀alkenyl, C₂₋₁₀alkynyl, monocyclic aryl-C₂₋₁₀alkyl, heterocyclyl C₁₋₁₀alkyl, or C₃₋₈cycloalkyl-C₁₋₁₀alkyl, it is substituted with one or more independent —OC(═O)NR³¹R³². In another embodiment, when R² is bicyclic aryl, monocyclic aryl, heteroaryl, C₁₋₁₀alkyl, C₃₋₈cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, heteroalkyl, C₂₋₁₀alkenyl, C₂₋₁₀alkynyl, monocyclic aryl-C₂₋₁₀alkyl, heterocyclyl C₁₋₁₀alkyl, or C₃₋₈cycloalkyl-C₁₋₁₀alkyl, it is substituted with one or more independent —OC(═O)SR³¹. In another embodiment, when R² is bicyclic aryl, monocyclic aryl, heteroaryl, C₁₋₁₀alkyl, C₃₋₈cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, heteroalkyl, C₂₋₁₀alkenyl, C₂₋₁₀alkynyl, monocyclic aryl-C₂₋₁₀alkyl, heterocyclyl C₁₋₁₀alkyl, or C₃₋₈cycloalkyl-C₁₋₁₀alkyl, it is substituted with one or more independent —SC(═O)OR³¹. In another embodiment, when R² is bicyclic aryl, monocyclic aryl, heteroaryl, C₁₋₁₀alkyl, C₃₋₈cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, heteroalkyl, C₂₋₁₀alkenyl, C₂₋₁₀alkynyl, monocyclic aryl-C₂₋₁₀alkyl, heterocyclyl C₁₋₁₀alkyl, or C₃₋₈cycloalkyl-C₁₋₁₀alkyl, it is substituted with one or more independent —P(O)OR³¹OR³². In another embodiment, when R² is bicyclic aryl, monocyclic aryl, heteroaryl, C₁₋₁₀alkyl, C₃₋₈cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, heteroalkyl, C₂₋₁₀alkenyl, C₂₋₁₀alkynyl, monocyclic aryl-C₂₋₁₀alkyl, heterocyclyl C₁₋₁₀alkyl, or C₃₋₈cycloalkyl-C₁₋₁₀alkyl, it is substituted with one or more independent —SC(═O)NR³¹R³². In another embodiment, when R² is bicyclic aryl, monocyclic aryl, heteroaryl, C₁₋₁₀alkyl, C₃₋₈cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, heteroalkyl, C₂₋₁₀alkenyl, C₂₋₁₀alkynyl, monocyclic aryl-C₂₋₁₀alkyl, heterocyclyl C₁₋₁₀alkyl, or C₃₋₈cycloalkyl-C₁₋₁₀alkyl, it is substituted with one or more independent alkyl. In another embodiment, when R² is bicyclic aryl, monocyclic aryl, heteroaryl, C₁₋₁₀alkyl, C₃₋₈cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, heteroalkyl, C₂₋₁₀alkenyl, C₂₋₁₀alkynyl, monocyclic aryl-C₂₋₁₀alkyl, heterocyclyl C₁₋₁₀alkyl, or C₃₋₈cycloalkyl-C₁₋₁₀alkyl, it is substituted with one or more independent heteroalkyl. In another embodiment, when R² is bicyclic aryl, monocyclic aryl, heteroaryl, C₁₋₁₀alkyl, C₃₋₈cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, heteroalkyl, C₂₋₁₀alkenyl, C₂₋₁₀alkynyl, monocyclic aryl-C₂₋₁₀alkyl, heterocyclyl C₁₋₁₀alkyl, or C₃₋₈cycloalkyl-C₁₋₁₀alkyl, it is substituted with one or more independent alkenyl. In another embodiment, when R² is bicyclic aryl, monocyclic aryl, heteroaryl, C₁₋₁₀alkyl, C₃₋₈cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, heteroalkyl, C₂₋₁₀alkenyl, C₂₋₁₀alkynyl, monocyclic aryl-C₂₋₁₀alkyl, heterocyclyl C₁₋₁₀alkyl, or C₃₋₈cycloalkyl-C₁₋₁₀alkyl, it is substituted with one or more independent alkynyl. In another embodiment, when R² is bicyclic aryl, monocyclic aryl, heteroaryl, C₁₋₁₀alkyl, C₃₋₈cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, heteroalkyl, C₂₋₁₀alkenyl, C₂₋₁₀alkynyl, monocyclic aryl-C₂₋₁₀alkyl, heterocyclyl C₁₋₁₀alkyl, or C₃₋₈cycloalkyl-C₁₋₁₀alkyl, it is substituted with one or more independent cycloalkyl. In another embodiment, when R² is bicyclic aryl, monocyclic aryl, heteroaryl, C₁₋₁₀alkyl, C₃₋₈cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, heteroalkyl, C₂₋₁₀alkenyl, C₂₋₁₀alkynyl, monocyclic aryl-C₂₋₁₀alkyl, heterocyclyl C₁₋₁₀alkyl, or C₃₋₈cycloalkyl-C₁₋₁₀alkyl, it is substituted with one or more independent heterocycloalkyl. In another embodiment, when R² is bicyclic aryl, monocyclic aryl, heteroaryl, C₁₋₁₀alkyl, C₃₋₈cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, heteroalkyl, C₂₋₁₀alkenyl, C₂₋₁₀alkynyl, monocyclic aryl-C₂₋₁₀alkyl, heterocyclyl C₁₋₁₀alkyl, or C₃₋₈cycloalkyl-C₁₋₁₀alkyl, it is substituted with one or more independent aryl. In another embodiment, when R² is bicyclic aryl, monocyclic aryl, heteroaryl, C₁₋₁₀alkyl, C₃₋₈cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, heteroalkyl, C₂₋₁₀alkenyl, C₂₋₁₀alkynyl, monocyclic aryl-C₂₋₁₀alkyl, heterocyclyl C₁₋₁₀alkyl, or C₃₋₈cycloalkyl-C₁₋₁₀alkyl, it is substituted with one or more independent arylalkyl. In another embodiment, when R² is bicyclic aryl, monocyclic aryl, heteroaryl, C₁₋₁₀alkyl, C₃₋₈cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, heteroalkyl, C₂₋₁₀alkenyl, C₂₋₁₀alkynyl, monocyclic aryl-C₂₋₁₀alkyl, heterocyclyl C₁₋₁₀alkyl, or C₃₋₈cycloalkyl-C₁₋₁₀alkyl, it is substituted with one or more independent heteroaryl. In another embodiment, when R² is bicyclic aryl, monocyclic aryl, heteroaryl, C₁₋₁₀alkyl, C₃₋₈cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, heteroalkyl, C₂₋₁₀alkenyl, C₂₋₁₀alkynyl, monocyclic aryl-C₂₋₁₀alkyl, heterocyclyl C₁₋₁₀alkyl, or C₃₋₈cycloalkyl-C₁₋₁₀alkyl, it is substituted with one or more independent heteroarylalkyl.

In various embodiments of compounds of Formula I, R³ is hydrogen. In another embodiment, R³ is halogen. In another embodiment, R³ is —OH. In another embodiment, R³ is —R³¹. In another embodiment, R³ is —CF₃. In another embodiment, R³ is —OCF₃. In another embodiment, R³ is —OR³¹. In another embodiment, R³ is —NR³¹R³². In another embodiment, R³ is —NR³⁴R³⁵. In another embodiment, R³ is —C(O)R³¹. In another embodiment, R³ is —CO₂R³¹. In another embodiment, R³ is —C(═O)NR³¹R³². In another embodiment, R³ is —C(═O)NR³⁴R³⁵. In another embodiment, R³ is —NO₂. In another embodiment, R³ is —CN. In another embodiment, R³ is —S(O)₀₋₂R³. In another embodiment, R³ is —SO₂NR³¹R³². In another embodiment, R³ is —SO₂NR³⁴R³⁵. In another embodiment, R³ is —NR³¹C(═O)R³². In another embodiment, R³ is —NR³¹C(═O)OR³². In another embodiment, R³ is —NR³¹C(═O)NR³²R³. In another embodiment, R³ is —NR³¹S(O)₀₋₂R³². In another embodiment, R³ is —C(═S)OR³¹. In another embodiment, R³ is —C(═O)SR³¹. In another embodiment, R³ is —NR³¹C(═NR³²)NR³³R³². In another embodiment, R³ is —NR³¹C(═NR³²)OR³³. In another embodiment, R³ is —NR³¹C(═NR³²)SR³³. In another embodiment, R³ is —OC(═O)OR³³. In another embodiment, R³ is —OC(═O)NR³¹R³². In another embodiment, R³ is —OC(═O)SR³¹. In another embodiment, R³ is —SC(═O)OR³¹. In another embodiment, R³ is —P(O)OR³¹OR³². In another embodiment, R³ is —SC(═O)NR³¹R³². In another embodiment, R³ is aryl. In another embodiment, R² is heteroaryl. In another embodiment, R³ is C₁₋₄alkyl. In another embodiment, R³ is C₁₋₁₀alkyl. In another embodiment, R³ is C₃₋₈cycloalkyl. In another embodiment, R³ is C₃₋₈cycloalkyl-C₁₋₁₀alkyl. In another embodiment, R³ is —C₁₋₁₀alkyl —C₃₋₈cycloalkyl. In another embodiment, R³ is C₂₋₁₀alkyl-monocyclic aryl. In another embodiment, R³ is monocyclic aryl-C₂₋₁₀alkyl. In another embodiment, R³ is C₁₋₁₀alkyl-bicyclicaryl. In another embodiment, R³ is bicyclicaryl-C₁₋₁₀alkyl. In another embodiment, R³ is C₁₋₁₀alkylheteroaryl. In another embodiment, R³ is C₁₋₁₀alkylheterocyclyl. In another embodiment, R³ is C₂₋₁₀alkenyl. In another embodiment, R³ is C₂₋₁₀alkynyl. In another embodiment, R³ is C₂₋₁₀alkenylaryl. In another embodiment, R³ is C₂₋₁₀alkenylheteroaryl. In another embodiment, R³ is C₂₋₁₀alkenylheteroalkyl. In another embodiment, R³ is C₂₋₁₀alkenylheterocyclcyl. In another embodiment, R³ is —C₂₋₁₀alkynylaryl. In another embodiment, R³ is —C₂₋₁₀alkynylheteroaryl. In another embodiment, R³ is —C₂₋₁₀alkynylheteroalkyl. In another embodiment, R³ is C₂₋₁₀alkynylheterocyclyl. In another embodiment, R³ is —C₂₋₁₀alkynylC₃₋₈cycloalkyl. In another embodiment, R³ is C₂₋₁₀alkynylC₃₋₈cycloalkenyl. In another embodiment, R³ is —C₁₋₁₀alkoxy-C₁₋₁₀alkyl. In another embodiment, R³ is C₁₋₁₀alkoxy-C₂₋₁₀alkenyl. In another embodiment, R³ is —C₁₋₁₀alkoxy-C₂₋₁₀alkynyl. In another embodiment, R³ is heterocyclyl-C₁₋₁₀alkyl. In another embodiment, R³ is -heterocyclylC₂₋₁₀alkenyl. In another embodiment, R³ is heterocyclyl-C₂₋₁₀alkynyl. In another embodiment, R³ is aryl-C₁₋₁₀alkyl. In another embodiment, R³ is aryl-C₂₋₁₀alkenyl. In another embodiment, R³ is aryl-C₂₋₁₀alkynyl. In another embodiment, R³ is aryl-heterocyclyl. In another embodiment, R³ is heteroaryl-C₁₋₁₀alkyl. In another embodiment, R³ is heteroaryl-C₂₋₁₀alkenyl. In another embodiment, R³ is heteroaryl-C₂₋₁₀alkynyl. In another embodiment, R³ is heteroaryl-C₃₋₈cycloalkyl. In another embodiment, R³ is heteroaryl-heteroalkyl. In another embodiment, R³ is heteroaryl-heterocyclyl.

In various embodiments of compounds of Formula I, when R³ is aryl, heteroaryl, C₁₋₁₀alkyl, C₃₋₈cycloalkyl, C₃₋₈cycloalkyl-C₁₋₁₀alkyl, heterocyclyl, heterocyclyl C₁₋₁₀alkyl, or heteroalkyl, it is unsubstituted. In another embodiment, when R³ is aryl, heteroaryl, C₁₋₁₀alkyl, C₃₋₈cycloalkyl, C₃₋₈cycloalkyl-C₁₋₁₀alkyl, heterocyclyl, heterocyclyl C₁₋₁₀alkyl, or heteroalkyl, it is substituted with one or more independent halo. In another embodiment, when R³ is aryl, heteroaryl, C₁₋₁₀alkyl, C₃₋₈cycloalkyl, C₃₋₈cycloalkyl-C₁₋₁₀alkyl, heterocyclyl, heterocyclyl C₁₋₁₀alkyl, or heteroalkyl, it is substituted with one or more independent —OH. In another embodiment, when R³ is aryl, heteroaryl, C₁₋₁₀alkyl, C₃₋₈cycloalkyl, C₃₋₈cycloalkyl-C₁₋₁₀alkyl, heterocyclyl, heterocyclyl C₁₋₁₀alkyl, or heteroalkyl, it is substituted with one or more independent —R³¹. In another embodiment, when R³ is aryl, heteroaryl, C₁₋₁₀alkyl, C₃₋₈cycloalkyl, C₃₋₈cycloalkyl-C₁₋₁₀alkyl, heterocyclyl, heterocyclyl C₁₋₁₀alkyl, or heteroalkyl, it is substituted with one or more independent —CF₃. In another embodiment, when R³ is aryl, heteroaryl, C₁₋₁₀alkyl, C₃₋₈cycloalkyl, C₃₋₈cycloalkyl-C₁₋₁₀alkyl, heterocyclyl, heterocyclyl C₁₋₁₀alkyl, or heteroalkyl, it is substituted with one or more independent —OCF. In another embodiment, when R³ is aryl, heteroaryl, C₁₋₁₀alkyl, C₃₋₈cycloalkyl, C₃₋₈cycloalkyl-C₁₋₁₀alkyl, heterocyclyl, heterocyclyl C₁₋₁₀alkyl, or heteroalkyl, it is substituted with one or more independent —OR³¹. In another embodiment, when R³ is aryl, heteroaryl, C₁₋₁₀alkyl, C₃₋₈cycloalkyl, C₃₋₈cycloalkyl-C₁₋₁₀alkyl, heterocyclyl, heterocyclyl C₁₋₁₀alkyl, or heteroalkyl, it is substituted with one or more independent —NR³¹R³². In another embodiment, when R³ is aryl, heteroaryl, C₁₋₁₀alkyl, C₃₋₈cycloalkyl, C₃₋₈cycloalkyl-C₁₋₁₀alkyl, heterocyclyl, heterocyclyl C₁₋₁₀alkyl, or heteroalkyl, it is substituted with one or more independent —NR³⁴R³⁵. In another embodiment, when R³ is aryl, heteroaryl, C₁₋₁₀alkyl, C₃₋₈cycloalkyl, C₃₋₈cycloalkyl-C₁₋₁₀alkyl, heterocyclyl, heterocyclyl C₁₋₁₀alkyl, or heteroalkyl, it is substituted with one or more independent —C(O)R³¹. In another embodiment, when R³ is aryl, heteroaryl, C₁₋₁₀alkyl, C₃₋₈cycloalkyl, C₃₋₈cycloalkyl-C₁₋₁₀alkyl, heterocyclyl, heterocyclyl C₁₋₁₀alkyl, or heteroalkyl, it is substituted with one or more independent —CO₂R³¹. In another embodiment, when R³ is aryl, heteroaryl, C₁₋₁₀alkyl, C₃₋₈cycloalkyl, C₃₋₈cycloalkyl-C₁₋₁₀alkyl, heterocyclyl, heterocyclyl C₁₋₁₀alkyl, or heteroalkyl, it is substituted with one or more independent —C(═O)NR³¹R³². In another embodiment, when R³ is aryl, heteroaryl, C₁₋₁₀alkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, heteroalkyl, C₂₋₁₀alkenyl, C₂₋₁₀alkynyl, aryl-C₂₋₁₀alkyl, heterocyclyl C₁₋₁₀alkyl, or C₃₋₈cycloalkyl-C₁₋₁₀alkyl, it is substituted with one or more independent —C(═O)NR³⁴R³. In another embodiment, when R³ is aryl, heteroaryl, C₁₋₁₀alkyl, C₃₋₈cycloalkyl, C₃₋₈cycloalkyl-C₁₋₁₀alkyl, heterocyclyl, heterocyclyl C₁₋₁₀alkyl, or heteroalkyl, it is substituted with one or more independent —NO₂. In another embodiment, when R³ is aryl, heteroaryl, C₁₋₁₀alkyl, C₃₋₈cycloalkyl, C₃₋₈cycloalkyl-C₁₋₁₀alkyl, heterocyclyl, heterocyclyl C₁₋₁₀alkyl, or heteroalkyl, it is substituted with one or more independent —CN. In another embodiment, when R³ is aryl, heteroaryl, C₁₋₁₀alkyl, C₃₋₈cycloalkyl, C₃₋₈cycloalkyl-C₁₋₁₀alkyl, heterocyclyl, heterocyclyl C₁₋₁₀alkyl, or heteroalkyl, it is substituted with one or more independent —S(O)₀₋₂R³¹. In another embodiment, when R³ is aryl, heteroaryl, C₁₋₁₀alkyl, C₃₋₈cycloalkyl, C₃₋₈cycloalkyl-C₁₋₁₀alkyl, heterocyclyl, heterocyclyl C₁₋₁₀alkyl, or heteroalkyl, it is substituted with one or more independent —SO₂NR³¹R³². In another embodiment, when R³ is aryl, heteroaryl, C₁₋₁₀alkyl, C₃₋₈cycloalkyl, C₃₋₈cycloalkyl-C₁₋₁₀alkyl, heterocyclyl, heterocyclyl C₁₋₁₀alkyl, or heteroalkyl, it is substituted with one or more independent —SO₂NR³⁴R³⁵. In another embodiment, when R³ is aryl, heteroaryl, C₁₋₁₀alkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, heteroalkyl, C₂₋₁₀alkenyl, C₂₋₁₀alkynyl, aryl-C₂₋₁₀alkyl, heterocyclyl C₁₋₁₀alkyl, or C₃₋₈cycloalkyl-C₁₋₁₀alkyl, it is substituted with one or more independent NR³¹C(═O)R³². In another embodiment, when R³ is aryl, heteroaryl, C₁₋₁₀alkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, heteroalkyl, C₂₋₁₀alkenyl, C₂₋₁₀alkynyl, aryl-C₂₋₁₀alkyl, heterocyclyl C₁₋₁₀alkyl, or C₃₋₈cycloalkyl-C₁₋₁₀alkyl, it is substituted with one or more independent —NR³¹C(═O)OR³². In another embodiment, when R³ is aryl, heteroaryl, C₁₋₁₀alkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, heteroalkyl, C₂₋₁₀alkenyl, C₂₋₁₀alkynyl, aryl-C₂₋₁₀alkyl, heterocyclyl C₁₋₁₀alkyl, or C₃₋₈cycloalkyl-C₁₋₁₀alkyl, it is substituted with one or more independent —NR³¹C(═O)NR³²R³. In another embodiment, when R³ is aryl, heteroaryl, C₁₋₁₀alkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, heteroalkyl, C₂₋₁₀alkenyl, C₂₋₁₀alkynyl, aryl-C₂₋₁₀alkyl, heterocyclyl C₁₋₁₀alkyl, or C₃₋₈cycloalkyl-C₁₋₁₀alkyl, it is substituted with one or more independent —NR³¹S(O)₀₋₂R³². In another embodiment, when R³ is aryl, heteroaryl, C₁₋₁₀alkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, heteroalkyl, C₂₋₁₀alkenyl, C₂₋₁₀alkynyl, aryl-C₂₋₁₀alkyl, heterocyclyl C₁₋₁₀alkyl, or C₃₋₈cycloalkyl-C₁₋₁₀alkyl, it is substituted with one or more independent —C(═S)OR³¹. In another embodiment, when R³ is aryl, heteroaryl, C₁₋₁₀alkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, heteroalkyl, C₂₋₁₀alkenyl, C₂₋₁₀alkynyl, aryl-C₂₋₁₀alkyl, heterocyclyl C₁₋₁₀alkyl, or C₃₋₈cycloalkyl-C₁₋₁₀alkyl, it is substituted with one or more independent —C(═O)SR³¹. In another embodiment, when R³ is aryl, heteroaryl, C₁₋₁₀alkyl, C₃₋₈cycloalkyl, C₃₋₈cycloalkyl-C₁₋₁₀alkyl, heterocyclyl, heterocyclyl C₁₋₁₀alkyl, or heteroalkyl, it is substituted with one or more independent —NR³¹C(═NR³²)NR³³R³². In another embodiment, when R³ is aryl, heteroaryl, C₁₋₁₀alkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, heteroalkyl, C₂₋₁₀alkenyl, C₂₋₁₀alkynyl, aryl-C₂₋₁₀alkyl, heterocyclyl C₁₋₁₀alkyl, or C₃₋₈cycloalkyl-C₁₋₁₀alkyl, it is substituted with one or more independent, —NR³¹C(═NR³²)OR³³. In another embodiment, when R³ is aryl, heteroaryl, C₁₋₁₀alkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, heteroalkyl, C₂₋₁₀alkenyl, C₂₋₁₀alkynyl, aryl-C₂₋₁₀alkyl, heterocyclyl C₁₋₁₀alkyl, or C₃₋₈cycloalkyl-C₁₋₁₀alkyl, it is substituted with one or more independent —NR³¹C(═NR³²)SR³³. In another embodiment, when R³ is aryl, heteroaryl, C₁₋₁₀alkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, heteroalkyl, C₂₋₁₀alkenyl, C₂₋₁₀alkynyl, aryl-C₂₋₁₀alkyl, heterocyclyl C₁₋₁₀alkyl, or C₃₋₈cycloalkyl-C₁₋₁₀alkyl, it is substituted with one or more independent —OC(═O)OR³³. In another embodiment, when R³ is aryl, heteroaryl, C₁₋₁₀alkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, heteroalkyl, C₂₋₁₀alkenyl, C₂₋₁₀alkynyl, aryl-C₂₋₁₀alkyl, heterocyclyl C₁₋₁₀alkyl, or C₃₋₈cycloalkyl-C₁₋₁₀alkyl, it is substituted with one or more independent —OC(═O)NR³¹R³². In another embodiment, when R³ is aryl, heteroaryl, C₁₋₁₀alkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, heteroalkyl, C₂₋₁₀alkenyl, C₂₋₁₀alkynyl, aryl-C₂₋₁₀alkyl, heterocyclyl C₁₋₁₀alkyl, or C₃₋₈cycloalkyl-C₁₋₁₀alkyl, it is substituted with one or more independent —OC(═O)SR³¹. In another embodiment, when R³ is aryl, heteroaryl, C₁₋₁₀alkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, heteroalkyl, C₂₋₁₀alkenyl, C₂₋₁₀alkynyl, aryl-C₂₋₁₀alkyl, heterocyclyl C₁₋₁₀alkyl, or C₃₋₈cycloalkyl-C₁₋₁₀alkyl, it is substituted with one or more independent —SC(═O)OR³¹. In another embodiment, when R³ is aryl, heteroaryl, C₁₋₁₀alkyl, C₃₋₈cycloalkyl, C₃₋₈cycloalkyl-C₁₋₁₀alkyl, heterocyclyl, heterocyclyl C₁₋₁₀alkyl, or heteroalkyl, it is substituted with one or more independent —P(O)OR³¹OR³². In another embodiment, when R³ is aryl, heteroaryl, C₁₋₁₀alkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, heteroalkyl, C₂₋₁₀alkenyl, C₂₋₁₀alkynyl, aryl-C₂₋₁₀alkyl, heterocyclyl C₁₋₁₀alkyl, or C₃₋₈cycloalkyl-C₁₋₁₀alkyl, it is substituted with one or more independent —SC(═O)NR³¹R³².

In various embodiments of compounds of Formula I, R⁴ is hydrogen. In another embodiment, R⁴ is halogen. In another embodiment, R⁴ is —OH. In another embodiment, R⁴ is —R³¹. In another embodiment, R⁴ is —CF₃. In another embodiment, R⁴ is —OCF₃. In another embodiment, R⁴ is —OR³¹. In another embodiment, R⁴ is —NR³¹R³². In another embodiment, R⁴ is —NR³⁴R³⁵. In another embodiment, R⁴ is —C(O)R³¹. In another embodiment, R⁴ is —CO₂R³¹. In another embodiment, R⁴ is —C(═O)NR³¹R³². In another embodiment, R⁴ is —C(═O)NR³⁴R³⁵. In another embodiment, R⁴ is —NO₂. In another embodiment, R⁴ is —CN. In another embodiment, R⁴ is —S(O)₀₋₂R³. In another embodiment, R⁴ is —SO₂NR³¹R³². In another embodiment, R⁴ is —SO₂NR³⁴R³⁵. In another embodiment, R⁴ is —NR³¹C(═O)R³². In another embodiment, R⁴ is —NR³¹C(═O)OR³². In another embodiment, R⁴ is —NR³¹C(═O)NR³²R³³. In another embodiment, R⁴ is —NR³¹S(O)₀₋₂R³². In another embodiment, R⁴ is —C(═S)OR³¹. In another embodiment, R⁴ is —C(═O)SR³¹. In another embodiment, R⁴ is —NR³¹C(═R³ 2)NR³³R³². In another embodiment, R⁴ is —NR³¹C(═NR³²)OR³³. In another embodiment, R⁴ is —NR³¹C(═NR³²)SR³³. In another embodiment, R⁴ is —OC(═O)OR³³. In another embodiment, R⁴ is —OC(═O)NR³¹R³². In another embodiment, R⁴ is —OC(═O)SR³¹. In another embodiment, R⁴ is —SC(═O)OR³¹. In another embodiment, R⁴ is —P(O)OR³¹OR³². In another embodiment, R⁴ is —SC(═O)NR³¹R³². In another embodiment, R⁴ is aryl. In another embodiment, R⁴ is heteroaryl. In another embodiment, R⁴ is C₁₋₄alkyl. In another embodiment, R⁴ is C₁₋₁₀alkyl. In another embodiment, R⁴ is C₃₋₈cycloalkyl. In another embodiment, R⁴ is C₁₋₁₀alkyl-C₃₋₈cycloalkyl. In another embodiment, R⁴ is C₁₋₁₀alkylaryl. In another embodiment, R⁴ is C₁₋₁₀alkylheteroaryl. In another embodiment, R⁴ is C₁₋₁₀alkylheterocyclyl. In another embodiment, R⁴ is C₂₋₁₀alkenyl. In another embodiment, R⁴ is C₂₋₁₀alkynyl. In another embodiment, R⁴ is C₂₋₁₀alkynyl-C₃₋₈cycloalkyl. R⁴ is C₂₋₁₀alkenyl-C₃₋₈cycloalkyl. In another embodiment, R⁴ is C₂₋₁₀alkenylaryl. In another embodiment, R⁴ is C₂₋₁₀alkenyl-heteroaryl. In another embodiment, R⁴ is C₂₋₁₀alkenylheteroalkyl. In another embodiment, R⁴ is C₂₋₁₀alkenylheterocyclcyl. In another embodiment, R⁴ is —C₂₋₁₀alkynylaryl. In another embodiment, R⁴ is C₂₋₁₀alkynylheteroaryl. In another embodiment, R⁴ is C₂₋₁₀alkynylheteroalkyl. In another embodiment, R⁴ is C₂₋₁₀alkynylheterocyclyl. In another embodiment, R⁴ is C₂₋₁₀alkynylC₃₋₈cycloalkyl. In another embodiment, R⁴ is heterocyclyl C₁₋₁₀alkyl. In another embodiment, R⁴ is heterocyclylC₂₋₁₀alkenyl. In another embodiment, R⁴ is heterocyclyl-C₂₋₁₀alkynyl. In another embodiment, R⁴ is aryl-C₁₋₁₀alkyl. In another embodiment, R⁴ is aryl-C₂₋₁₀alkenyl. In another embodiment, R⁴ is aryl-C₂₋₁₀alkynyl. In another embodiment, R⁴ is aryl-heterocyclyl. In another embodiment, R⁴ is heteroaryl-C₁₋₁₀alkyl. In another embodiment, R⁴ is heteroaryl-C₂₋₁₀alkenyl. In another embodiment, R⁴ is heteroaryl-C₂₋₁₀alkynyl. In another embodiment, R⁴ is C₃₋₈cycloalkyl-C₁₋₁₀alkyl. In another embodiment, R⁴ is C₃₋₈cycloalkyl-C₂₋₁₀alkenyl. In another embodiment, R⁴ is C₃₋₈cycloalkyl-C₂₋₁₀alkynyl.

In various embodiments of compounds of Formula I, when R⁴ is aryl, heteroaryl, C₁₋₁₀alkyl, C₃₋₈cycloalkyl, C₃₋₈cycloalkyl-C₁₋₁₀alkyl, heterocyclyl, heterocyclyl C₁₋₁₀alkyl, or heteroalkyl, it is unsubstituted. In another embodiment, when R⁴ is aryl, heteroaryl, C₁₋₁₀alkyl, C₃₋₈cycloalkyl, C₃₋₈cycloalkyl-C₁₋₁₀alkyl, heterocyclyl, heterocyclyl C₁₋₁₀alkyl, or heteroalkyl, it is substituted with one or more independent halo. In another embodiment, when R⁴ is aryl, heteroaryl, C₁₋₁₀alkyl, C₃₋₈cycloalkyl, C₃₋₈cycloalkyl-C₁₋₁₀alkyl, heterocyclyl, heterocyclyl C₁₋₁₀alkyl, or heteroalkyl, it is substituted with one or more independent —OH. In another embodiment, when R⁴ is aryl, heteroaryl, C₁₋₁₀alkyl, C₃₋₈cycloalkyl, C₃₋₈cycloalkyl-C₁₋₁₀alkyl, heterocyclyl, heterocyclyl C₁₋₁₀alkyl, or heteroalkyl, it is substituted with one or more independent —R³¹. In another embodiment, when R⁴ is aryl, heteroaryl, C₁₋₁₀alkyl, C₃₋₈cycloalkyl, C₃₋₈cycloalkyl-C₁₋₁₀alkyl, heterocyclyl, heterocyclyl C₁₋₁₀alkyl, or heteroalkyl, it is substituted with one or more independent —CF₃. In another embodiment, when R⁴ is aryl, heteroaryl, C₁₋₁₀alkyl, C₃₋₈cycloalkyl, C₃₋₈cycloalkyl-C₁₋₁₀alkyl, heterocyclyl, heterocyclyl C₁₋₁₀alkyl, or heteroalkyl, it is substituted with one or more independent —OCF. In another embodiment, when R⁴ is aryl, heteroaryl, C₁₋₁₀alkyl, C₃₋₈cycloalkyl, C₃₋₈cycloalkyl-C₁₋₁₀alkyl, heterocyclyl, heterocyclyl C₁₋₁₀alkyl, or heteroalkyl, it is substituted with one or more independent —OR³¹. In another embodiment, when R⁴ is aryl, heteroaryl, C₁₋₁₀alkyl, C₃₋₈cycloalkyl, C₃₋₈cycloalkyl-C₁₋₁₀alkyl, heterocyclyl, heterocyclyl C₁₋₁₀alkyl, or heteroalkyl, it is substituted with one or more independent —NR³¹R³². In another embodiment, when R⁴ is aryl, heteroaryl, C₁₋₁₀alkyl, C₃₋₈cycloalkyl, C₃₋₈cycloalkyl-C₁₋₁₀alkyl, heterocyclyl, heterocyclyl C₁₋₁₀alkyl, or heteroalkyl, it is substituted with one or more independent —NR³⁴R³⁵. In another embodiment, when R⁴ is aryl, heteroaryl, C₁₋₁₀alkyl, C₃₋₈cycloalkyl, C₃₋₈cycloalkyl-C₁₋₁₀alkyl, heterocyclyl, heterocyclyl C₁₋₁₀alkyl, or heteroalkyl, it is substituted with one or more independent —C(O)R³¹. In another embodiment, when R⁴ is aryl, heteroaryl, C₁₋₁₀alkyl, C₃₋₈cycloalkyl, C₃₋₈cycloalkyl-C₁₋₁₀alkyl, heterocyclyl, heterocyclyl C₁₋₁₀alkyl, or heteroalkyl, it is substituted with one or more independent —CO₂R³¹. In another embodiment, when R⁴ is aryl, heteroaryl, C₁₋₁₀alkyl, C₃₋₈cycloalkyl, C₃₋₈cycloalkyl-C₁₋₁₀alkyl, heterocyclyl, heterocyclyl C₁₋₁₀alkyl, or heteroalkyl, it is substituted with one or more independent —C(═O)NR³¹R³². In another embodiment, when R⁴ is aryl, heteroaryl, C₁₋₁₀alkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, heteroalkyl, C₂₋₁₀alkenyl, C₂₋₁₀alkynyl, aryl-C₂₋₁₀alkyl, heterocyclyl C₁₋₁₀alkyl, or C₃₋₈cycloalkyl-C₁₋₁₀alkyl, it is substituted with one or more independent —C(═O)NR³⁴R³⁵. In another embodiment, when R⁴ is aryl, heteroaryl, C₁₋₁₀alkyl, C₃₋₈cycloalkyl, C₃₋₈cycloalkyl-C₁₋₁₀alkyl, heterocyclyl, heterocyclyl C₁₋₁₀alkyl, or heteroalkyl, it is substituted with one or more independent —NO₂. In another embodiment, when R⁴ is aryl, heteroaryl, C₁₋₁₀alkyl, C₃₋₈cycloalkyl, C₃₋₈cycloalkyl-C₁₋₁₀alkyl, heterocyclyl, heterocyclyl C₁₋₁₀alkyl, or heteroalkyl, it is substituted with one or more independent —CN. In another embodiment, when R⁴ is aryl, heteroaryl, C₁₋₁₀alkyl, C₃₋₈cycloalkyl, C₃₋₈cycloalkyl-C₁₋₁₀alkyl, heterocyclyl, heterocyclyl C₁₋₁₀alkyl, or heteroalkyl, it is substituted with one or more independent —S(O)₀₋₂R³¹. In another embodiment, when R⁴ is aryl, heteroaryl, C₁₋₁₀alkyl, C₃₋₈cycloalkyl, C₃₋₈cycloalkyl-C₁₋₁₀alkyl, heterocyclyl, heterocyclyl C₁₋₁₀alkyl, or heteroalkyl, it is substituted with one or more independent —SO₂NR³¹R³². In another embodiment, when R⁴ is aryl, heteroaryl, C₁₋₁₀alkyl, C₃₋₈cycloalkyl, C₃₋₈cycloalkyl-C₁₋₁₀alkyl, heterocyclyl, heterocyclyl C₁₋₁₀alkyl, or heteroalkyl, it is substituted with one or more independent —SO₂NR³⁴R³⁵. In another embodiment, when R⁴ is aryl, heteroaryl, C₁₋₁₀alkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, heteroalkyl, C₂₋₁₀alkenyl, C₂₋₁₀alkynyl, aryl-C₂₋₁₀alkyl, heterocyclyl C₁₋₁₀alkyl, or C₃₋₈cycloalkyl-C₁₋₁₀alkyl, it is substituted with one or more independent NR³¹C(═O)R³². In another embodiment, when R⁴ is aryl, heteroaryl, C₁₋₁₀alkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, heteroalkyl, C₂₋₁₀alkenyl, C₂₋₁₀alkynyl, aryl-C₂₋₁₀alkyl, heterocyclyl C₁₋₁₀alkyl, or C₃₋₈cycloalkyl-C₁₋₁₀alkyl, it is substituted with one or more independent —NR³¹C(═O)OR³². In another embodiment, when R⁴ is aryl, heteroaryl, C₁₋₁₀alkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, heteroalkyl, C₂₋₁₀alkenyl, C₂₋₁₀alkynyl, aryl-C₂₋₁₀alkyl, heterocyclyl C₁₋₁₀alkyl, or C₃₋₈cycloalkyl-C₁₋₁₀alkyl, it is substituted with one or more independent —NR³¹C(═O)NR³²R³³. In another embodiment, when R⁴ is aryl, heteroaryl, C₁₋₁₀alkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, heteroalkyl, C₂₋₁₀alkenyl, C₂₋₁₀alkynyl, aryl-C₂₋₁₀alkyl, heterocyclyl C₁₋₁₀alkyl, or C₃₋₈cycloalkyl-C₁₋₁₀alkyl, it is substituted with one or more independent —NR³¹S(O)₀₋₂R³². In another embodiment, when R⁴ is aryl, heteroaryl, C₁₋₁₀alkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, heteroalkyl, C₂₋₁₀alkenyl, C₂₋₁₀alkynyl, aryl-C₂₋₁₀alkyl, heterocyclyl C₁₋₁₀alkyl, or C₃₋₈cycloalkyl-C₁₋₁₀alkyl, it is substituted with one or more independent —C(═S)OR³¹. In another embodiment, when R⁴ is aryl, heteroaryl, C₁₋₁₀alkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, heteroalkyl, C₂₋₁₀alkenyl, C₂₋₁₀alkynyl, aryl-C₂₋₁₀alkyl, heterocyclyl C₁₋₁₀alkyl, or C₃₋₈cycloalkyl-C₁₋₁₀alkyl, it is substituted with one or more independent —C(═O)SR³¹. In another embodiment, when R⁴ is aryl, heteroaryl, C₁₋₁₀alkyl, C₃₋₈cycloalkyl, C₃₋₈cycloalkyl-C₁₋₁₀alkyl, heterocyclyl, heterocyclyl C₁₋₁₀alkyl, or heteroalkyl, it is substituted with one or more independent —NR³¹C(═NR³²)NR³³R³². In another embodiment, when R⁴ is aryl, heteroaryl, C₁₋₁₀alkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, heteroalkyl, C₂₋₁₀alkenyl, C₂₋₁₀alkynyl, aryl-C₂₋₁₀alkyl, heterocyclyl C₁₋₁₀alkyl, or C₃₋₈cycloalkyl-C₁₋₁₀alkyl, it is substituted with one or more independent, —NR³¹C(═NR³²)OR³³. In another embodiment, when R⁴ is aryl, heteroaryl, C₁₋₁₀alkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, heteroalkyl, C₂₋₁₀alkenyl, C₂₋₁₀alkynyl, aryl-C₂₋₁₀alkyl, heterocyclyl C₁₋₁₀alkyl, or C₃₋₈cycloalkyl-C₁₋₁₀alkyl, it is substituted with one or more independent —NR³¹C(═NR³²)SR³³. In another embodiment, when R⁴ is aryl, heteroaryl, C₁₋₁₀alkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, heteroalkyl, C₂₋₁₀alkenyl, C₂₋₁₀alkynyl, aryl-C₂₋₁₀alkyl, heterocyclyl C₁₋₁₀alkyl, or C₃₋₈cycloalkyl-C₁₋₁₀alkyl, it is substituted with one or more independent —OC(═O)OR³³. In another embodiment, when R⁴ is aryl, heteroaryl, C₁₋₁₀alkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, heteroalkyl, C₂₋₁₀alkenyl, C₂₋₁₀alkynyl, aryl-C₂₋₁₀alkyl, heterocyclyl C₁₋₁₀alkyl, or C₃₋₈cycloalkyl-C₁₋₁₀alkyl, it is substituted with one or more independent —OC(═O)NR³¹R³². In another embodiment, when R⁴ is aryl, heteroaryl, C₁₋₁₀alkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, heteroalkyl, C₂₋₁₀alkenyl, C₂₋₁₀alkynyl, aryl-C₂₋₁₀alkyl, heterocyclyl C₁₋₁₀alkyl, or C₃₋₈cycloalkyl-C₁₋₁₀alkyl, it is substituted with one or more independent —OC(═O)SR³¹. In another embodiment, when R⁴ is aryl, heteroaryl, C₁₋₁₀alkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, heteroalkyl, C₂₋₁₀alkenyl, C₂₋₁₀alkynyl, aryl-C₂₋₁₀alkyl, heterocyclyl C₁₋₁₀alkyl, or C₃₋₈cycloalkyl-C₁₋₁₀alkyl, it is substituted with one or more independent —SC(═O)OR³¹. In another embodiment, when R⁴ is aryl, heteroaryl, C₁₋₁₀alkyl, C₃₋₈cycloalkyl, C₃₋₈cycloalkyl-C₁₋₁₀alkyl, heterocyclyl, heterocyclyl C₁₋₁₀alkyl, or heteroalkyl, it is substituted with one or more independent —P(O)OR³¹OR³². In another embodiment, when R⁴ is aryl, heteroaryl, C₁₋₁₀alkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, heteroalkyl, C₂₋₁₀alkenyl, C₂₋₁₀alkynyl, aryl-C₂₋₁₀alkyl, heterocyclyl C₁₋₁₀alkyl, or C₃₋₈cycloalkyl-C₁₋₁₀alkyl, it is substituted with one or more independent —SC(═O)NR³¹R³².

In various embodiments of compounds of Formula I, R⁵ is hydrogen. In another embodiment, R⁵ is halogen. In another embodiment, R⁵ is —OH. In another embodiment, R⁵ is —R³¹. In another embodiment, R⁵ is —CF₃. In another embodiment, R⁵ is —OCF₃. In another embodiment, R⁵ is —OR³¹. In another embodiment, R⁵ is —NR³¹R³². In another embodiment, R⁵ is —NR³⁴R³⁵. In another embodiment, R⁵ is —C(O)R³¹. In another embodiment, R⁵ is —CO₂R³¹. In another embodiment, R⁵ is —C(═O)NR³¹R³². In another embodiment, R⁵ is —C(═O)NR³⁴R³⁵. In another embodiment, R⁵ is —NO₂. In another embodiment, R⁵ is —CN. In another embodiment, R⁵ is —S(O)₀₋₂R³¹. In another embodiment, R⁵ is —SO₂NR³¹R³². In another embodiment, R⁵ is —SO₂NR³⁴R³⁵. In another embodiment, R⁵ is —NR³¹C(═O)R³². In another embodiment, R⁵ is —NR³¹C(═O)OR³². In another embodiment, R⁵ is —NR³¹C(═O)NR³²R³³. In another embodiment, R⁵ is —NR³¹S(O)₀₋₂R³². In another embodiment, R⁵ is —C(═S)OR³¹. In another embodiment, R⁵ is —C(═O)SR³¹. In another embodiment, R⁵ is —NR³¹C(═NR³²)NR³³R³². In another embodiment, R⁵ is —NR³¹C(═NR³²)OR³³. In another embodiment, R⁵ is —NR³¹C(═NR³²)SR³³. In another embodiment, R⁵ is —OC(═O)OR³³. In another embodiment, R⁵ is —OC(═O)NR³¹R³². In another embodiment, R⁵ is —OC(═O)SR³¹. In another embodiment, R⁵ is —SC(═O)OR³¹. In another embodiment, R⁵ is —P(O)OR³¹OR³². In another embodiment, R⁵ is or —SC(═O)NR³¹R³².

In various embodiments of compounds of Formula I, R⁷ is hydrogen. In another embodiment, R⁷ is unsubstituted C₁₋₁₀alkyl. In another embodiment, R⁷ is unsubstituted C₂₋₁₀alkenyl. In another embodiment, R⁷ is unsubstituted aryl. In another embodiment, R⁷ is unsubstituted heteroaryl. In another embodiment, R⁷ is unsubstituted heterocyclyl. In another embodiment, R⁷ is unsubstituted C₃₋₁₀cycloalkyl. In another embodiment, R⁷ is C₁₋₁₀alkyl substituted by one or more independent R⁶. In another embodiment, R⁷ is C₂₋₁₀alkenyl substituted by one or more independent R⁶. In another embodiment, R⁷ is aryl substituted by one or more independent R⁶. In another embodiment, R⁷ is heteroaryl substituted by one or more independent R⁶. In another embodiment, R⁷ is heterocycyl substituted by one or more independent R⁶. In another embodiment, R⁷ is C₃₋₁₀cycloalkyl substituted by one or more independent R⁶.

In various embodiments of compounds of Formula I, R⁸ is hydrogen. In another embodiment, R⁸ is unsubstituted C₁₋₁₀alkyl. In another embodiment, R⁸ is unsubstituted C₂₋₁₀alkenyl. In another embodiment, R⁸ is unsubstituted aryl. In another embodiment, R⁸ is unsubstituted heteroaryl. In another embodiment, R⁸ is unsubstituted heterocyclyl. In another embodiment, R⁸ is unsubstituted C₃₋₁₀cycloalkyl. In another embodiment, R⁸ is C₁₋₁₀alkyl substituted by one or more independent R⁶. In another embodiment, R⁸ is C₂₋₁₀alkenyl substituted by one or more independent R⁶. In another embodiment, R⁸ is aryl substituted by one or more independent R⁶. In another embodiment, R⁸ is heteroaryl substituted by one or more independent R⁶. In another embodiment, R⁸ is heterocyclyl substituted by one or more independent R⁶. In another embodiment, R⁸ is C₃₋₁₀cycloalkyl substituted by one or more independent R⁶.

In various embodiments of compounds of Formula I, R⁶ is halo, In another embodiment, R⁶ is —OR³¹. In another embodiment, R⁶ is —SH. In another embodiment, R⁶ is NH₂. In another embodiment, R⁶ is —NR³⁴R³⁵. In another embodiment, R⁶ is —NR³¹R³². In another embodiment, R⁶ is —CO₂R³¹. In another embodiment, R⁶ is —CO₂aryl. In another embodiment, R⁶ is —C(═O)NR³¹R³². In another embodiment, R⁶ is C(═O) NR³⁴R³⁵. In another embodiment, R⁶ is —NO₂. In another embodiment, R⁶ is —CN. In another embodiment, R⁶ is —S(O)₀₋₂ C₁₋₁₀alkyl. In another embodiment, R⁶ is —S(O)₀₋₂aryl. In another embodiment, R⁶ is —SO₂NR³⁴R³⁵. In another embodiment, R⁶ is —SO₂NR³¹R³². In another embodiment, R⁶ is C₁₋₁₀alkyl. In another embodiment, R⁶ is C₂₋₁₀alkenyl. In another embodiment, R⁶ is C₂₋₁₀alkynyl. In another embodiment, R⁶ is unsubstituted aryl-C₁₋₁₀alkyl. In another embodiment, R⁶ is unsubstituted aryl-C₂₋₁₀alkenyl. In another embodiment, R⁶ is unsubstituted aryl-C₂₋₁₀alkynyl. In another embodiment, R⁶ is unsubstituted heteroaryl-C₁₋₁₀alkyl. In another embodiment, R⁶ is unsubstituted heteroaryl-C₂₋₁₀alkenyl. In another embodiment, R⁶ is aryl-C₁₋₁₀alkyl, aryl-C₂₋₁₀alkenyl, aryl-C₂₋₁₀alkynyl, heteroaryl-C₁₋₁₀alkyl, or heteroaryl-C₂₋₁₀alkenyl substituted by one or more independent halo. In another embodiment, R⁶ is aryl-C₁₋₁₀alkyl, aryl-C₂₋₁₀alkenyl, aryl-C₂₋₁₀alkynyl, heteroaryl-C₁₋₁₀alkyl, or heteroaryl-C₂₋₁₀alkenyl substituted by one or more independent cyano. In another embodiment, R⁶ is aryl-C₁₋₁₀alkyl, aryl-C₂₋₁₀alkenyl, aryl-C₂₋₁₀alkynyl, heteroaryl-C₁₋₁₀alkyl, or heteroaryl-C₂₋₁₀alkenyl substituted by one or more independent nitro. In another embodiment, R⁶ is aryl-C₁₋₁₀alkyl, aryl-C₂₋₁₀alkenyl, aryl-C₂₋₁₀alkynyl, heteroaryl-C₁₋₁₀alkyl, or heteroaryl-C₂₋₁₀alkenyl substituted by one or more independent —OC₁₋₁₀alkyl. In another embodiment, R⁶ is aryl-C₁₋₁₀alkyl, aryl-C₂₋₁₀alkenyl, aryl-C₂₋₁₀alkynyl, heteroaryl-C₁₋₁₀alkyl, or heteroaryl-C₂₋₁₀alkenyl substituted by one or more independent —C₁₋₁₀alkyl. In another embodiment, R⁶ is aryl-C₁₋₁₀alkyl, aryl-C₂₋₁₀alkenyl, aryl-C₂₋₁₀alkynyl, heteroaryl-C₁₋₁₀alkyl, or heteroaryl-C₂₋₁₀alkenyl substituted by one or more independent —C₂₋₁₀alkenyl. In another embodiment, R⁶ is aryl-C₁₋₁₀alkyl, aryl-C₂₋₁₀alkenyl, aryl-C₂₋₁₀alkynyl, heteroaryl-C₁₋₁₀alkyl, or heteroaryl-C₂₋₁₀alkenyl substituted by one or more independent —C₂₋₁₀alkynyl. In another embodiment, R⁶ is aryl-C₁₋₁₀alkyl, aryl-C₂₋₁₀alkenyl, aryl-C₂₋₁₀alkynyl, heteroaryl-C₁₋₁₀alkyl, or heteroaryl-C₂₋₁₀alkenyl substituted by one or more independent -(halo)C₁₋₁₀alkyl. In another embodiment, R⁶ is aryl-C₁₋₁₀alkyl, aryl-C₂₋₁₀alkenyl, aryl-C₂₋₁₀alkynyl, heteroaryl-C₁₋₁₀alkyl, or heteroaryl-C₂₋₁₀alkenyl substituted by one or more independent -(halo)C₂₋₁₀alkenyl. In another embodiment, R⁶ is aryl-C₁₋₁₀alkyl, aryl-C₂₋₁₀alkenyl, aryl-C₂₋₁₀alkynyl, heteroaryl-C₁₋₁₀alkyl, or heteroaryl-C₂₋₁₀alkenyl substituted by one or more independent -(halo)C₂₋₁₀alkynyl. In another embodiment, R⁶ is aryl-C₁₋₁₀alkyl, aryl-C₂₋₁₀alkenyl, aryl-C₂₋₁₀alkynyl, heteroaryl-C₁₋₁₀alkyl, or heteroaryl-C₂₋₁₀alkenyl substituted by one or more independent —COOH. In another embodiment, R⁶ is aryl-C₁₋₁₀alkyl, aryl-C₂₋₁₀alkenyl, aryl-C₂₋₁₀alkynyl, heteroaryl-C₁₋₁₀alkyl, or heteroaryl-C₂₋₁₀alkenyl substituted by one or more independent —C(═O)NR³¹R³². In another embodiment, R⁶ is aryl-C₁₋₁₀alkyl, aryl-C₂₋₁₀alkenyl, aryl-C₂₋₁₀alkynyl, heteroaryl-C₁₋₁₀alkyl, or heteroaryl-C₂₋₁₀alkenyl substituted by one or more independent —C(═O) NR³⁴R³⁵. In another embodiment, R⁶ is aryl-C₁₋₁₀alkyl, aryl-C₂₋₁₀alkenyl, aryl-C₂₋₁₀alkynyl, heteroaryl-C₁₋₁₀alkyl, or heteroaryl-C₂₋₁₀alkenyl substituted by one or more independent —SO₂NR³⁴R³⁵. In another embodiment, R⁶ is aryl-C₁₋₁₀alkyl, aryl-C₂₋₁₀alkenyl, aryl-C₂₋₁₀alkynyl, heteroaryl-C₁₋₁₀alkyl, or heteroaryl-C₂₋₁₀alkenyl substituted by one or more independent —SO₂NR³¹R³². In another embodiment, R⁶ is aryl-C₁₋₁₀alkyl, aryl-C₂₋₁₀alkenyl, aryl-C₂₋₁₀alkynyl, heteroaryl-C₁₋₁₀alkyl, or heteroaryl-C₂₋₁₀alkenyl substituted by one or more independent —NR³¹R³². In another embodiment, R⁶ is aryl-C₁₋₁₀alkyl, aryl-C₂₋₁₀alkenyl, aryl-C₂₋₁₀alkynyl, heteroaryl-C₁₋₁₀alkyl, or heteroaryl-C₂₋₁₀alkenyl substituted by one or more independent —NR³⁴R³⁵.

In various embodiments of compounds of Formula I, R⁹ is H. In another embodiment, R⁹ is halo. In another embodiment, R⁹ is —OR³¹. In another embodiment, R⁹ is —SH. In another embodiment, R⁹ is NH₂. In another embodiment, R⁹ is —NR³⁴R³⁵. In another embodiment, R⁹ is —NR³¹R³². In another embodiment, R⁹ is —CO₂R³¹. In another embodiment, R⁹ is —CO₂aryl. In another embodiment, R⁹ is —C(═O)NR³¹R³². In another embodiment, R⁹ is C(═O) NR³⁴R³⁵. In another embodiment, R⁹ is —NO₂. In another embodiment, R⁹ is —CN. In another embodiment, R⁹ is —S(O)₀₋₂C₁₋₁₀alkyl. In another embodiment, R⁹ is —S(O)₀₋₂aryl. In another embodiment, R⁹ is —SO₂NR³⁴R³⁵. In another embodiment, R⁹ is —SO₂NR³¹R³². In another embodiment, R⁹ is C₁₋₁₀alkyl. In another embodiment, R⁹ is C₂₋₁₀alkenyl. In another embodiment, R⁹ is C₂₋₁₀alkynyl. In another embodiment, R⁹ is unsubstituted aryl-C₁₋₁₀alkyl. In another embodiment, R⁹ is unsubstituted aryl-C₂₋₁₀alkenyl. In another embodiment, R⁹ is unsubstituted aryl-C₂₋₁₀alkynyl. In another embodiment, R⁹ is unsubstituted heteroaryl-C₁₋₁₀alkyl. In another embodiment, R⁹ is unsubstituted heteroaryl-C₂₋₁₀alkenyl. In another embodiment, R⁹ is aryl-C₁₋₁₀alkyl, aryl-C₂₋₁₀alkenyl, aryl-C₂₋₁₀alkynyl, heteroaryl-C₁₋₁₀alkyl, or heteroaryl-C₂₋₁₀alkenyl substituted by one or more independent halo. In another embodiment, R⁹ is aryl-C₁₋₁₀alkyl, aryl-C₂₋₁₀alkenyl, aryl-C₂₋₁₀alkynyl, heteroaryl-C₁₋₁₀alkyl, or heteroaryl-C₂₋₁₀alkenyl substituted by one or more independent cyano. In another embodiment, R⁹ is aryl-C₁₋₁₀alkyl, aryl-C₂₋₁₀alkenyl, aryl-C₂₋₁₀alkynyl, heteroaryl-C₁₋₁₀alkyl, or heteroaryl-C₂₋₁₀alkenyl substituted by one or more independent nitro. In another embodiment, R⁹ is aryl-C₁₋₁₀alkyl, aryl-C₂₋₁₀alkenyl, aryl-C₂₋₁₀alkynyl, heteroaryl-C₁₋₁₀alkyl, or heteroaryl-C₂₋₁₀alkenyl substituted by one or more independent —OC₁₋₁₀alkyl. In another embodiment, R⁹ is aryl-C₁₋₁₀alkyl, aryl-C₂₋₁₀alkenyl, aryl-C₂₋₁₀alkynyl, heteroaryl-C₁₋₁₀alkyl, or heteroaryl-C₂₋₁₀alkenyl substituted by one or more independent —C₁₋₁₀alkyl. In another embodiment, R⁹ is aryl-C₁₋₁₀alkyl, aryl-C₂₋₁₀alkenyl, aryl-C₂₋₁₀alkynyl, heteroaryl-C₁₋₁₀alkyl, or heteroaryl-C₂₋₁₀alkenyl substituted by one or more independent —C₂₋₁₀alkenyl. In another embodiment, R⁹ is aryl-C₁₋₁₀alkyl, aryl-C₂₋₁₀alkenyl, aryl-C₂₋₁₀alkynyl, heteroaryl-C₁₋₁₀alkyl, or heteroaryl-C₂₋₁₀alkenyl substituted by one or more independent —C₂₋₁₀alkynyl. In another embodiment, R⁹ is aryl-C₁₋₁₀alkyl, aryl-C₂₋₁₀alkenyl, aryl-C₂₋₁₀alkynyl, heteroaryl-C₁₋₁₀alkyl, or heteroaryl-C₂₋₁₀alkenyl substituted by one or more independent -(halo)C₁₋₁₀alkyl. In another embodiment, R⁹ is aryl-C₁₋₁₀alkyl, aryl-C₂₋₁₀alkenyl, aryl-C₂₋₁₀alkynyl, heteroaryl-C₁₋₁₀alkyl, or heteroaryl-C₂₋₁₀alkenyl substituted by one or more independent -(halo)C₂₋₁₀alkenyl. In another embodiment, R⁹ is aryl-C₁₋₁₀alkyl, aryl-C₂₋₁₀alkenyl, aryl-C₂₋₁₀alkynyl, heteroaryl-C₁₋₁₀alkyl, or heteroaryl-C₂₋₁₀alkenyl substituted by one or more independent -(halo)C₂₋₁₀alkynyl. In another embodiment, R⁹ is aryl-C₁₋₁₀alkyl, aryl-C₂₋₁₀alkenyl, aryl-C₂₋₁₀alkynyl, heteroaryl-C₁₋₁₀alkyl, or heteroaryl-C₂₋₁₀alkenyl substituted by one or more independent —COOH. In another embodiment, R⁹ is aryl-C₁₋₁₀alkyl, aryl-C₂₋₁₀alkenyl, aryl-C₂₋₁₀alkynyl, heteroaryl-C₁₋₁₀alkyl, or heteroaryl-C₂₋₁₀alkenyl substituted by one or more independent —C(═O)NR³R³². In another embodiment, R⁹ is aryl-C₁₋₁₀alkyl, aryl-C₂₋₁₀alkenyl, aryl-C₂₋₁₀alkynyl, heteroaryl-C₁₋₁₀alkyl, or heteroaryl-C₂₋₁₀alkenyl substituted by one or more independent —C(═O) NR³⁴R³⁵. In another embodiment, R⁹ is aryl-C₁₋₁₀alkyl, aryl-C₂₋₁₀alkenyl, aryl-C₂₋₁₀alkynyl, heteroaryl-C₁₋₁₀alkyl, or heteroaryl-C₂₋₁₀alkenyl substituted by one or more independent —SO₂NR³⁴R³⁵. In another embodiment, R⁹ is aryl-C₁₋₁₀alkyl, aryl-C₂₋₁₀alkenyl, aryl-C₂₋₁₀alkynyl, heteroaryl-C₁₋₁₀alkyl, or heteroaryl-C₂₋₁₀alkenyl substituted by one or more independent —SO₂NR³¹R³². In another embodiment, R⁹ is aryl-C₁₋₁₀alkyl, aryl-C₂₋₁₀alkenyl, aryl-C₂₋₁₀alkynyl, heteroaryl-C₁₋₁₀alkyl, or heteroaryl-C₂₋₁₀alkenyl substituted by one or more independent —NR³¹R³². In another embodiment, R⁹ is aryl-C₁₋₁₀alkyl, aryl-C₂₋₁₀alkenyl, aryl-C₂₋₁₀alkynyl, heteroaryl-C₁₋₁₀alkyl, or heteroaryl-C₂₋₁₀alkenyl substituted by one or more independent —NR³⁴R³⁵.

In various embodiments of compounds of Formula I, R³¹ is H. In some embodiments, R³¹ is unsubstituted C₁₋₁₀alkyl. In some embodiments, R³¹ is substituted C₁₋₁₀alkyl. In some embodiments, R³¹ is C₁₋₁₀alkyl substituted with one or more aryl. In some embodiments, R³¹ is C₁₋₁₀alkyl substituted with one or more heteroalkyl. In some embodiments, R³¹ is C₁₋₁₀alkyl substituted with one or more heterocyclyl. In some embodiments, R³¹ is C₁₋₁₀alkyl substituted with one or more heteroaryl. In some embodiments, when R³¹ is C₁₋₁₀alkyl substituted with one or more aryl, each of said aryl substituents is unsubstituted or substituted with one or more halo, —OH, —C₁₋₁₀alkyl, —CF₃, —O-aryl, —OCF₃, —OC₁₋₁₀alkyl, —NH₂, —N(C₁₋₁₀alkyl)(C₁₋₁₀alkyl), —NH(C₁₋₁₀alkyl), —NH(aryl), —NR³⁴R³⁵, —C(O)(C₁₋₁₀alkyl), —C(O)(C₁₋₁₀alkyl-aryl), —C(O)(aryl), —CO₂—C₁₋₁₀alkyl, —CO₂—C₁₋₁₀alkylaryl, —CO₂-aryl, —C(═O)N(C₁₋₁₀alkyl)(C₁₋₁₀alkyl), —C(═O)NH(C₁₋₁₀alkyl), —C(═O)NR³⁴R³⁵, —C(═O)NH₂, —OCF₃, —O(C₁₋₁₀alkyl), —O-aryl, —N(aryl)(C₁₋₁₀alkyl), —NO₂, —CN, —S(O)₀₋₂C₁₋₁₀alkyl, —S(O)₀₋₂ C₁₋₁₀alkylaryl, —S(O)₀₋₂ aryl, —SO₂N(aryl), —SO₂N(C₁₋₁₀alkyl)(C₁₋₁₀alkyl), —SO₂NH(C₁₋₁₀alkyl) or —SO₂NR³⁴R³⁵. In some embodiments, when R³¹ is C₁₋₁₀alkyl substituted with one or more heteroalkyl, each of said heteroalkyl group is unsubstituted or substituted with one or more halo, —OH, —C₁₋₁₀alkyl, —CF₃, —O-aryl, —OCF₃, —OC₁₋₁₀alkyl, —NH₂, —N(C₁₋₁₀alkyl)(C₁₋₁₀alkyl), —NH(C₁₋₁₀alkyl), —NH(aryl), —NR³⁴R³⁵, —C(O)(C₁₋₁₀alkyl), —C(O)(C₁₋₁₀alkyl-aryl), —C(O)(aryl), —CO₂—C₁₋₁₀alkyl, —CO₂—C₁₋₁₀alkylaryl, —CO₂-aryl, —C(═O)N(C₁₋₁₀alkyl)(C₁₋₁₀alkyl), —C(═O)NH(C₁₋₁₀alkyl), —C(═O)NR³⁴R³⁴R³⁵, —C(═O)NH₂, —OCF₃, —O(C₁₋₁₀alkyl), —O-aryl, —N(aryl)(C₁₋₁₀alkyl), —NO₂, —CN, —S(O)₀₋₂C₁₋₁₀alkyl, —S(O)₀₋₂C₁₋₁₀alkylaryl, —S(O)₀₋₂ aryl, —SO₂N(aryl), —SO₂N(C₁₋₁₀alkyl)(C₁₋₁₀alkyl), —SO₂NH(C₁₋₁₀alkyl) or —SO₂NR³⁴R³⁵ substituents. In some embodiments, when R³¹ is C₁₋₁₀alkyl substituted with one or more heterocyclyl, each of said heterocyclyl group is unsubstituted or substituted with one or more halo, —OH, —C₁₋₁₀alkyl, —CF₃, —O-aryl, —OCF₃, —OC₁₋₁₀alkyl, —NH₂, —N(C₁₋₁₀alkyl)(C₁₋₁₀alkyl), —NH(C₁₋₁₀alkyl), —NH(aryl), —NR³⁴R³⁵, —C(O)(C₁₋₁₀alkyl), —C(O)(C₁₋₁₀alkyl-aryl), —C(O)(aryl), —CO₂—C₁₋₁₀alkyl, —CO₂—C₁₋₁₀alkylaryl, —CO₂-aryl, —C(═O)N(C₁₋₁₀alkyl)(C₁₋₁₀alkyl), —C(═O)NH(C₁₋₁₀alkyl), —C(═O)NR³⁴R³⁵, —C(═O)NH₂, —OCF₃, —O(C₁₋₁₀alkyl), —O-aryl, —N(aryl)(C₁₋₁₀alkyl), —NO₂, —CN, —S(O)₀₋₂C₁₋₁₀alkyl, —S(O)₀₋₂C₁₋₁₀alkylaryl, —S(O)₀₋₂ aryl, —SO₂N(aryl), —SO₂N(C₁₋₁₀alkyl)(C₁₋₁₀alkyl), —SO₂NH(C₁₋₁₀alkyl) or —SO₂NR³⁴R³⁵. In some embodiments, when R³¹ is C₁₋₁₀alkyl substituted with one or more heteroaryl, each of said heteroaryl group is unsubstituted or substituted with one or more halo, —OH, —C₁₋₁₀alkyl, —CF₃, —O-aryl, —OCF₃, —OC₁₋₁₀alkyl, —NH₂, —N(C₁₋₁₀alkyl)(C₁₋₁₀alkyl), —NH(C₁₋₁₀alkyl), —NH(aryl), —NR³⁴R³⁵, —C(O)(C₁₋₁₀alkyl), —C(O)(C₁₋₁₀alkyl-aryl), —C(O)(aryl), —CO₂—C₁₋₁₀alkyl, —CO₂—C₁₋₁₀alkylaryl, —CO₂-aryl, —C(═O)N(C₁₋₁₀alkyl)(C₁₋₁₀alkyl), —C(═O)NH(C₁₋₁₀alkyl), —C(═O)NR³⁴R³⁵, —C(═O)NH₂, —OCF₃, —O(C₁₋₁₀alkyl), —O-aryl, —N(aryl)(C₁₋₁₀alkyl), —NO₂, —CN, —S(O)₀₋₂C₁₋₁₀alkyl, —S(O)₀₋₂C₁₋₁₀alkylaryl, —S(O)₀₋₂ aryl, —SO₂N(aryl), —SO₂N(C₁₋₁₀alkyl)(C₁₋₁₀alkyl), —SO₂NH(C₁₋₁₀alkyl) or —SO₂NR³⁴R³⁵. In some embodiments, when R³¹ is substituted C₁₋₁₀alkyl, it is substituted by a combination of aryl, heteroalkyl, heterocyclyl, or heteroaryl groups.

In various embodiments of compounds of Formula I, R³² is H. In some embodiments, R³² is unsubstituted C₁₋₁₀alkyl. In some embodiments, R³² is substituted C₁₋₁₀alkyl. In some embodiments, R³² is C₁₋₁₀alkyl substituted with one or more aryl. In some embodiments, R³² is C₁₋₁₀alkyl substituted with one or more heteroalkyl. In some embodiments, R³² is C₁₋₁₀alkyl substituted with one or more heterocyclyl. In some embodiments, R³² is C₁₀alkyl substituted with one or more heteroaryl. In some embodiments, when R³² is C₁₋₁₀alkyl substituted with one or more aryl, each of said aryl group is unsubstituted or substituted with one or more halo, —OH, —C₁₋₁₀alkyl, —CF₃, —O-aryl, —OCF₃, —OC₁₋₁₀alkyl, —NH₂, —N(C₁₋₁₀alkyl)(C₁₋₁₀alkyl), —NH(C₁₋₁₀alkyl), —NH(aryl), —NR³⁴R³⁵, —C(O)(C₁₋₁₀alkyl), —C(O)(C₁₋₁₀alkyl-aryl), —C(O)(aryl), —CO₂—C₁₋₁₀alkyl, —CO₂—C₁₋₁₀alkylaryl, —CO₂-aryl, —C(═O)N(C₁₋₁₀alkyl)(C₁₋₁₀alkyl), —C(═O)NH(C₁₋₁₀alkyl), —C(═O)NR³⁴R³⁵, —C(═O)NH₂, —OCF₃, —O(C₁₋₁₀alkyl), —O-aryl, —N(aryl)(C₁₋₁₀alkyl), —NO₂, —CN, —S(O)₀₋₂C₁₋₁₀alkyl, —S(O)₀₋₂ C₁₋₁₀alkylaryl, —S(O)₀₋₂ aryl, —SO₂N(aryl), —SO₂N(C₁₋₁₀alkyl)(C₁₋₁₀alkyl), —SO₂NH(C₁₋₁₀alkyl) or —SO₂NR³⁴R³⁵. In some embodiments, when R³² is C₁₋₁₀alkyl substituted with one or more heteroalkyl, each of said heteroalkyl group is unsubstituted or substituted with one or more halo, —OH, —C₁₋₁₀alkyl, —CF₃, —O-aryl, —OCF₃, —OC₁₋₁₀alkyl, —NH₂, —N(C₁₋₁₀alkyl)(C₁₋₁₀alkyl), —NH(C₁₋₁₀alkyl), —NH(aryl), —NR³⁴R³⁵, —C(O)(C₁₋₁₀alkyl), —C(O)(C₁₋₁₀alkyl-aryl), —C(O)(aryl), —CO₂—C₁₋₁₀alkyl, —CO₂—C₁₋₁₀alkylaryl, —CO₂-aryl, —C(═O)N(C₁₋₁₀alkyl)(C₁₋₁₀alkyl), —C(═O)NH(C₁₋₁₀alkyl), —C(═O)NR³⁴R³⁴R³⁵, —C(═O)NH₂, —OCF₃, —O(C₁₋₁₀alkyl), —O-aryl, —N(aryl)(C₁₋₁₀alkyl), —NO₂, —CN, —S(O)₀₋₂ C₁₋₁₀alkyl, —S(O)₀₋₂ C₁₋₁₀alkylaryl, —S(O)₀₋₂ aryl, —SO₂N(aryl), —SO₂N(C₁₋₁₀alkyl)(C₁₋₁₀alkyl), —SO₂NH(C₁₋₁₀alkyl) or —SO₂NR³⁴R³⁵. In some embodiments, when R³² is C₁₋₁₀alkyl substituted with one or more heterocyclyl, each of said heterocyclyl group is unsubstituted or substituted with one or more halo, —OH, —C₁₋₁₀alkyl, —CF₃, —O-aryl, —OCF₃, —OC₁₋₁₀alkyl, —NH₂, —N(C₁₋₁₀alkyl)(C₁₋₁₀alkyl), —NH(C₁₋₁₀alkyl), —NH(aryl), —NR³⁴R³⁵, —C(O)(C₁₋₁₀alkyl), —C(O)(C₁₋₁₀alkyl-aryl), —C(O)(aryl), —CO₂—C₁₋₁₀alkyl, —CO₂—C₁₋₁₀alkylaryl, —CO₂-aryl, —C(═O)N(C₁₋₁₀alkyl)(C₁₋₁₀alkyl), —C(═O)NH(C₁₋₁₀alkyl), —C(═O)NR³⁴R³⁵, —C(═O)NH₂, —OCF₃, —O(C₁₋₁₀alkyl), —O-aryl, —N(aryl)(C₁₋₁₀alkyl), —NO₂, —CN, —S(O)₀₋₂C₁₋₁₀alkyl, —S(O)₀₋₂C₁₋₁₀alkylaryl, —S(O)₀₋₂ aryl, —SO₂N(aryl), —SO₂N(C₁₋₁₀alkyl)(C₁₋₁₀alkyl), —SO₂NH(C₁₋₁₀alkyl) or —SO₂NR³⁴R³⁵. In some embodiments, when R³² is C₁₋₁₀alkyl substituted with one or more heteroaryl, each of said heteroaryl group is unsubstituted or substituted with one or more halo, —OH, —C₁₋₁₀alkyl, —CF₃, —O-aryl, —OCF₃, —OC₁₋₁₀alkyl, —NH₂, —N(C₁₋₁₀alkyl)(C₁₋₁₀alkyl), —NH(C₁₋₁₀alkyl), —NH(aryl), —NR³⁴R³⁵, —C(O)(C₁₋₁₀alkyl), —C(O)(C₁₋₁₀alkyl-aryl), —C(O)(aryl), —CO₂—C₁₋₁₀alkyl, —CO₂—C₁₋₁₀alkylaryl, —CO₂-aryl, —C(═O)N(C₁₋₁₀alkyl)(C₁₋₁₀alkyl), —C(═O)NH(C₁₋₁₀alkyl), —C(═O)NR³⁴R³⁵, —C(═O)NH₂, —OCF₃, —O(C₁₋₁₀alkyl), —O-aryl, —N(aryl) (C₁₋₁₀alkyl), —NO₂, —CN, —S(O)₀₋₂C₁₋₁₀alkyl, —S(O)₀₋₂C₁₋₁₀alkylaryl, —S(O)₀₋₂ aryl, —SO₂N(aryl), —SO₂N(C₁₋₁₀alkyl)(C₁₋₁₀alkyl), —SO₂NH(C₁₋₁₀alkyl) or —SO₂NR³⁴R³⁵. In some embodiments, when R³² is substituted C₁₋₁₀alkyl, it is substituted by a combination of aryl, heteroalkyl, heterocyclyl, or heteroaryl groups.

In various embodiments of compounds of Formula I, R³³ is unsubstituted C₁₋₁₀alkyl. In some embodiments, R³³ is substituted C₁₋₁₀alkyl. In some embodiments, R³³ is C₁₋₁₀alkyl substituted with one or more aryl. In some embodiments, R³³ is C₁₋₁₀alkyl substituted with one or more heteroalkyl. In some embodiments, R³³ is C₁₋₁₀alkyl substituted with one or more heterocyclyl. In some embodiments, R³³ is C₁₋₁₀alkyl substituted with one or more heteroaryl. In some embodiments, when R³³ is C₁₋₁₀alkyl substituted with one or more aryl, each of said aryl group is unsubstituted or substituted with one or more halo, —OH, —C₁₋₁₀alkyl, —CF₃, —O-aryl, —OCF₃, —OC₁₋₁₀alkyl, —NH₂, —N(C₁₋₁₀alkyl)(C₁₋₁₀alkyl), —NH(C₁₋₁₀alkyl), —NH(aryl), —NR³⁴R³⁵, —C(O)(C₁₋₁₀alkyl), —C(O)(C₁₋₁₀alkyl-aryl), —C(O)(aryl), —CO₂—C₁₋₁₀alkyl, —CO₂—C₁₋₁₀alkylaryl, —CO₂-aryl, —C(═O)N(C₁₋₁₀alkyl)(C₁₋₁₀alkyl), —C(═O)NH(C₁₋₁₀alkyl), —C(═O)NR³⁴R³⁵, —C(═O)NH₂, —OCF₃, —O(C₁₋₁₀alkyl), —O-aryl, —N(aryl)(C₁₋₁₀alkyl), —NO₂, —CN, —S(O)₀₋₂ C₁₋₁₀alkyl, —S(O)₀₋₂C₁₋₁₀alkylaryl, —S(O)₀₋₂ aryl, —SO₂N(aryl), —SO₂N(C₁₋₁₀alkyl)(C₁₋₁₀alkyl), —SO₂NH(C₁₋₁₀alkyl) or —SO₂NR³⁴R³⁵. In some embodiments, when R³³ is C₁₋₁₀alkyl substituted with one or more heteroalkyl, each of said heteroalkyl group is unsubstituted or substituted with one or more halo, —OH, —C₁₋₁₀alkyl, —CF₃, —O-aryl, —OCF₃, —OC₁₋₁₀alkyl, —NH₂, —N(C₁₋₁₀alkyl)(C₁₋₁₀alkyl), —NH(C₁₋₁₀alkyl), —NH(aryl), —NR³⁴R³⁵, —C(O)(C₁₋₁₀alkyl), —C(O)(C₁₋₁₀alkyl-aryl), —C(O)(aryl), —CO₂—C₁₋₁₀alkyl, —CO₂—C₁₋₁₀alkylaryl, —CO₂-aryl, —C(═O)N(C₁₋₁₀alkyl)(C₁₋₁₀alkyl), —C(═O)NH(C₁₋₁₀alkyl), —C(═O)NR³⁴R³⁴⁵, —C(═O)NH₂, —OCF₃, —O(C₁₋₁₀alkyl), —O-aryl, —N(aryl)(C₁₋₁₀alkyl), —NO₂, —CN, —S(O)₀₋₂ C₁₋₁₀alkyl, —S(O)₀₋₂ C₁₋₁₀alkylaryl, —S(O)₀₋₂ aryl, —SO₂N(aryl), —SO₂N(C₁₋₁₀alkyl)(C₁₋₁₀alkyl), —SO₂NH(C₁₋₁₀alkyl) or —SO₂NR³⁴R³⁵. In some embodiments, when R³³ is C₁₋₁₀alkyl substituted with one or more heterocyclyl, each of said heterocyclyl group is unsubstituted or substituted with one or more halo, —OH, —C₁₋₁₀alkyl, —CF₃, —O-aryl, —OCF₃, —OC₁₋₁₀alkyl, —NH₂, —N(C₁₋₁₀alkyl)(C₁₋₁₀alkyl), —NH(C₁₋₁₀alkyl), —NH(aryl), —NR³⁴R³⁵, —C(O)(C₁₋₁₀alkyl), —C(O)(C₁₋₁₀alkyl-aryl), —C(O)(aryl), —CO₂—C₁₋₁₀alkyl, —CO₂—C₁₋₁₀alkylaryl, —CO₂-aryl, —C(═O)N(C₁₋₁₀alkyl)(C₁₋₁₀alkyl), —C(═O)NH(C₁₋₁₀alkyl), —C(═O)NR³⁴R³⁴R³⁵, —C(═O)NH₂, —OCF₃, —O(C₁₋₁₀alkyl), —O-aryl, —N(aryl)(C₁₋₁₀alkyl), —NO₂, —CN, —S(O)₀₋₂ C₁₋₁₀alkyl, —S(O)₀₋₂ C₁₋₁₀alkylaryl, —S(O)₀₋₂ aryl, —SO₂N(aryl), —SO₂N(C₁₋₁₀alkyl)(C₁₋₁₀alkyl), —SO₂NH(C₁₋₁₀alkyl) or —SO₂NR³⁴R³⁵. In some embodiments, when R³³ is C₁₋₁₀alkyl substituted with one or more heteroaryl, each of said heteroaryl group is unsubstituted or substituted with one or more halo, —OH,—C₁₋₁₀alkyl, —CF₃, —O-aryl, —OCF₃, —OC₁₋₁₀alkyl, —NH₂, —N(C₁₋₁₀alkyl)(C₁₋₁₀alkyl), —NH(C₁₋₁₀alkyl), —NH(aryl), —NR³⁴R³⁵, —C(O)(C₁₋₁₀alkyl), —C(O)(C₁₋₁₀alkyl-aryl), —C(O)(aryl), —CO₂—C₁₋₁₀alkyl, —CO₂—C₁₋₁₀alkylaryl, —CO₂-aryl, —C(═O)N(C₁₋₁₀alkyl)(C₁₋₁₀alkyl), —C(═O)NH(C₁₋₁₀alkyl), —C(═O)NR³⁴R³⁵, —C(═O)NH₂, —OCF₃, —O(C₁₋₁₀alkyl), —O-aryl, —N(aryl)(C₁₋₁₀alkyl), —NO₂, —CN, —S(O)₀₋₂C₁₋₁₀alkyl, —S(O)₀₋₂ C₁₋₁₀alkylaryl, —S(O)₀₋₂ aryl, —SO₂N(aryl), —SO₂N(C₁₋₁₀alkyl)(C₁₋₁₀alkyl), —SO₂NH(C₁₋₁₀alkyl) or —SO₂NR³⁴R³⁵. In some embodiments, when R³³ is substituted C₁₋₁₀alkyl, it is substituted by a combination of aryl, heteroalkyl, heterocyclyl, or heteroaryl groups.

In various embodiments of compounds of Formula I, R³⁴ and R³⁵ in —NR³⁴R³⁵, —C(═O)NR³⁴R³⁵, or —SO₂NR³⁴R³⁵, are taken together with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached to form a 3-10 membered saturated or unsaturated ring; wherein said ring is independently unsubstituted or is substituted by one or more —NR³¹R³², hydroxyl, halogen, oxo, aryl, heteroaryl, C₁₋₆alkyl, or O-aryl, and wherein said 3-10 membered saturated or unsaturated ring independently contains 0, 1, or 2 more heteroatoms in addition to the nitrogen.

In some embodiments, the R³⁴ and R³⁵ in —NR³⁴R³⁵, —C(═O)NR³⁴R³⁵, or —SO₂NR³⁴R³⁵, are taken together with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached to form:

In another embodiment, X₁ is C—NH₂.

In various embodiments, X₁ is C—NH—R⁴, where —NH—R⁴ is:

In one embodiment, the invention provides an inhibitor of Formula I-C1 where R⁵ is H. In another embodiment, the invention provides an inhibitor of Formula I-C2 where R⁵ is H.

In some embodiments, the invention provides an inhibitor of Formula I-C1a:

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof wherein:

E² is —H;

X₁ and X₂ are N;

R₁ is -L-C₁₋₁₀alkyl, -L-C₃₋₈cycloalkyl, -L-C₁₋₁₀alkylheterocyclyl, or -L-heterocyclyl, each of which is unsubstituted or is substituted by one or more independent R³;

L is absent, —(C═O)—, —C(═O)O—, —C(═O) N(R³¹)—, —S—, —S(O)—, —S(O)₂—, —S(O)₂N(R³¹)—, or —N(R³¹)—;

R³ is hydrogen, —OH, —OR³¹, —NR³¹R³², —C(O)R³¹, —C(═O)NR³¹R³², —C(═O)NR³⁴R³⁵, aryl, heteroaryl, C₁₋₄alkyl, C₁₋₁₀alkyl, C₃₋₈cycloalkyl, or heterocyclyl, wherein each of said aryl or heteroaryl moiety is unsubstituted or is substituted with one or more independent alkyl, heteroalkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, arylalkyl, heteroaryl, heteroarylalkyl, halo, —OH, —R³¹, —CF₃, —OCF₃, —OR³¹, —NR³¹R³², —NR³⁴R³⁵, —C(O)R³¹, —CO₂R³¹, —C(═O)NR³¹R³², —C(═O)NR³⁴R³⁵, —NO₂, —CN, —S(O)₀₋₂, R³¹, —SO₂NR³¹R³², —SO₂NR³⁴R³⁵, —NR³¹C(═O)R³², —NR³¹C(═O)OR³², —NR³¹C(═O)NR³²R³³, —NR³¹S(O)₀₋₂R³², —C(═S)OR³¹, —C(═O)SR³¹, —NR³¹C(═NR³²NR³³R³², —NR³¹C(═NR³²)OR³³, —R³¹C(═NR³²) SR³³, —OC(═O)OR³³, —OC(═O)NR³¹R³², —OC(═O)SR³¹, —SC(═O)OR³¹, —P(O)OR³¹OR³², or —SC(═O)NR³¹R³², and wherein each of said alkyl, cycloalkyl, or heterocyclyl moiety is unsubstituted or is substituted with one or more alkyl, heteroalkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, arylalkyl, heteroaryl, heteroarylalkyl, halo, —OH, —R³¹, —CF₃, —OCF₃, —OR³¹, —O-aryl, —NR³¹R³², —NR³⁴R³⁵, —C(O)R³¹, —CO₂R³¹, —C(═O)NR³⁴R³⁵, or —C(═O)NR³¹R³²;

—(W²)_(k)— is —NH—, —N(H)C(O)— or —N(H)S(O)₂—;

R² is hydrogen, halogen, —OR³¹, —NR³¹R³², —NR³⁴R³⁵, —C(O)R³¹, —CO₂R³¹, —C(═O)NR³¹R³², —C(═O)NR³⁴R³⁵, —S(O)₀₋₂, R³¹, —SO₂NR³¹R³², —SO₂NR³⁴R³⁵, bicyclic aryl, substituted monocyclic aryl, heteroaryl, C₁₋₁₀alkyl, C₃₋₈cycloalkyl, C₁₋₁₀alkyl-C₃₋₈cycloalkyl, C₃₋₈cycloalkyl-C₁₋₁₀alkyl, C₃₋₈cycloalkyl-C₂₋₁₀alkenyl, C₃₋₈cycloalkyl-C₂₋₁₀alkynyl, C₂₋₁₀alkyl-monocyclic aryl, monocyclic aryl-C₂₋₁₀alkyl, C₁₋₁₀alkylbicycloaryl, bicycloaryl-C₁₋₁₀alkyl, substituted C₁₋₁₀alkylaryl, substituted aryl-C₁₋₁₀alkyl, C₁₋₁₀alkylheteroaryl, C₁₋₁₀alkylheterocyclyl, C₂₋₁₀alkenyl, C₂₋₁₀alkynyl, C₂₋₁₀alkenylaryl, C₂₋₁₀alkenylheteroaryl, C₂₋₁₀alkenylheteroalkyl, C₂₋₁₀alkenylheterocyclcyl, C₂₋₁₀alkynylaryl, C₂₋₁₀alkynylheteroaryl, C₂₋₁₀alkynylheteroalkyl, C₂₋₁₀alkynylheterocyclyl, C₂₋₁₀alkenyl-C₃₋₈cycloalkyl, C₂₋₁₀alkynyl-C₃₋₈cycloalkenyl, C₁₋₁₀alkoxy C₁₋₁₀alkyl, C₁₋₁₀alkoxyC₂₋₁₀alkenyl, C₁₋₁₀alkoxyC₂₋₁₀alkynyl, heterocyclyl, heterocyclyl C₁₋₁₀alkyl, heterocyclylC₂₋₁₀alkenyl, heterocyclyl-C₂₋₁₀alkynyl, aryl-C₂₋₁₀alkenyl, aryl-C₂₋₁₀alkynyl, aryl-heterocyclyl, heteroaryl-C₁₋₁₀alkyl, heteroaryl-C₂₋₁₀alkenyl, heteroaryl-C₂₋₁₀alkynyl, heteroaryl-C₃₋₈cycloalkyl, heteroaryl-heteroalkyl, or heteroaryl-heterocyclyl, wherein each of said bicyclic aryl or heteroaryl moiety is unsubstituted, or wherein each of bicyclic aryl, heteroaryl moiety or monocyclic aryl moiety is substituted with one or more independent halo, —OH, —R³¹, —CF₃, —OCF₃, —OR³¹, —NR³¹R³², —NR³⁴R³⁵, —C(O)R³¹, —CO₂R³¹, —C(═O)NR³¹R³², —C(═O)NR³⁴R³⁵, —NO₂, —CN, —S(O)₀₋₂R³¹, —SO₂NR³¹R³², —SO₂NR³⁴R³⁵, —NR³¹C(═O)R³², —NR³¹C(═O)OR³², —NR³¹C(═O)NR³²R³³, NR³¹S(O)₀₋₂R³², —C(═S)OR³¹, —C(═O)SR³¹, —NR³¹C(═NR³²)NR³³R³², —NR³¹C(═NR³²)OR³³, —NR³¹C(═NR³²)SR³³, —OC(═O)OR³³, —OC(═O)NR³¹R³², —OC(═O)SR³¹, —SC(═O)OR³¹, —P(O)OR³¹OR³², or —SC(═O)NR³¹R³², and wherein each of said alkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, or heteroalkyl moiety is unsubstituted or is substituted with one or more halo, —OH, —R³¹, —CF₃, —OCF₃, —OR³¹, —O-aryl, —NR³¹R³², —NR³⁴R³⁵, —C(O)R³¹, —CO₂R³¹, —C(═O)NR³⁴R³⁵, or —C(═O)NR³¹R³²;

R³¹, R³², and R³³, in each instance, are independently H or C₁₋₁₀alkyl, wherein the C₁₋₁₀alkyl is unsubstituted; and

R³⁴ and R³⁵ in —NR³⁴R³⁵, —C(═O)NR³⁴R³⁴R³⁵, or —SO₂NR³⁴R³⁵, are taken together with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached to form a 3-10 membered saturated or unsaturated ring; wherein said ring is independently unsubstituted or is substituted by one or more —NR³¹R³², hydroxyl, halogen, oxo, aryl, heteroaryl, C₁₋₆alkyl, or O-aryl, and wherein said 3-10 membered saturated or unsaturated ring independently contains 0, 1, or 2 more heteroatoms in addition to the nitrogen.

In another aspect, an inhibitor of Formula I-C1 is a compound of Formula I-C1a:

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein: E² is —H; X₁ is CH and X₂ is N;

R₁ is -L-C₁₋₁₀alkyl, -L-C₃₋₈cycloalkyl, -L-C₁₋₁₀alkylheterocyclyl, or -L-heterocyclyl, each of which is unsubstituted or is substituted by one or more independent R³;

L is absent, —(C═O)—, —C(═O)O—, —C(═O) N(R³¹)—, —S—, —S(O)—, —S(O)₂—, —S(O)₂N(R³¹)—, or —N(R³¹)—;

R³ is hydrogen, —OH, —OR³¹, —NR³¹R³², —C(O)R³¹, —C(═O)NR³¹R³², —C(═O)NR³⁴R³⁵, aryl, heteroaryl, C₁₋₄alkyl, C₁₀alkyl, C₃₋₈cycloalkyl, or heterocyclyl, wherein each of said aryl or heteroaryl moiety is unsubstituted or is substituted with one or more independent alkyl, heteroalkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, arylalkyl, heteroaryl, heteroarylalkyl, halo, —OH, —R³¹, —CF₃, —OCF₃, —OR³¹, —NR³¹R³², —NR³⁴R³⁵, —C(O)R³¹, —CO₂R³¹, —C(═O)NR³¹R³², —C(═O)NR³⁴R³⁵, —NO₂, —CN, —S(O)₀₋₂R³¹, —SO₂NR³¹R³², —SO₂NR³⁴R³⁵, NR³¹C(═O)R³², —NR³¹C(═O)OR³², —NR³¹C(═O)NR³²R³³, —NR³¹S(O)₀₋₂R³², —C(═S)OR³¹, —C(═O)SR³¹, —NR³¹C(═NR³²NR³³R³², —NR³¹C(═NR³²)OR³³, —R³¹C(═NR³²) SR³³, —OC(═O)OR³³, —OC(═O)NR³¹R³², —OC(═O)SR³¹, —SC(═O)OR³¹, —P(O)OR³¹OR³², or —SC(═O)NR³¹R³², and wherein each of said alkyl, cycloalkyl, or heterocyclyl moiety is unsubstituted or is substituted with one or more alkyl, heteroalkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, arylalkyl, heteroaryl, heteroarylalkyl, halo, —OH, —R³¹, —CF₃, —OCF₃, —OR³¹, —O-aryl, —NR³¹R³², —NR³⁴R³⁵, —C(O)R³¹, —CO₂R³¹, —C(═O)NR³⁴R³⁵, or —C(═O)NR³¹R³²;

—(W²)_(k)— is —NH—, —N(H)C(O)— or —N(H)S(O)₂—;

R² is hydrogen, halogen, —OR³¹, —NR³¹R³², —NR³⁴R³⁵, —C(O)R³¹, —CO₂R³¹, —C(═O)NR³¹R³², —C(═O)NR³⁴R³⁵, —S(O)₀₋₂R³¹, —SO₂NR³¹R³², —SO₂NR³⁴R³⁵, bicyclic aryl, substituted monocyclic aryl, heteroaryl, C₁₋₁₀alkyl, C₃₋₈cycloalkyl, C₁₋₁₀alkyl-C₃₋₈cycloalkyl, C₃₋₈cycloalkyl-C₁₋₁₀alkyl, C₂₋₁₀alkyl-monocyclic aryl, monocyclic aryl-C₂₋₁₀alkyl, C₁₋₁₀alkylbicycloaryl, bicycloaryl-C₁₋₁₀alkyl, substituted C₁₋₁₀alkylaryl, substituted aryl-C₁₋₁₀alkyl, C₁₋₁₀alkylheteroaryl, C₁₋₁₀alkylheterocyclyl, C₂₋₁₀alkenyl, C₂₋₁₀alkynyl, heterocyclyl, heterocyclyl C₁₋₁₀alkyl, heterocyclyl-C₂₋₁₀alkenyl, heterocyclyl-C₂₋₁₀alkynyl, aryl-heterocyclyl, heteroaryl-C₁₋₁₀alkyl, heteroaryl-heteroalkyl, or heteroaryl-heterocyclyl, wherein each of said bicyclic aryl or heteroaryl moiety is unsubstituted, or wherein each of bicyclic aryl, heteroaryl moiety or monocyclic aryl moiety is substituted with one or more independent halo, —OH, —R³¹, —CF₃, —OCF₃, —OR³¹, —NR³¹R³², —NR³⁴R³⁵, —C(O)R³¹, —CO₂R³¹, —C(═O)NR³¹R³², —C(═O)NR³⁴R³⁵, —NO₂, —CN, —S(O)₀₋₂R³¹, —SO₂NR³¹R³², —SO₂NR³⁴R³⁵, —NR³¹C(═O)R³², —NR³¹C(═O)OR³², —NR³¹C(═O)NR³²R³³, NR³¹S(O)₀₋₂R³², —C(═S)OR³¹, —C(═O)SR³¹, —NR³¹C(═NR³²)NR³³R³², —NR³¹C(═NR³²)OR³³, —NR³¹C(═NR³²)SR³³, —OC(═O)OR³³, —OC(═O)NR³¹R³², —OC(═O)SR³¹, —SC(═O)OR³¹, P(O)OR³¹OR³², or —SC(═O)NR³¹R³², and wherein each of said alkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, or heteroalkyl moiety is unsubstituted or is substituted with one or more halo, —OH, —R³¹, —CF₃, —OCF₃, —OR³¹, —O-aryl, —NR³¹R³², —NR³⁴R³⁵, —C(O)R³¹, —CO₂R³¹, —C(═O)N34R³⁵ or —C(═O)NR³¹R³²;

R³¹, R³², and R³³, in each instance, are independently H or C₁₋₁₀alkyl, wherein the C₁₋₁₀alkyl is unsubstituted; and

R³⁴ and R³⁵ in —NR³⁴R³⁵, —C(═O)NR³⁴R³⁴R³⁵, or —SO₂NR³⁴R³⁵, are taken together with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached to form a 3-10 membered saturated or unsaturated ring; wherein said ring is independently unsubstituted or is substituted by one or more —NR³¹R³², hydroxyl, halogen, oxo, aryl, heteroaryl, C₁₋₆alkyl, or O-aryl, and wherein said 3-10 membered saturated or unsaturated ring independently contains 0, 1, or 2 more heteroatoms in addition to the nitrogen.

The invention further provides a compound which is an mTor inhibitor, wherein the compound has the Formula I-A:

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein:

X₁ is N or C-E¹, X₂ is N, X₃ is C, and X₄ is C—R⁹ or N; or X₁ is N or C-E¹, X₂ is C, X₃ is N, and X₄ is C—R⁹ or N;

R₁ is —H, -L-C₁₋₁₀alkyl, -L-C₃₋₈cycloalkyl, -L-C₁₋₁₀alkyl-C₃₋₈cycloalkyl, -L-aryl, -L-heteroaryl, -L-C₁₋₁₀alkylaryl, -L-C₁₋₁₀alkylheteroaryl, -L-C₁₋₁₀alkylheterocyclyl, -L-C₂₋₁₀alkenyl, -L-C₂₋₁₀alkynyl, -L-C₂₋₁₀alkenyl-C₃₋₈cycloalkyl, -L-C₂₋₁₀alkynyl-C₃₋₈cycloalkyl, -L-heteroalkyl, -L-heteroalkylaryl, -L-heteroalkylheteroaryl, -L-heteroalkyl-heterocyclyl, -L-heteroalkyl-C₃₋₈cycloalkyl, -L-aralkyl, -L-heteroaralkyl, or -L-heterocyclyl, each of which is unsubstituted or is substituted by one or more independent R³;

L is absent, —(C═O)—, —C(═O)O—, —C(═O) N(R³¹)—, —S—, —S(O)—, —S(O)₂—, —S(O)₂N(R³¹)—, or —N(R³¹)—;

M₁ is benzothiazolyl substituted with —(W²)_(k)—R²;

k is 0 or 1;

E¹ and E² are independently —(W¹)_(j)—R⁴;

j, in each instance (i.e., in E¹ or j in E²), is independently 0 or 1

W¹ is —O—, —NR⁷—, —S(O)₀₋₂—, —C(O)—, —C(O)N(R⁷)—, —N(R⁷)C(O)—, —N(R⁷)S(O)—, —N(R⁷)S(O)₂—, —C(O)O—, —CH(R⁷)N(C(O)OR⁸)—, —CH(R⁷)N(C(O)R⁸)—, —CH(R⁷)N(SO₂R⁸)—, —CH(R⁷)N(R⁷)—, —CH(R⁷)C(O)N(R⁸)—, —CH(R⁷)N(R⁸)C(O)—, —CH(R⁷)N(R⁸)S(O)—, or —CH(R⁷)N(R⁸)S(O)₂—;

W² is —O—, —NR⁷—, —S(O)₀₋₂—, —C(O)—, —C(O)N(R⁷)—, —N(R⁷)C(O)—, —N(R⁷)C(O)N(R⁸)—, —N(R⁷)S(O)—, —N(R⁷)S(O)₂—, —C(O)O—, —CH(R⁷)N(C(O)OR⁸)—, —CH(R⁷)N(C(O)R⁸)—, —CH(R⁷)N(SO₂R⁸)—, —CH(R⁷)N(R⁸)—, —CH(R⁷)C(O)N(R⁸)—, —CH(R⁷)N(R⁸)C(O)—, —CH(R⁷)N(R⁸)S(O)—, or —CH(R⁷)N(R⁸)S(O)₂—;

R² is hydrogen, halogen, —OH, —R³¹, —CF₃, —OCF₃, —OR³¹, —NR³¹R³², —NR³⁴R³⁵, —C(O)R³¹, —CO₂R³¹, —C(═O)NR³¹R³², —C(═O)NR³⁴R³⁵, —NO₂, —CN, —S(O)₀₋₂R³¹, —SO₂NR³¹R³², —SO₂NR³⁴R³⁴R³⁵, —NR³¹C(═O)R³², —NR³¹C(═O)OR³², —NR³¹C(═O)NR³R³³, —NR³¹S(O)₀₋₂R³², —C(═S)OR³¹, C(═O)SR³¹, —NR³¹C(═NR³²)NR³³R³², NR³¹C(═NR³²)OR³³, —NR³¹C(═NR³²) SR³³, —OC(═O)OR³³, —OC(═O)NR³¹R³², —OC(═O)SR³¹, —SC(═O)OR³¹, —P(O)OR³¹OR³², —SC(═O)NR³¹R³², aryl (e.g. bicyclic aryl, unsubstituted aryl, or substituted monocyclic aryl), heteroaryl, C₁₋₁₀alkyl, C₃₋₈cycloalkyl, C₁₋₁₀alkyl-C₃₋₈cycloalkyl, C₃₋₈cycloalkyl-C₁₋₁₀alkyl, C₃₋₈cycloalkyl-C₂₋₁₀alkenyl, C₃₋₈cycloalkyl-C₂₋₁₀alkynyl, C₁₋₁₀alkyl-C₂₋₁₀alkenyl, C₁₋₁₀alkyl-C₂₋₁₀alkynyl, C₁₋₁₀alkylaryl (e.g. C₂₋₁₀alkyl-monocyclic aryl, C₁₋₁₀alkyl-substituted monocyclic aryl, or C₁₋₁₀alkylbicycloaryl), C₁₋₁₀alkylheteroaryl, C₁₋₁₀alkylheterocyclyl, C₂₋₁₀alkenyl, C₂₋₁₀alkynyl, C₂₋₁₀alkenyl-C₁₋₁₀alkyl, C₂₋₁₀alkynyl-C₁₋₁₀alkyl, C₂₋₁₀alkenylaryl, C₂₋₁₀alkenylheteroaryl, C₂₋₁₀alkenylheteroalkyl, C₂₋₁₀alkenylheterocyclcyl, C₂₋₁₀alkenyl-C₃₋₈cycloalkyl, C₂₋₁₀alkynylaryl, C₂₋₁₀alkynylheteroaryl, C₂₋₁₀alkynylheteroalkyl, C₂₋₁₀alkynylheterocyclyl, C₂₋₁₀alkynyl-C₃₋₈cycloalkenyl, C₁₋₁₀alkoxy C₁₋₁₀alkyl, C₁₋₁₀alkoxy-C₂₋₁₀alkenyl, C₁₋₁₀alkoxy-C₂₋₁₀alkynyl, heterocyclyl, heteroalkyl, heterocyclyl-C₁₋₁₀alkyl, heterocyclyl-C₂₋₁₀alkenyl, heterocyclyl-C₂₋₁₀alkynyl, aryl-C₁₋₁₀alkyl (e.g. monocyclic aryl-C₂₋₁₀alkyl, substituted monocyclic aryl-C₁₋₁₀alkyl, or bicycloaryl-C₁₋₁₀alkyl), aryl-C₂₋₁₀alkenyl, aryl-C₂₋₁₀alkynyl, aryl-heterocyclyl, heteroaryl-C₁₋₁₀alkyl, heteroaryl-C₂₋₁₀alkenyl, heteroaryl-C₂₋₁₀alkynyl, heteroaryl-C₃₋₈cycloalkyl, heteroaryl-heteroalkyl, or heteroaryl-heterocyclyl, wherein each of said bicyclic aryl or heteroaryl moiety is unsubstituted, or wherein each of bicyclic aryl, heteroaryl moiety or monocyclic aryl moiety is substituted with one or more independent alkyl, heteroalkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, arylalkyl, heteroaryl, heteroarylalkyl, halo, —OH, —R³¹, —CF₃, —OCF₃, —OR³¹, —NR³¹R³², —NR³⁴R³⁵, C(O)R³¹, —CO₂R³¹, —C(═O)NR³¹R³², —C(═O)NR³⁴R³⁵, —NO₂, —CN, —S(O)₀₋₂R³¹, —SO₂NR³¹R³², —SO₂NR³⁴R³⁵, —NR³¹C(═O)R³², —NR³¹C(═O)OR³², —NR³¹C(═O)NR³²R³³, —NR³¹S(O)₀₋₂R³², C(═S)OR³¹, —C(═O)SR³¹, —NR³¹C(═NR³²)NR³³R³², —NR³¹C(═NR³²)OR³³, —NR³¹C(═NR³²)SR³³, OC(═O)OR³³, —OC(═O)NR³¹R³², —OC(═O)SR³¹, —SC(═O)OR³¹, —P(O)OR³¹R³², or —SC(═O)NR³¹R³², and wherein each of said alkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, or heteroalkyl moiety is unsubstituted or is substituted with one or more alkyl, heteroalkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, arylalkyl, heteroaryl, heteroarylalkyl, halo, —OH, —R³¹, —CF₃, —OCF₃, —OR³¹, —O-aryl, —NR³¹R³², —NR³⁴R³⁵, —C(O)R³¹, —CO₂R³¹, —C(═O)NR³⁴R³⁵, or —C(═O)NR³²;

R³ and R⁴ are independently hydrogen, halogen, —OH, —R³¹, —CF₃, —OCF₃, —OR³¹, —NR³¹R³², —NR³⁴R³⁵, —C(O)R³¹, —CO₂R³¹, —C(═O)NR³¹R³², —C(═O)NR³⁴R³⁵, —NO₂, —CN, —S(O)₀₋₂R³¹, —SO₂NR³¹R³², —SO₂NR³⁴R³⁵, —NR³¹C(═O)R³², —NR³¹C(═O)OR³², —NR³¹C(═O)NR³²R³³, NR³¹S(O)₀₋₂R³², —C(═S)OR³¹, —C(═O)SR³¹, —NR³¹C(═NR³²NR³³R³², —NR³¹C(═NR³²)OR³³, —NR³¹C(═NR³²)SR³³, —OC(═O)OR³³, —OC(═O)NR³¹R³², —OC(═O)SR³¹, —SC(═O)OR³¹, —P(O)OR³¹OR³², —SC(═O)NR³¹R³², aryl, heteroaryl, C₁₋₄alkyl, C₁₋₁₀alkyl, C₃₋₈cycloalkyl, C₁₋₁₀alkyl-C₃₋₈cycloalkyl, C₃₋₈cycloalkyl-C₁₋₁₀alkyl, C₃₋₈cycloalkyl-C₂₋₁₀alkenyl, C₃₋₈cycloalkyl-C₂₋₁₀alkynyl, C₁₋₁₀alkyl-C₂₋₁₀alkenyl, C₁₋₁₀alkyl-C₂₋₁₀alkynyl, C₁₋₁₀alkylaryl, C₁₋₁₀alkylheteroaryl, C₁₋₁₀alkylheterocyclyl, C₂₋₁₀alkenyl, C₂₋₁₀alkynyl, C₂₋₁₀alkenyl-C₁₋₁₀alkyl, C₂₋₁₀alkynyl-C₁₋₁₀alkyl, C₂₋₁₀alkenylaryl, C₂₋₁₀alkenylheteroaryl, C₂₋₁₀alkenylheteroalkyl, C₂₋₁₀alkenylheterocyclcyl, C₂₋₁₀alkenyl-C₃₋₈cycloalkyl, C₂₋₁₀alkynyl-C₃₋₈cycloalkyl, C₂₋₁₀alkynylaryl, C₂₋₁₀alkynylheteroaryl, C₂₋₁₀alkynylheteroalkyl, C₂₋₁₀alkynylheterocyclyl, C₂₋₁₀alkynyl-C₃₋₈cycloalkenyl, C₁₋₁₀alkoxy C₁₋₁₀alkyl, C₁₋₁₀alkoxy-C₂₋₁₀alkenyl, C₁₋₁₀alkoxy-C₂₋₁₀alkynyl, heterocyclyl, heterocyclyl-C₁₋₁₀alkyl, heterocyclyl-C₂₋₁₀alkenyl, heterocyclyl-C₂₋₁₀alkynyl, aryl-C₁₋₁₀alkyl, aryl-C₂₋₁₀alkenyl, aryl-C₂₋₁₀alkynyl, aryl-heterocyclyl, heteroaryl-C₁₋₁₀alkyl, heteroaryl-C₂₋₁₀alkenyl, heteroaryl-C₂₋₁₀alkynyl, heteroaryl-C₃₋₈cycloalkyl, heteroalkyl, heteroaryl-heteroalkyl, or heteroaryl-heterocyclyl, wherein each of said aryl or heteroaryl moiety is unsubstituted or is substituted with one or more independent halo, —OH, —R³¹, —CF₃, —OCF₃, —OR³¹, —NR³¹R³², —NR³⁴R³⁵, —C(O)R³¹, —CO₂R³¹, —C(═O)NR³¹R³², —C(═O)NR³⁴R³⁵, —NO₂, —CN, —S(O)₀₋₂R³¹, —SO₂NR³¹R³², —SO₂NR³⁴R³⁵, —NR³¹C(═O)R³², —NR³¹C(═O)OR³², —NR³¹C(═O)NR³²R³³, —NR³¹S(O)₀₋₂R³², —C(═S)OR³¹, —C(═O)SR³¹, NR³¹C(═NR³²)NR³³R³², —NR³¹C(═NR³²)OR³³, —NR³¹C(═NR³²)SR³³, —OC(═O)OR³³, —OC(═O)NR³¹R³², —OC(═O)SR³¹, —SC(═O)OR³¹, —P(O)OR³¹OR³², or —SC(═O)NR³¹R³², and wherein each of said alkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, or heteroalkyl moiety is unsubstituted or is substituted with one or more halo, —OH, —R³¹, —CF₃, —OCF₃, —OR³¹, —O-aryl, —NR³¹R³², —NR³⁴R³⁵, —C(O)R³¹, —CO₂R³¹, —C(═O)NR³⁴R³⁵, or —C(═O)NR³¹R³²;

R⁵ is hydrogen, halogen, —OH, —R³¹, —CF₃, —OCF₃, —OR³¹, —NR³¹R³², —NR³⁴R³⁵, —C(O)R³¹, —CO₂R³¹, —C(═O)NR³¹R³², —C(═O)NR³⁴R³⁵, —NO₂, —CN, —S(O)₀₋₂R³¹, —SO₂NR³¹R³², —SO₂NR³⁴R³⁵, —NR³¹C(═O)R³², —NR³¹C(═O)OR³², —NR³¹C(═O)NR³²R³³, —NR³¹S(O)₀₋₂R₃₂, —C(═S)OR³¹, —C(═O)SR³¹, —NR³¹C(═NR³²NR³³R³², —NR³¹C(═NR³²)OR³³, —NR³¹C(═NR³²)SR³³, —OC(═O)OR³³, —OC(═O)NR³¹³², —OC(═O)SR³¹, —SC(═O)OR³¹, —P(O)OR³¹OR³², or —SC(═O)NR³¹R³²;

R³¹, R³², and R³³, in each instance, are independently H or C₁₋₁₀alkyl, wherein the C₁₋₁₀alkyl is unsubstituted or is substituted with one or more aryl, heteroalkyl, heterocyclyl, or heteroaryl group, wherein each of said aryl, heteroalkyl, heterocyclyl, or heteroaryl group is unsubstituted or is substituted with one or more halo, —OH, —C₁₋₁₀alkyl, —CF₃, —O-aryl, —OCF₃, —OC₁₋₁₀alkyl, —NH₂, —N(C₁₋₁₀alkyl)(C₁₋₁₀alkyl), —NH(C₁₋₁₀alkyl), —NH(aryl), —NR³⁴R³⁵, —C(O)(C_(—)10alkyl), —C(O)(C₁₋₁₀alkyl-aryl), —C(O)(aryl), —CO₂—C₁₋₁₀alkyl, —CO₂—C₁₋₁₀alkylaryl, —CO₂-aryl, —C(═O)N(C₁₋₁₀alkyl)(C₁₋₁₀alkyl), —C(═O)NH(C₁₋₁₀alkyl), —C(═O)NR³⁴R³⁵, —C(═O)NH₂, —OCF₃, —O(C₁₋₁₀alkyl), —O-aryl, —N(aryl)(C₁₋₁₀alkyl), —NO₂, —CN, —S(O)₀₋₂C₁₋₁₀alkyl, —S(O)₀₋₂C₁₋₁₀alkylaryl, —S(O)₀₋₂ aryl, —SO₂N(aryl), —SO₂N(C₁₋₁₀alkyl)(C₁₋₁₀alkyl), —SO₂NH(C₁₋₁₀alkyl) or —SO₂NR³⁴R³⁵;

R³⁴ and R³⁵ in —NR³⁴R³⁵, —C(═O)NR³⁴R³⁴R³⁵, or —SO₂NR³⁴R³⁵, are taken together with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached to form a 3-10 membered saturated or unsaturated ring; wherein said ring is independently unsubstituted or is substituted by one or more —NR³¹R³², hydroxyl, halogen, oxo, aryl, heteroaryl, C₁₋₆alkyl, or O-aryl, and wherein said 3-10 membered saturated or unsaturated ring independently contains 0, 1, or 2 more heteroatoms in addition to the nitrogen atom;

R⁷ and R⁸ are each independently hydrogen, C₁₋₁₀alkyl, C₂₋₁₀alkenyl, aryl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl or C₃₋₁₀cycloalkyl, each of which except for hydrogen is unsubstituted or is substituted by one or more independent R⁶;

R⁶ is halo, —OR³¹, —SH, —NH₂, —NR³⁴R³⁵, —NR³¹R³², —CO₂R³¹, —CO₂aryl, —C(═O)NR³¹R³², C(═O)NR³⁴R³⁵, —NO₂, —CN, —S(O)₀₋₂C₁₋₁₀alkyl, —S(O)₀₋₂aryl, —SO₂NR³⁴R³⁵, —SO₂NR³¹R³², C₁₋₁₀alkyl, C₂₋₁₀alkenyl, C₂₋₁₀alkynyl; aryl-C₁₋₁₀alkyl, aryl-C₂₋₁₀alkenyl, aryl-C₂₋₁₀alkynyl, heteroaryl-C₁₋₁₀alkyl, heteroaryl-C₂₋₁₀alkenyl, heteroaryl-C₂₋₁₀alkynyl, wherein each of said alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroalkyl, heterocyclyl, or heteroaryl group is unsubstituted or is substituted with one or more independent halo, cyano, nitro, —OC₁₋₁₀alkyl, C₁₋₁₀alkyl, C₂₋₁₀alkenyl, C₂₋₁₀alkynyl, haloC₁₋₁₀alkyl, haloC₂₋₁₀alkenyl, haloC₂₋₁₀alkynyl, —COOH, —C(═O)NR³¹R³², —C(═O)NR³⁴R³⁵, —SO₂NR³⁴R³⁵, —SO₂NR³¹R³², —NR³¹R³², or —NR³⁴R³⁵; and

R⁹ is H, halo, —OR³¹, —SH, —NH₂, —NR³⁴R³⁵, —NR³¹R³², —CO₂R³¹, —CO₂aryl, —C(═O)NR³¹R³², C(═O)NR³⁴R³⁵, —NO₂, —CN, —S(O)₀₋₂C₁₋₁₀alkyl, —S(O)₀₋₂aryl, —SO₂NR³⁴R³⁵, —SO₂NR³¹R³², C₁₋₁₀alkyl, C₂₋₁₀alkenyl, C₂₋₁₀alkynyl; aryl-C₁₋₁₀alkyl, aryl-C₂₋₁₀alkenyl, aryl-C₂₋₁₀alkynyl, heteroaryl-C₁₋₁₀alkyl, heteroaryl-C₂₋₁₀alkenyl, heteroaryl-C₂₋₁₀alkynyl, wherein each of said alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroalkyl, heterocyclyl, or heteroaryl group is unsubstituted or is substituted with one or more independent halo, cyano, nitro, —OC₁₋₁₀alkyl, C₁₋₁₀alkyl, C₂₋₁₀alkenyl, C₂₋₁₀alkynyl, haloC₁₋₁₀alkyl, haloC₂₋₁₀alkenyl, haloC₂₋₁₀alkynyl, —COOH, —C(═O)NR³¹R³², —C(═O)NR³⁴R³⁵, —SO₂NR³⁴R³⁵, —SO₂NR³¹R³², —NR³¹R³², or —NR³⁴R³⁵.

In some embodiments, X₄ is C—R⁹.

The invention also provides an inhibitor as defined above, wherein the compound is of Formula I-B:

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and wherein the substituents are as defined above.

In various embodiments the compound of Formula I-B or its pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, is an inhibitor having the structure of Formula I-B1 or Formula I-B2:

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

In various embodiments of Formula I-B1, X₁ is N and X₂ is N. In other embodiments, X₁ is C-E¹ and X₂ is N. In yet other embodiments, X₁ is NH and X₂ is C. In further embodiments, X₁ is CH-E¹ and X₂ is C.

In various embodiments of Formula I-B2, X₁ is N and X₂ is C. In further embodiments, X₁ is C-E¹ and X₂ is C.

In various embodiments, X₁ is C—(W¹)_(j)—R⁴, where j is 0.

In another embodiment, X₁ is CH. In yet another embodiment, X₁ is C-halogen, where halogen is Cl, F, Br, or I.

In various embodiments of X₁, it is C—(W¹)_(j)—R⁴. In various embodiments of X₁, j is 1, and W¹ is —O—. In various embodiments of X₁, j is 1, and W¹ is —NR⁷—. In various embodiments of X₁, j is 1, and W¹ is —NH—. In various embodiments of X, j is 1, and W¹ is —S(O)₀₋₂—. In various embodiments of X, j is 1, and W¹ is —C(O)—. In various embodiments of X₁, j is 1, and W¹ is —C(O)N(R⁷)—. In various embodiments of X₁, j is 1, and W¹ is —N(R⁷)C(O)—. In various embodiments of X, j is 1, and W¹ is —N(R⁷)S(O)—. In various embodiments of X₁, j is 1, and W¹ is —N(R⁷)S(O)₂—. In various embodiments of X, j is 1, and W¹ is —C(O)O—. In various embodiments of X, j is 1, and W¹ is CH(R⁷)N(C(O)OR⁸)—. In various embodiments of X, j is 1, and W¹ is —CH(R⁷)N(C(O)R⁸)—. In various embodiments of X₁, j is 1, and W¹ is —CH(R⁷)N(SO₂R⁸)—. In various embodiments of X, j is 1, and W¹ is —CH(R⁷)N(R⁸)—. In various embodiments of X₁, j is 1, and W¹ is —CH(R⁷)C(O)N(R⁸)—. In various embodiments of X₁, j is 1, and W¹ is —CH(R⁷)N(R⁸)C(O)—. In various embodiments of X₁, j is 1, and W¹ is —CH(R⁷)N(R⁸)S(O)—. In various embodiments of X, j is 1, and W¹ is —CH(R⁷)N(R⁸)S(O)₂—.

In another embodiment, X₁ is CH₂. In yet another embodiment, X₁ is CH-halogen, where halogen is Cl, F, Br, or I.

In another embodiment, X₁ is N.

In various embodiments, X₂ is N. In other embodiments, X₂ is C.

In various embodiments, E² is —(W¹)_(j)—R⁴, where j is 0.

In another embodiment, E² is CH. In yet another embodiment, E² is C-halogen, where halogen is Cl, F, Br, or I.

In various embodiments of E², it is —(W¹)_(j)R⁴. In various embodiments of E², j is 1, and W¹ is —O—. In various embodiments of E², j is 1, and W¹ is —NR⁷—. In various embodiments of E², j is 1, and W¹ is —NH—. In various embodiments of E², j is 1, and W¹ is —S(O)₀₋₂—. In various embodiments of E², j is 1, and W¹ is —C(O)—. In various embodiments of E², j is 1, and W¹ is —C(O)N(R⁷)—. In various embodiments of E², j is 1, and W¹ is —N(R⁷)C(O)—. In various embodiments of E², j is 1, and W¹ is —N(R⁷)S(O)—. In various embodiments of E², j is 1, and W¹ is —N(R⁷)S(O)₂—. In various embodiments of E², j is 1, and W¹ is —C(O)O—. In various embodiments of E², j is 1, and W¹ is CH(R⁷)N(C(O)OR⁸)—. In various embodiments of E², j is 1, and W¹ is —CH(R⁷)N(C(O)R⁸)—. In various embodiments of E², j is 1, and W¹ is —CH(R⁷)N(SO₂R⁸)—. In various embodiments of E², j is 1, and W¹ is —CH(R⁷)N(R⁸)—. In various embodiments of E², j is 1, and W¹ is —CH(R⁷)C(O)N(R⁸)—. In various embodiments of E², j is 1, and W¹ is —CH(R⁷)N(R⁸)C(O)—. In various embodiments of E², j is 1, and W¹ is —CH(R⁷)N(R⁸)S(O)—. In various embodiments of E², j is 1, and W¹ is —CH(R⁷)N(R⁸)S(O)₂—.

In various embodiments of Formula I-A, I-B, I-B1 and I-B2, M₁ is:

In some embodiments of the invention, M₁ is benzothiazolyl substituted with —(W²)_(k)—R². W² can be —O—, —S(O)₀₋₂— (including but not limited to —S—, —S(O)—, and —S(O)₂—), —C(O)—, or —C(O)O—.

In other embodiments, W¹ is —NR⁶— or —CH(R⁶)N(R⁷)—, wherein R⁶ and R⁷ are each independently hydrogen, unsubstituted or substituted C₂-C₁₀alkyl (which includes but is not limited to —CH₃, —CH₂CH₃, n-propyl, isopropyl, n-butyl, tert-butyl, sec-butyl, pentyl, hexyl, and heptyl), unsubstituted or substituted C₂-C₁₀alkenyl (including but not limited to alkenyl such as, for example, vinyl, allyl, 1-methyl propen-1-yl, butenyl, or pentenyl). Additionally when W² is —NR⁶— or —CH(R⁶)N(R⁷)—, R⁶ and R⁷ are each independently unsubstituted or substituted aryl (including phenyl and naphthtyl). In yet other embodiments, when W² is —NR⁶— or —CH(R⁶)N(R⁷)—, R⁶ and R⁷ are each independently heteroaryl, wherein the heteroaryl is unsubstituted or substituted. R⁶ and R⁷ heteroaryl is monocyclic heteroaryl, and includes but is not limited to imidazolyl, pyrrolyl, oxazolyl, thiazolyl, and pyridinyl. In some other embodiments, when W² is —NR⁶— or —CH(R⁶)N(R⁷)—, R⁶ and R⁷ are each independently unsubstituted or substituted heterocyclyl (which includes but is not limited to pyrrolidinyl, tetrahydrofuranyl, piperidinyl, tetrahydropyranyl, thiazolidinyl, imidazolidinyl, morpholinyl, and piperazinyl) or unsubstituted or substituted C₃₋₈cycloalkyl (including but not limited to cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, and cyclopentyl). Non limiting exemplary W² include —NH—, —N(cyclopropyl), and —N(4-N-piperidinyl).

For example, exemplary mTor inhibitors of the invention have the Formulas:

Reaction Schemes—mTor Inhibitor Compounds

The mTor inhibitor compounds disclosed herein may be prepared by the routes described below. Materials used herein are either commercially available or prepared by synthetic methods generally known in the art. These schemes are not limited to the compounds listed or by any particular substituents employed for illustrative purposes. Numbering does not necessarily correspond to that of claims or other tables.

In one embodiment, compounds are synthesized by condensing a functionalized heterocycle A-1 with formamide, to provide a pyrazolopyrimidine A-2. The pyrazolopyrimidine is treated with N-iodosuccinimide, which introduces an iodo substituent in the pyrazole ring as in A-3. The R₁ substituent is introduced by reacting the pyrazolopyrimidine A3 with a compound of Formula R₁-Lg in the presence of a base such as potassium carbonate to produce a compound of Formula A-4. Other bases that are suitable for use in this step include but are not limited to sodium hydride and potassium t-butoxide. The compound of Formula R₁-Lg has a moiety R₁ as defined for R₁ of a compound of Formula I-A, and wherein -Lg is an appropriate leaving group such as halide (including bromo, iodo, and chloro), tosylate, or other suitable leaving group,

The substituents corresponding to M₁ are thereafter introduced by reacting aryl or heteroaryl boronic acids with the compound of Formula A-4 to obtain compound A-5.

Alternatively, Mitsunobu chemistry can be used to obtain alkylated pyrazolopyrimidine A-4, as shown in Scheme A-1. Iodopyrazolopyrimidine A-3 is reacted with a suitable alcohol, in the presence of triphenylphosphine and diisopropylazodicarboxylate (DIAD) to produce pyrazolopyrimidine A-4.

The compounds of the invention may be synthesized via a reaction scheme represented generally in Scheme B. The synthesis proceeds via coupling a compound of Formula A with a compound of Formula B to yield a compound of Formula C. The coupling step is typically catalyzed by using, e.g., a palladium catalyst, including but not limited to palladium tetrakis(triphenylphosphine). The coupling is generally performed in the presence of a suitable base, a nonlimiting example being sodium carbonate. One example of a suitable solvent for the reaction is aqueous dioxane.

A compound of Formula A for use in Scheme B has a structure of Formula A, wherein T₁ is triflate or halo (including bromo, chloro, and iodo), and wherein R₁, X₁, X₂, X₃, R₃₁ and R₃₂ are defined as for a compound of Formula I-A. For boronic acids and acid derivatives as depicted in Formula B, M is either M₁ or M₂. M₁ is defined as for a compound of Formula I-A. For example, M₁ can be a 5-benzoxazolyl or a 6-benzoxazolyl moiety, including but not limited to those M₁ moieties disclosed herein. M₂ is a moiety which is synthetically transformed to form M₁, after the M₂ moiety has been coupled to the bicyclic core of the compound of Formula A.

For a compound of Formula B, G is hydrogen or R_(G1), wherein R_(G1) is alkyl, alkenyl, or aryl. Alternatively, B(OG)₂ is taken together to form a 5- or 6-membered cyclic moiety. In some embodiments, the compound of Formula B is a compound having a structure of Formula E:

wherein G is H or R_(G1); R_(G1) is alkyl, alkenyl, or aryl. Alternatively,

forms a 5- or 6-membered cyclic moiety; and R₂ is a R_(G2) moiety, wherein the R_(G2) moiety is H, acyl, or an amino protecting group including but not limited to tert-butyl carbamate (Boc), carbobenzyloxy (Cbz), benzyl (Bz), fluorenylmethyloxycarbonyl (FMOC), p-methoxybenzyl (PMB), and the like.

In some embodiments, a compound of Formula B is a compound of Formula B′, wherein G is R_(G1). or a compound of Formula B″, wherein G is hydrogen. Scheme C depicts an exemplary scheme for synthesizing a compound of Formula B′ or, optionally, Formula B″ for use in Reaction Scheme C. This reaction proceeds via reacting a compound of Formula D with a trialkyl borate or a boronic acid derivative to produce a compound of Formula B′. The reaction is typically run a solvent such as dioxane or tetrahydrofuran. The trialkyl borate includes but is not limited to triisopropyl borate and the boronic acid derivative includes but is not limited to bis(pinacolato)diboron.

When the reaction is performed with trialkyl borate, a base such as n-butyllithium is first added to the compound of Formula D to generate an anion, prior to the addition of the borate. When the reaction is performed with a boronic acid derivative such as bis(pinacolato)diboron, a palladium catalyst and a base is used. Typical palladium catalysts include but is not limited to palladium chloride (diphenylphosphino)ferrocene). A suitable base includes but is not limited to potassium acetate.

A compound of Formula D for use in Scheme C is a compound wherein T₂ is halo or another leaving group, and M is as defined above in Scheme B. The compound of Formula B′ may further be converted to a compound of Formula B″ by treatment with an acid such as hydrochloric acid.

In one embodiment of a compound of Formula B, B′, B″, or E, the G groups are hydrogen. In another of a compound of Formula B, B′, B″, or E, the G groups are R_(G1).

In some embodiments, no further synthetic transformation of M₁ moiety is performed after the coupling reaction when, e.g. M₁ is 2-N-acetyl-benzoxazol-5-yl.

Some exemplary compounds of Formula B that can be synthesized via Scheme C include but are not limited to compounds of the following formulae:

In other embodiments of the invention, a compound of Formula E is synthesized from a compound of Formula F, as shown in Scheme C-1:

Scheme C-1 depicts an exemplary scheme for synthesizing a compound of Formula E. This reaction proceeds via reacting a compound of Formula F with a trialkyl borate or a boronic acid derivative to produce a compound of Formula E. The conditions of the reaction are as described above in Scheme C.

A compound of Formula F for use in Scheme C-1 is a compound wherein T₂ is halo (including Br, Cl, and I) or another leaving group (including but not limited to triflate, tosylate, and mesylate), and the G_(p) moiety is H, acyl, or an amino protecting group including but not limited to tert-butyl carbamate (Boc), carbobenzyloxy (Cbz), benzyl (Bz), fluorenylmethyloxycarbonyl (FMOC), p-methoxybenzyl (PMB), and the like.

The compound of Formula E, wherein G is alkyl, may further be converted to a compound of Formula E, wherein G is hydrogen, by treatment with an acid such as hydrochloric acid

Where desired, deprotection of a substituent (e.g., removal of Boc protection from an amino substituent) on the benzoxazolyl moiety (i.e. M₁ of Formula C) is performed after coupling the compound of Formula B to the compound of Formula A.

Some exemplary compounds with such protecting groups, include but are not limited to compounds of the following formulae:

An exemplary transformation of M₂ to M₁ can be carried out via Scheme D as shown below.

In Step 1, a compound of Formula 3-1 is reacted with boronic acid 3-2, in the presence of palladium tetrakis(triphenylphosphine) and a suitable base, such as sodium carbonate in an aqueous/organic solvent mixture to produce a compound of Formula 3-3. In Step 2, the compound of Formula 3-3 is reacted with about 2 equivalents of nitric acid in acetic acid as solvent to produce a compound of Formula 3-4. Two alternative transformations may be used to effect the next transformation of Step 3. In the first method, the compound of Formula 3-4 is treated with sodium dithionite and sodium hydroxide in water to produce a compound of Formula 3-5. Alternatively, the compound of Formula 3-4 is reduced using palladium on carbon in a suitable solvent under a hydrogen atmosphere to yield a compound of Formula 3-5.

In Step 4, compound 3-5 is reacted with about 1.2 equivalents of cyanogen bromide in a solvent such as methanol/tetrahydrofuran mixture to produce a compound of Formula 3-6. The compound of Formula 3-6 may be further transformed by other substitution or derivatization.

A compound of Formula 3-1 useful in the method of Scheme D is a compound having a structure of Formula 3-1, wherein T₁ is triflate or halo (including bromo, chloro, and iodo), and wherein R₁, X₁, X₂, X₃, R₃₁ and R₃₂ are defined as for a compound of Formula I-A.

Exemplary compounds having a pyrazolopyrimidine core can be synthesized via Scheme E.

In Step 1 of Scheme E, compound A-2 in dimethylformamide (DMF), is reacted with an N-halosuccinimide (NT₁S) at about 80° C., to provide compound 4-1, where T₁ is iodo or bromo. In Step 2, compound 4-1 in DMF is reacted with a compound R₁T_(x), in the presence of potassium carbonate, to provide compound 4-2. In Step 4, compound 4-2 is coupled with a compound of Formula B using palladium catalysis such as palladium tetrakis(triphenylphosphine), and in the presence of sodium carbonate, to yield a pyrazolopyrimidine compound as shown.

A compound of Formula R₁T_(x) suitable for use in Reaction Scheme E is the compound wherein R₁ is cycloalkyl or alkyl and T_(x) is halo (including bromo, iodo, or chloro) or a leaving group, including but not limited to mesylate or tosylate.

Reaction Schemes F-M illustrate methods of synthesis of borane reagents useful in preparing intermediates of use in synthesis of the compounds of the invention as described in Reaction Schemes A, B, and E above, to introduce M₁ substituents.

In an alternative method of synthesis, a compound of Formula N-1 and a compound of N-2 are coupled to produce a compound of Formula C. The coupling step is typically catalyzed by using, e.g., a palladium catalyst, including but not limited to palladium tetrakis(triphenylphosphine). The coupling is generally performed in the presence of a suitable base, a nonlimiting example being sodium carbonate. One example of a suitable solvent for the reaction is aqueous dioxane.

A compound of Formula N-1 for use in Scheme N has a structure of Formula N-1, wherein G is hydrogen or R_(G1), wherein R_(G1) is alkyl, alkenyl, or aryl. Alternatively, B(OG)₂ of the compound of Formula N-1 is taken together to form a 5- or 6-membered cyclic moiety. R₁, X₁, X₂, X₃, R₃₁ and R₃₂ of the compound of Formula N-1 are defined as for a compound of Formula I-A.

A compound of Formula N-2 for use in Scheme N has a structure of Formula N-2 wherein T₁ is triflate or halo (including bromo, chloro, and iodo). M of the compound of Formula N-2 is either M₁ or M₂. M₁ is defined as for a compound of Formula I. For example, M₁ can be a 5-benzoxazolyl or a 6-benzoxazolyl moiety, including but not limited to those M₁ moieties disclosed herein. M₂ is a moiety which is synthetically transformed to form M₁, after the M₂ moiety has been coupled to the bicyclic core of the compound of Formula N-1.

A compound of Formula N-1 may be synthesized as shown in Scheme N-1. A compound of Formula N-1 is reacted with a trialkyl borate or a boronic acid derivative to produce a compound of Formula N-1. The reaction is typically run a solvent such as dioxane or tetrahydrofuran. The trialkyl borate includes but is not limited to triisopropyl borate and the boronic acid derivative includes but is not limited to bis(pinacolato)diboron.

When the reaction is performed with trialkyl borate, a base such as n-butyllithium is first added to the compound of Formula N-3 to generate an anion, prior to the addition of the borate. When the reaction is performed with a boronic acid derivative such as bis(pinacolato)diboron, a palladium catalyst and a base is used. Typical palladium catalysts include but is not limited to palladium chloride (diphenylphosphino)ferrocene). A suitable base includes but is not limited to potassium acetate.

A compound of Formula N-3 suitable for use in Scheme N-1 is a compound wherein T₂ is halo or another leaving group such as mesylate, tosylate, or triflate. X₁, X₂, X₃, R₁, R₃₁, and R₃₂ of the compound of Formula N-3 is as defined for a compound of Formula I-A.

In some embodiments of the invention, a compound of Formula A, B, B′, B″, C, C″, D, E, E″, 3-1, 3-2, 3-3, 3-4, 3-5, 3-6, N-1″, N-3″, 3-1″, 3-3″, 3-4″, 3-5″, 3-6″, N-1″, or N-3″ is provided as its salt, including but not limited to hydrochloride, acetate, formate, nitrate, sulfate, and boronate.

In some embodiments of the invention, a palladium compound, including but not limited to palladium chloride (diphenylphosphino)ferrocene) and palladium tetrakis(triphenylphosphine), is used in the synthesis of a compound of Formula A, B, B′, B″, C, C″, D, E, E″, 3-1, 3-2, 3-3, 3-4, 3-5, 3-6, N-1″, N-3″, 3-1″, 3-3″, 3-4″, 3-5″, 3-6″, N-1″, or N-3″. When a palladium compound is present in the synthesis of a compound of Formula A, B, B′, B″, C, C″, D, E, E″, 3-1, 3-2, 3-3, 3-4, 3-5, 3-6, N-1″, N-3″, 3-1″, 3-3″, 3-4″, 3-5″, 3-6″, N-1″, or N-3″, it is present in an amount ranging from about 0.005 molar equivalents to about 0.5 molar equivalents, from about 0.05 molar equivalents to about 0.20 molar equivalents, from about 0.05 molar equivalents to about 0.25 molar equivalents, from about 0.07 molar equivalents to about 0.15 molar equivalents, or about 0.8 molar equivalents to about 0.1 molar equivalents of the compound of Formula A, B, B′, B″, C, D, E, 3-1, 3-2, 3-3, 3-4, 3-5, 3-6, N-1, or N-3. In some embodiments, a a palladium compound, including but not limited to palladium chloride (diphenylphosphino)ferrocene) and palladium tetrakis(triphenylphosphine) is present in the synthesis of a compound of Formula A, B, B′, B″, C, C″, D, E, E″, 3-1, 3-2, 3-3, 3-4, 3-5, 3-6, N-1″, N-3″, 3-1″, 3-3″, 3-4″, 3-5″, 3-6″, N-1″, or N-3″ in about 0.07, about 0.08, about 0.09, about 0.10, about 0.11, about 0.12, about 0.13, about 0.14, or about 0.15 molar equivalents of a starting material of Formula A, B, B′, B″, C, C″, D, E, E″, 3-1, 3-2, 3-3, 3-4, 3-5, 3-6, N-1″, N-3″, 3-1″, 3-3″, 3-4″, 3-5″, 3-6″, N-1″, or N-3″ that is used to synthesize a compound of Formula A, B, B′, B″, C, C″, D, E, E″, 3-1, 3-2, 3-3, 3-4, 3-5, 3-6, N-1″, N-3″, 3-1″, 3-3″, 3-4″, 3-5″, 3-6″, N-1″, or N-3″.

In some embodiments of the above reaction schemes B, D, E, N or N-1, another embodiment of the compounds of Formula A, C, 3-1, 3-3, 3-4, 3-5, 3-6, A-2, 4-1, 4-2, N-1 and N-3 is as shown in Schemes B′. D′. E′, N′ or N-1′ below. In these alternative syntheses, producing a compound of Formula C, 3-1, 3-3, 3-4, 3-5, 3-6, A-2, 4-1, 4-2, N-1 or N-3, use compounds that comprise an amino moiety having a R_(G2) moiety present during one or more of the synthetic steps, wherein R_(G2) is an amino protecting group including but not limited to tert-butyl carbamate (Boc), carbobenzyloxy (Cbz), benzyl (Bz), fluorenylmethyloxycarbonyl (FMOC), p-methoxybenzyl (PMB), and the like. These compounds include a compound of Formula A″, C″, 3-1″, 3-3″, 3-4″, 3-5″, 3-6″, A-2″, 4-1″, 4-2″, N-1″ or N-3″.

The R_(G2) moiety is removed, using suitable methods, at any point desired, whereupon the compound of Formula C, 3-1, 3-3, 3-4, 3-5, 3-6, A-2, 4-1, 4-2, N-1 or N-3 has a R₃₁ hydrogen replacing the R_(G2) moiety on the amino moiety. This transformation is specifically illustrated for the conversion of a compound of Formula C″ to a compound of C (i.e., as in Step 4 of Scheme E′) and for the conversion of a compound of Formula 3-6″ to a compound of Formula 3-6 (i.e., as in Step 5 of Scheme D′). This illustration is in no way limiting as to the choice of steps wherein a compound comprising a NR₃₁R_(G2) moiety may be converted to a compound comprising a NR₃₁R³² moiety wherein the R₃ moiety is hydrogen.

Additionally, the invention encompasses methods of synthesis of the compounds of A, B, B′, B″, C, E, 3-1, 3-2, 3-3, 3-4, 3-5, 3-6, N-1 or N-3, wherein one or more of M, M₁, or R has a protecting group present during one or more steps of the synthesis. Protecting groups suitable for use for a M, M₁, or R moiety are well known in the art, as well as the methods of incorporation and removal, and the reagents suitable for such transformations.

Compounds of the invention where X₄ is C—R⁹ may be prepared by methods analogous to the ones described in the Schemes illustrated above.

Reaction Schemes O, P and Q illustrate methods of synthesis of borane reagents useful in preparing intermediates of use in synthesis of the compounds of the invention as described in Reaction Schemes 1 and 2 above, to introduce benzothiazolyl substituents.

A compound of Formula O-1 is treated with, for example, nitric acid to produce a compound of Formula O-2. The compound of Formula O-2 is treated with a reducing agent such as stannous chloride to produce a compound of Formula O-3. The compound of O-3 is treated with sodium nitrate in acide and cupric bromide to produce a compound of Formula O-4. The compound of O-4 is treated a base such as butyl lithium and boron tris-isopropoxide to produce a compound of Formula O-5.

A compound of Formula P-1 is treated with, for example, potassium thiocyanate and bromine in acetic acid to produce a compound of Formula P-2. The compound of Formula P-2 is treated with an acteylating reagent such as acetyl chloride to produce a compound of Formula P-3. The compound of P-3 is reacted with, for example, bis(pinacolato)diboron (compound P-4) in the presence of a catalyst such as palladium chloride to produce a compound of Formula P-5.

The compound of Formula P-2 is reacted with, for example, methyl carbamic acid chloride to produce a compound of Formula Q-1. The compound of Formula Q-1 is reacted with bis(pinacolato)diboron (compound P-4) in the presence of a catalyst such as Pd₂(dba)₃, 2-chlorohexylphosphino-2,4,6-triisopropylbiphenyl, a base suchy as potassium acetate, to produce the compound of Formula Q-2.

Some illustrative compounds of the invention which are mTor inhibitors are described below. The compounds of the invention are not limited in any way to the compounds illustrated herein.

Illustrative compounds of the invention include those of subclass 1a, 1b, 2a, 2b, 3a, 3b, 4a, 4b, 5a, 5b, 6a, 6b, 7a, 7b, 8a, 8b, 9a, 9b, 10a, 10b, 11a, 11b, 12a, 12b, 13a, 13b, 14a, 14b, 15a, 15b, 16a, or 16b, where the substituents R₁, X₁, and V are as described below.

In some embodiments, when R₁ is H and X₁ is CH, V is phenylamino, benzyl, phenyl, NHMe, NH₂, NHEt, NHCOH, NHCOMe, NHCOEt, NHCOiPr, NHCOOMe, CONHMe, or NHSO₂Me. In other embodiments, when R₁ is H and X₁ is N, V is phenylamino, benzyl, phenyl, NHMe, NH₂, NHEt, NHCOH, NHCOMe, NHCOEt, NHCOiPr, NHCOOMe, CONHMe, or NHSO₂Me. In other embodiments, when R₁ is CH₃ and X₁ is CH, V is phenylamino, benzyl, phenyl, NHMe, NH₂, NHEt, NHCOH, NHCOMe, NHCOEt, NHCOiPr, NHCOOMe, CONHMe, or NHSO₂Me. In other embodiments, when R₁ is CH₃ and X₁ is N, V is phenylamino, benzyl, phenyl, NHMe, NH₂, NHEt, NHCOH, NHCOMe, NHCOEt, NHCOiPr, NHCOOMe, CONHMe, or NHSO₂Me. In other embodiments, when R₁ is Et and X₁ is CH, V is phenylamino, benzyl, phenyl, NHMe, NH₂, NHEt, NHCOH, NHCOMe, NHCOEt, NHCOiPr, NHCOOMe, CONHMe, or NHSO₂Me. In other embodiments, when R₁ is Et and X₁ is N, V is phenylamino, benzyl, phenyl, NHMe, NH₂, NHEt, NHCOH, NHCOMe, NHCOEt, NHCOiPr, NHCOOMe, CONHMe, or NHSO₂Me. In other embodiments, when R₁ is iPr and X₁ is CH, V is phenylamino, benzyl, phenyl, NHMe, NH₂, NHEt, NHCOH, NHCOMe, NHCOEt, NHCOiPr, NHCOOMe, CONHMe, or NHSO₂Me. In other embodiments, when R₁ is iPr and X₁ is N, V is phenylamino, benzyl, phenyl, NHMe, NH₂, NHEt, NHCOH, NHCOMe, NHCOEt, NHCOiPr, NHCOOMe, CONHMe, or NHSO₂Me. In one embodiment, R₁ is iPr, X₁ is N, and V is NH₂. In another embodiment, R₁ is iPr, X₁ is N, and V is NHCOMe. In other embodiments, when R₁ is cyclobutyl and X₁ is CH, V is phenylamino, benzyl, phenyl, NHMe, NH₂, NHEt, NHCOH, NHCOMe, NHCOEt, NHCOiPr, NHCOOMe, CONHMe, or NHSO₂Me. In other embodiments, when R₁ is cyclobutyl and X₁ is N, V is phenylamino, benzyl, phenyl, NHMe, NH₂, NHEt, NHCOH, NHCOMe, NHCOEt, NHCOiPr, NHCOOMe, CONHMe, or NHSO₂Me. In other embodiments, when R₁ is cyclopentyl and X₁ is CH, V is phenylamino, benzyl, phenyl, NHMe, NH₂, NHEt, NHCOH, NHCOMe, NHCOEt, NHCOiPr, NHCOOMe, CONHMe, or NHSO₂Me. In other embodiments, when R₁ is cyclopentyl and X₁ is N V is phenylamino, benzyl, phenyl, NHMe, NH₂, NHEt, NHCOH, NHCOMe, NHCOEt, NHCOiPr, NHCOOMe, CONHMe, or NHSO₂Me. In other embodiments, when R₁ is phenyl and X₁ is CH, V is phenylamino, benzyl, phenyl, NHMe, NH₂, NHEt, NHCOH, NHCOMe, NHCOEt, NHCOiPr, NHCOOMe, CONHMe, or NHSO₂Me. In other embodiments, when R₁ is phenyl and X₁ is N, V is phenylamino, benzyl, phenyl, NHMe, NH₂, NHEt, NHCOH, NHCOMe, NHCOEt, NHCOiPr, NHCOOMe, CONHMe, or NHSO₂Me. In other embodiments, when R₁ is pyridin-2-yl and X₁ is CH, V is phenylamino, benzyl, phenyl, NHMe, NH₂, NHEt, NHCOH, NHCOMe, NHCOEt, NHCOiPr, NHCOOMe, CONHMe, or NHSO₂Me. In other embodiments, when R₁ is pyridin-2-yl and X₁ is N, V is phenylamino, benzyl, phenyl, NHMe, NH₂, NHEt, NHCOH, NHCOMe, NHCOEt, NHCOiPr, NHCOOMe, CONHMe, or NHSO₂Me. In other embodiments, when R₁ is N-methylaminocyclohex-4-yl and X₁ is CH, V is phenylamino, benzyl, phenyl, NHMe, NH₂, NHEt, NHCOH, NHCOMe, NHCOEt, NHCOiPr, NHCOOMe, CONHMe, or NHSO₂Me. In other embodiments, when R₁ is N-methylaminocyclohex-4-yl and X₁ is N, V is phenylamino, benzyl, phenyl, NHMe, NH₂, NHEt, NHCOH, NHCOMe, NHCOEt, NHCOiPr, NHCOOMe, CONHMe, or NHSO₂Me. In other embodiments, when R₁ is N-methylpiperidin-4-yl and X₁ is CH, V is phenylamino, benzyl, phenyl, NHMe, NH₂, NHEt, NHCOH, NHCOMe, NHCOEt, NHCOiPr, NHCOOMe, CONHMe, or NHSO₂Me. In other embodiments, when R₁ is N-methylpiperidin-4-yl and X₁ is N, V is phenylamino, benzyl, phenyl, NHMe, NH₂, NHEt, NHCOH, NHCOMe, NHCOEt, NHCOiPr, NHCOOMe, CONHMe, or NHSO₂Me. In other embodiments, when R₁ is N-methylaminocyclobut-3-yl and X₁ is CH, V is phenylamino, benzyl, phenyl, NHMe, NH₂, NHEt, NHCOH, NHCOMe, NHCOEt, NHCOiPr, NHCOOMe, CONHMe, or NHSO₂Me. In other embodiments, when R₁ is N-methylaminocyclobut-3-yl and X₁ is N, V is phenylamino, benzyl, phenyl, NHMe, NH₂, NHEt, NHCOH, NHCOMe, NHCOEt, NHCOiPr, NHCOOMe, CONHMe, or NHSO₂Me. In other embodiments, when R₁ is tert-butyl and X₁ is CH, V is phenylamino, benzyl, phenyl, NHMe, NH₂, NHEt, NHCOH, NHCOMe, NHCOEt, NHCOiPr, NHCOOMe, CONHMe, or NHSO₂Me. In other embodiments, when R₁ is tert-butyl and X₁ is N, V is phenylamino, benzyl, phenyl, NHMe, NH₂, NHEt, NHCOH, NHCOMe, NHCOEt, NHCOiPr, NHCOOMe, CONHMe, or NHSO₂Me. In other embodiments, when R₁ is 1-cyano-but-4-yl and X₁ is CH, V is phenylamino, benzyl, phenyl, NHMe, NH₂, NHEt, NHCOH, NHCOMe, NHCOEt, NHCOiPr, NHCOOMe, CONHMe, or NHSO₂Me. In other embodiments, when R₁ is 1-cyano-but-4-yl and X₁ is N, V is phenylamino, benzyl, phenyl, NHMe, NH₂, NHEt, NHCOH, NHCOMe, NHCOEt, NHCOiPr, NHCOOMe, CONHMe, or NHSO₂Me. In other embodiments, when R₁ is 1-cyano-prop-3-yl and X₁ is CH, V is phenylamino, benzyl, phenyl, NHMe, NH₂, NHEt, NHCOH, NHCOMe, NHCOEt, NHCOiPr, NHCOOMe, CONHMe, or NHSO₂Me. In other embodiments, when R₁ is 1-cyano-prop-3-yl and X₁ is N, V is phenylamino, benzyl, phenyl, NHMe, NH₂, NHEt, NHCOH, NHCOMe, NHCOEt, NHCOiPr, NHCOOMe, CONHMe, or NHSO₂Me. In other embodiments, when R₁ is 3-azetidinyl and X₁ is CH, V is phenylamino, benzyl, phenyl, NHMe, NH₂, NHEt, NHCOH, NHCOMe, NHCOEt, NHCOiPr, NHCOOMe, CONHMe, or NHSO₂Me. In other embodiments, when R₁ is 3-azetidinyl and X₁ is N, V is phenylamino, benzyl, phenyl, NHMe, NH₂, NHEt, NHCOH, NHCOMe, NHCOEt, NHCOiPr, NHCOOMe, CONHMe, or NHSO₂Me.

In other embodiments, when R₁ is

and X₁ is CH, V is phenylamino, benzyl, phenyl, NHMe, NH₂, NHEt, NHCOH, NHCOMe, NHCOEt, NHCOiPr, NHCOOMe, CONHMe, or NHSO₂Me. In other embodiments, when R₁ is

and X₁ is N, V is phenylamino, benzyl, phenyl, NHMe, NH₂, NHEt, NHCOH, NHCOMe, NHCOEt, NHCOiPr, NHCOOMe, CONHMe, or NHSO₂Me. In other embodiments, when R₁ is

and X₁ is CH, V is phenylamino, benzyl, phenyl, NHMe, NH₂, NHEt, NHCOH, NHCOMe, NHCOEt, NHCOiPr, NHCOOMe, CONHMe, or NHSO₂Me. In other embodiments, when R₁ is

and X₁ is N, V is phenylamino, benzyl, phenyl, NHMe, NH₂, NHEt, NHCOH, NHCOMe, NHCOEt, NHCOiPr, NHCOOMe, CONHMe, or NHSO₂Me. In other embodiments, when R₁ is

and X₁ is CH, V is phenylamino, benzyl, phenyl, NHMe, NH₂, NHEt, NHCOH, NHCOMe, NHCOEt, NHCOiPr, NHCOOMe, CONHMe, or NHSO₂Me. In other embodiments, when R₁ is

and X₁ is N, V is phenylamino, benzyl, phenyl, NHMe, NH₂, NHEt, NHCOH, NHCOMe, NHCOEt, NHCOiPr, NHCOOMe, CONHMe, or NHSO₂Me. In other embodiments, when R₁ is

and X is CH, V is phenylamino, benzyl, phenyl, NHMe, NH₂, NHEt, NHCOH, NHCOMe, NHCOEt, NHCOiPr, NHCOOMe, CONHMe, or NHSO₂Me. In other embodiments, when R₁ is

and X, is N, V is phenylamino, benzyl, phenyl, NHMe, NH₂, NHEt, NHCOH, NHCOMe, NHCOEt, NHCOiPr, NHCOOMe, CONHMe, or NHSO₂Me. In other embodiments, when R₁ is

and X₁ is CH, V is phenylamino, benzyl, phenyl, NHMe, NH₂, NHEt, NHCOH, NHCOMe, NHCOEt, NHCOiPr, NHCOOMe, CONHMe, or NHSO₂Me. In other embodiments, when R₁ is

and X₁ is N, V is phenylamino, benzyl, phenyl, NHMe, NH₂, NHEt, NHCOH, NHCOMe, NHCOEt, NHCOiPr, NHCOOMe, CONHMe, or NHSO₂Me. In other embodiments, when R₁ is

and X₁ is CH, V is phenylamino, benzyl, phenyl, NHMe, NH₂, NHEt, NHCOH, NHCOMe, NHCOEt, NHCOiPr, NHCOOMe, CONHMe, or NHSO₂Me. In other embodiments, when R₁ is

and X₁ is N, V is phenylamino, benzyl, phenyl, NHMe, NH₂, NHEt, NHCOH, NHCOMe, NHCOEt, NHCOiPr, NHCOOMe, CONHMe, or NHSO₂Me. In other embodiments, when R₁ is

and X₁ is CH, V is phenylamino, benzyl, phenyl, NHMe, NH₂, NHEt, NHCOH, NHCOMe, NHCOEt, NHCOiPr, NHCOOMe, CONHMe, or NHSO₂Me. In other embodiments, when R₁ is

and X₁ is N, V is phenylamino, benzyl, phenyl, NHMe, NH₂, NHEt, NHCOH, NHCOMe, NHCOEt, NHCOiPr, NHCOOMe, CONHMe, or NHSO₂Me. In other embodiments, when R₁ is

and X₁ is CH, V is phenylamino, benzyl, phenyl, NHMe, NH₂, NHEt, NHCOH, NHCOMe, NHCOEt, NHCOiPr, NHCOOMe, CONHMe, or NHSO₂Me. In other embodiments, when R₁ is

and X₁ is N, V is phenylamino, benzyl, phenyl, NHMe, NH₂, NHEt, NHCOH, NHCOMe, NHCOEt, NHCOiPr, NHCOOMe, CONHMe, or NHSO₂Me. In other embodiments, when R₁ is

and X₁ is CH, V is phenylamino, benzyl, phenyl, NHMe, NH₂, NHEt, NHCOH, NHCOMe, NHCOEt, NHCOiPr, NHCOOMe, CONHMe, or NHSO₂Me. In other embodiments, when R₁ is

and X₁ is N, V is phenylamino, benzyl, phenyl, NHMe, NH₂, NHEt, NHCOH, NHCOMe, NHCOEt, NHCOiPr, NHCOOMe, CONHMe, or NHSO₂Me. In other embodiments, when R₁ is

and X₁ is CH, V is phenylamino, benzyl, phenyl, NHMe, NH₂, NHEt, NHCOH, NHCOMe, NHCOEt, NHCOiPr, NHCOOMe, CONHMe, or NHSO₂Me. In other embodiments, when R₁ is

and X₁ is N, V is phenylamino, benzyl, phenyl, NHMe, NH₂, NHEt, NHCOH, NHCOMe, NHCOEt, NHCOiPr, NHCOOMe, CONHMe, or NHSO₂Me. In other embodiments, when R₁ is

and X₁ is CH, V is phenylamino, benzyl, phenyl, NHMe, NH₂, NHEt, NHCOH, NHCOMe, NHCOEt, NHCOiPr, NHCOOMe, CONHMe, or NHSO₂Me. In other embodiments, when R₁ is

and X₁ is N, V is phenylamino, benzyl, phenyl, NHMe, NH₂, NHEt, NHCOH, NHCOMe, NHCOEt, NHCOiPr, NHCOOMe, CONHMe, or NHSO₂Me. In other embodiments, when R₁ is

and X₁ is CH, V is phenylamino, benzyl, phenyl, NHMe, NH₂, NHEt, NHCOH, NHCOMe, NHCOEt, NHCOiPr, NHCOOMe, CONHMe, or NHSO₂Me. In other embodiments, when R₁ is

and X₁ is N, V is phenylamino, benzyl, phenyl, NHMe, NH₂, NHEt, NHCOH, NHCOMe, NHCOEt, NHCOiPr, NHCOOMe, CONHMe, or NHSO₂Me. In other embodiments, when R₁ is

and X₁ is CH, V is phenylamino, benzyl, phenyl, NHMe, NH₂, NHEt, NHCOH, NHCOMe, NHCOEt, NHCOiPr, NHCOOMe, CONHMe, or NHSO₂Me. In other embodiments, when R₁ is

and X is N, V is phenylamino, benzyl, phenyl, NHMe, NH₂, NHEt, NHCOH, NHCOMe, NHCOEt, NHCOiPr, NHCOOMe, CONHMe, or NHSO₂Me. In other embodiments, when R₁ is

and X₁ is CH, V is phenylamino, benzyl, phenyl, NHMe, NH₂, NHEt, NHCOH, NHCOMe, NHCOEt, NHCOOMe, CONHMe, or NHSO₂Me. In other embodiments, when R₁ is

and X₁ is N, V is phenylamino, benzyl, phenyl, NHMe, NH₂, NHEt, NHCOH, NHCOMe, NHCOEt, NHCOiPr, NHCOOMe, CONHMe, or NHSO₂Me. In other embodiments, when R₁ is

and X₁ is CH, V is phenylamino, benzyl, phenyl, NHMe, NH₂, NHEt, NHCOH, NHCOMe, NHCOEt, NHCOiPr, NHCOOMe, CONHMe, or NHSO₂Me. In other embodiments, when R₁ is

and X₁ is N, V is phenylamino, benzyl, phenyl, NHMe, NH₂, NHEt, NHCOH, NHCOMe, NHCOEt, NHCOiPr, NHCOOMe, CONHMe, or NHSO₂Me. In other embodiments, when R₁ is

and X₁ is CH, V is phenylamino, benzyl, phenyl, NHMe, NH₂, NHEt, NHCOH, NHCOMe, NHCOEt, NHCOiPr, NHCOOMe, CONHMe, or NHSO₂Me. In other embodiments, when R₁ is

and X₁ is N, V is phenylamino, benzyl, phenyl, NHMe, NH₂, NHEt, NHCOH, NHCOMe, NHCOEt, NHCOiPr, NHCOOMe, CONHMe, or NHSO₂Me. In other embodiments, when R₁ is

and X₁ is CH, V is phenylamino, benzyl, phenyl, NHMe, NH₂, NHEt, NHCOH, NHCOMe, NHCOEt, NHCOiPr, NHCOOMe, CONHMe, or NHSO₂Me. In other embodiments, when R₁ is

and X₁ is N, V is phenylamino, benzyl, phenyl, NHMe, NH₂, NHEt, NHCOH, NHCOMe, NHCOEt, NHCOiPr, NHCOOMe, CONHMe, or NHSO₂Me. In other embodiments, when R₁ is

and X₁ is CH, V is phenylamino, benzyl, phenyl, NHMe, NH₂, NHEt, NHCOH, NHCOMe, NHCOEt, NHCOiPr, NHCOOMe, CONHMe, or NHSO₂Me. In other embodiments, when R₁ is

and X₁ is N, V is phenylamino, benzyl, phenyl, NHMe, NH₂, NHEt, NHCOH, NHCOMe, NHCOEt, NHCOiPr, NHCOOMe, CONHMe, or NHSO₂Me. In other embodiments, when R₁ is

and X₁ is CH, V is phenylamino, benzyl, phenyl, NHMe, NH₂, NHEt, NHCOH, NHCOMe, NHCOEt, NHCOiPr, NHCOOMe, CONHMe, or NHSO₂Me. In other embodiments, when R₁ is

and X₁ is N, V is phenylamino, benzyl, phenyl, NHMe, NH₂, NHEt, NHCOH, NHCOMe, NHCOEt, NHCOiPr, NHCOOMe, CONHMe, or NHSO₂Me. In other embodiments, when R₁ is

and X₁ is CH, V is phenylamino, benzyl, phenyl, NHMe, NH₂, NHEt, NHCOH, NHCOMe, NHCOEt, NHCOiPr, NHCOOMe, CONHMe, or NHSO₂Me. In other embodiments, when R₁ is

and X₁ is N, V is phenylamino, benzyl, phenyl, NHMe, NH₂, NHEt, NHCOH, NHCOMe, NHCOEt, NHCOiPr, NHCOOMe, CONHMe, or NHSO₂Me. In other embodiments, when R₁ is

and X, is CH, V is phenylamino, benzyl, phenyl, NHMe, NH₂, NHEt, NHCOH, NHCOMe, NHCOEt, NHCOiPr, NHCOOMe, CONHMe, or NHSO₂Me. In other embodiments, when R₁ is

and X₁ is N, V is phenylamino, benzyl, phenyl, NHMe, NH₂, NHEt, NHCOH, NHCOMe, NHCOEt, NHCOiPr, NHCOOMe, CONHMe, or NHSO₂Me. In other embodiments, when R₁ is

and X₁ is CH, V is phenylamino, benzyl, phenyl, NHMe, NH₂, NHEt, NHCOH, NHCOMe, NHCOEt, NHCOiPr, NHCOOMe, CONHMe, or NHSO₂Me. In other embodiments, when R₁ is

and X₁ is N, V is phenylamino, benzyl, phenyl, NHMe, NH₂, NHEt, NHCOH, NHCOMe, NHCOEt, NHCOiPr, NHCOOMe, CONHMe, or NHSO₂Me. In other embodiments, when R₁ is

and X, is CH, V is phenylamino, benzyl, phenyl, NHMe, NH₂, NHEt, NHCOH, NHCOMe, NHCOEt, NHCOiPr, NHCOOMe, CONHMe, or NHSO₂Me. In other embodiments, when R₁ is

and X₁ is N, V is phenylamino, benzyl, phenyl, NHMe, NH₂, NHEt, NHCOH, NHCOMe, NHCOEt, NHCOiPr, NHCOOMe, CONHMe, or NHSO₂Me. In other embodiments, when R₁ is

and X₁ is CH, V is phenylamino, benzyl, phenyl, NHMe, NH₂, NHEt, NHCOH, NHCOMe, NHCOEt, NHCOiPr, NHCOOMe, CONHMe, or NHSO₂Me. In other embodiments, when R₁ is

and X₁ is N, V is phenylamino, benzyl, phenyl, NHMe, NH₂, NHEt, NHCOH, NHCOMe, NHCOEt, NHCOiPr, NHCOOMe, CONHMe, or NHSO₂Me. In other embodiments, when R₁ is

and X₁ is CH, V is phenylamino, benzyl, phenyl, NHMe, NH₂, NHEt, NHCOH, NHCOMe, NHCOEt, NHCOiPr, NHCOOMe, CONHMe, or NHSO₂Me. In other embodiments, when R₁ is

and X₁ is N, V is phenylamino, benzyl, phenyl, NHMe, NH₂, NHEt, NHCOH, NHCOMe, NHCOEt, NHCOiPr, NHCOOMe, CONHMe, or NHSO₂Me. In other embodiments, when R₁ is

and X₁ is CH, V is phenylamino, benzyl, phenyl, NHMe, NH₂, NHEt, NHCOH, NHCOMe, NHCOEt, NHCOiPr, NHCOOMe, CONHMe, or NHSO₂Me. In other embodiments, when R₁ is

and X₁ is N, V is phenylamino, benzyl, phenyl, NHMe, NH₂, NHEt, NHCOH, NHCOMe, NHCOEt, NHCOiPr, NHCOOMe, CONHMe, or NHSO₂Me. In other embodiments, when R₁ is

and X₁ is CH, V is phenylamino, benzyl, phenyl, NHMe, NH₂, NHEt, NHCOH, NHCOMe, NHCOEt, NHCOiPr, NHCOOMe, CONHMe, or NHSO₂Me. In other embodiments, when R₁ is

and X₁ is N, V is phenylamino, benzyl, phenyl, NHMe, NH₂, NHEt, NHCOH, NHCOMe, NHCOEt, NHCOiPr, NHCOOMe, CONHMe, or NHSO₂Me. In other embodiments, when R₁ is

and X₁ is CH, V is phenylamino, benzyl, phenyl, NHMe, NH₂, NHEt, NHCOH, NHCOMe, NHCOEt, NHCOiPr, NHCOOMe, CONHMe, or NHSO₂Me. In other embodiments, when R₁ is

and X₁ is N, V is phenylamino, benzyl, phenyl, NHMe, NH₂, NHEt, NHCOH, NHCOMe, NHCOEt, NHCOiPr, NHCOOMe, CONHMe, or NHSO₂Me. In other embodiments, when R₁ is

and X₁ is CH, V is phenylamino, benzyl, phenyl, NHMe, NH₂, NHEt, NHCOH, NHCOMe, NHCOEt, NHCOiPr, NHCOOMe, CONHMe, or NHSO₂Me. In other embodiments, when R₁ is

and X₁ is N, V is phenylamino, benzyl, phenyl, NHMe, NH₂, NHEt, NHCOH, NHCOMe, NHCOEt, NHCOiPr, NHCOOMe, CONHMe, or NHSO₂Me. In other embodiments, when R₁ is

and X, is CH, V is phenylamino, benzyl, phenyl, NHMe, NH₂, NHEt, NHCOH, NHCOMe, NHCOEt, NHCOiPr, NHCOOMe, CONHMe, or NHSO₂Me. In other embodiments, when R₁

and X₁ is N, V is phenylamino, benzyl, phenyl, NHMe, NH₂, NHEt, NHCOH, NHCOMe, NHCOEt, NHCOiPr, NHCOOMe, CONHMe, or NHSO₂Me. In other embodiments, when R₁

and X₁ is CH, V is phenylamino, benzyl, phenyl, NHMe, NH₂, NHEt, NHCOH, NHCOMe, NHCOEt, NHCOiPr, NHCOOMe, CONHMe, or NHSO₂Me. In other embodiments, when R₁ is

and X, is N, V is phenylamino, benzyl, phenyl, NHMe, NH₂, NHEt, NHCOH, NHCOMe, NHCOEt, NHCOiPr, NHCOOMe, CONHMe, or NHSO₂Me. In other embodiments, when R₁ is

and X₁ is CH, V is phenylamino, benzyl, phenyl, NHMe, NH₂, NHEt, NHCOH, NHCOMe, NHCOEt, NHCOiPr, NHCOOMe, CONHMe, or NHSO₂Me. In other embodiments, when R₁ is

and X₁ is N, V is phenylamino, benzyl, phenyl, NHMe, NH₂, NHEt, NHCOH, NHCOMe, NHCOEt, NHCOiPr, NHCOOMe, CONHMe, or NHSO₂Me. In other embodiments, when R₁ is

and X₁ is CH, V is phenylamino, benzyl, phenyl, NHMe, NH₂, NHEt, NHCOH, NHCOMe, NHCOEt, NHCOiPr, NHCOOMe, CONHMe, or NHSO₂Me. In other embodiments, when R₁ is

and X₁ is N, V is phenylamino, benzyl, phenyl, NHMe, NH₂, NHEt, NHCOH, NHCOMe, NHCOEt, NHCOiPr, NHCOOMe, CONHMe, or NHSO₂Me. In other embodiments, when R₁ is

and X₁ is CH, V is phenylamino, benzyl, phenyl, NHMe, NH₂, NHEt, NHCOH, NHCOMe, NHCOEt, NHCOiPr, NHCOOMe, CONHMe, or NHSO₂Me. In other embodiments, when R, is

and X₁ is N, V is phenylamino, benzyl, phenyl, NHMe, NH₂, NHEt, NHCOH, NHCOMe, NHCOEt, NHCOiPr, NHCOOMe, CONHMe, or NHSO₂Me. In other embodiments, when R₁ is

and X₁ is CH, V is phenylamino, benzyl, phenyl, NHMe, NH₂, NHEt, NHCOH, NHCOMe, NHICOEt, NHCOiPr, NHCOOMe, CONHMe, or NHSO₂Me. In other embodiments, when R₁ is

and X, is N, V is phenylamino, benzyl, phenyl, NHMe, NH₂, NHEt, NHCOH, NHCOMe, NHCOEt, NHCOiPr, NHCOOMe, CONHMe, or NHSO₂Me. In other embodiments, when R₁ is

and X, is CH, V is phenylamino, benzyl, phenyl, NHMe, NH₂, NHEt, NHCOH, NHCOMe, NHCOEt, NHCOiPr, NHCOOMe, CONHMe, or NHSO₂Me. In other embodiments, when R₁ is

and X₁ is N, V is phenylamino, benzyl, phenyl, NHMe, NH₂, NHEt, NHCOH, NHCOMe, NHCOEt, NHCOiPr, NHCOOMe, CONHMe, or NHSO₂Me. In other embodiments, when R₁ is

and X is CH, V is phenylamino, benzyl, phenyl, NHMe, NH₂, NHEt, NHCOH, NHCOMe, NHCOEt, NHCOiPr, NHCOOMe, CONHMe, or NHSO₂Me. In other embodiments, when R₁ is

and X₁ is N, V is phenylamino, benzyl, phenyl, NHMe, NH₂, NHEt, NHCOH, NHCOMe, NHCOEt, NHCOiPr, NHCOOMe, CONHMe, or NHSO₂Me. In other embodiments, when R₁ is

and X₁ is CH, V is phenylamino, benzyl, phenyl, NHMe, NH₂, NHEt, NHCOH, NHCOMe, NHCOEt, NHCOiPr, NHCOOMe, CONHMe, or NHSO₂Me. In other embodiments, when R₁ is

and X₁ is N, V is phenylamino, benzyl, phenyl, NHMe, NH₂, NHEt, NHCOH, NHCOMe, NHCOEt, NHCOiPr, NHCOOMe, CONHMe, or NHSO₂Me. In other embodiments, when R₁ is

and X₁ is CH, V is phenylamino, benzyl, phenyl, NHMe, NH₂, NHEt, NHCOH, NHCOMe, NHCOEt, NHCOiPr, NHCOOMe, CONHMe, or NHSO₂Me. In other embodiments, when R₁ is

and X₁ is N, V is phenylamino, benzyl, phenyl, NHMe, NH₂, NHEt, NHCOH, NHCOMe, NHCOEt, NHCOiPr, NHCOOMe, CONHMe, or NHSO₂Me. In other embodiments, when R₁ is

and X₁ is CH, V is phenylamino, benzyl, phenyl, NHMe, NH₂, NHEt, NHCOH, NHCOMe, NHCOEt, NHCOiPr, NHCOOMe, CONHMe, or NHSO₂Me. In other embodiments, when R₁ is

and X₁ is N, V is phenylamino, benzyl, phenyl, NHMe, NH₂, NHEt, NHCOH, NHCOMe, NHCOEt, NHCOiPr, NHCOOMe, CONHMe, or NHSO₂Me. In other embodiments, when R₁ is

and X₁ is CH, V is phenylamino, benzyl, phenyl, NHMe, NH₂, NHEt, NHCOH, NHCOMe, NHCOEt, NHCOiPr, NHCOOMe, CONHMe, or NHSO₂Me. In other embodiments, when R₁ is

and X₁ is N, V is phenylamino, benzyl, phenyl, NHMe, NH₂, NHEt, NHCOH, NHCOMe, NHCOEt, NHCOiPr, NHCOOMe, CONHMe, or NHSO₂Me.

In other embodiments, when R₁ is

and X₁ is CH, V is phenylamino, benzyl, phenyl, NHMe, NH₂, NHEt, NHCOH, NHCOMe, NHCOEt, NHCOiPr, NHCOOMe, CONHMe, or NHSO₂Me. In other embodiments, when R₁ is

and X₁ is N, V is phenylamino, benzyl, phenyl, NHMe, NH₂, NHEt, NHCOH, NHCOMe, NHCOEt, NHCOiPr, NHCOOMe, CONHMe, or NHSO₂Me. In other embodiments, when R₁ is

and X is CH, V is phenylamino, benzyl, phenyl, NHMe, NH₂, NHEt, NHCOH, NHCOMe, NHCOEt, NHCOiPr, NHCOOMe, CONHMe, or NHSO₂Me. In other embodiments, when R₁ is

and X₁ is N, V is phenylamino, benzyl, phenyl, NHMe, NH₂, NHEt, NHCOH, NHCOMe, NHCOEt, NHCOiPr, NHCOOMe, CONHMe, or NHSO₂Me. In other embodiments, when R₁ is

and X₁ is CH, V is phenylamino, benzyl, phenyl, NHMe, NH₂, NHEt, NHCOH, NHCOMe, NHCOEt, NHCOiPr, NHCOOMe, CONHMe, or NHSO₂Me. In other embodiments, when R₁ is

and X₁ is N, V is phenylamino, benzyl, phenyl, NHMe, NH₂, NHEt, NHCOH, NHCOMe, NHCOEt, NHCOiPr, NHCOOMe, CONHMe, or NHSO₂Me. In other embodiments, when R₁ is

and X₁ is CH, V is phenylamino, benzyl, phenyl, NHMe, NH₂, NHEt, NHCOH, NHCOMe, NHCOEt, NHCOiPr, NHCOOMe, CONHMe, or NHSO₂Me. In other embodiments, when R₁ is

and X₁ is N, V is phenylamino, benzyl, phenyl, NHMe, NH₂, NHEt, NHCOH, NHCOMe, NHCOEt, NHCOiPr, NHCOOMe, CONHMe, or NHSO₂Me. In other embodiments, when R₁ is

and X₁ is CH, V is phenylamino, benzyl, phenyl, NHMe, NH₂, NHEt, NHCOH, NHCOMe, NHCOEt, NHCOiPr, NHCOOMe, CONHMe, or NHSO₂Me. In other embodiments, when R₁ is

and X₁ is N, V is phenylamino, benzyl, phenyl, NHMe, NH₂, NHEt, NHCOH, NHCOMe, NHCOEt, NHCOiPr, NHCOOMe, CONHMe, or NHSO₂Me. In other embodiments, when R₁ is

and X₁ is CH, V is phenylamino, benzyl, phenyl, NHMe, NH₂, NHEt, NHCOH, NHCOMe, NHCOEt, NHCOiPr, NHCOOMe, CONHMe, or NHSO₂Me. In other embodiments, when R₁ is

and X₁ is N, V is phenylamino, benzyl, phenyl, NHMe, NH₂, NHEt, NHCOH, NHCOMe, NHCOEt, NHCOiPr, NHCOOMe, CONHMe, or NHSO₂Me. In other embodiments, when R₁ is

and X₁ is CH, V is phenylamino, benzyl, phenyl, NHMe, NH₂, NHEt, NHCOH, NHCOMe, NHCOEt, NHCOiPr, NHCOOMe, CONHMe, or NHSO₂Me. In other embodiments, when R₁ is

and X₁ is N, V is phenylamino, benzyl, phenyl, NHMe, NH₂, NHEt, NHCOH, NHCOMe, NHCOEt, NHCOiPr, NHCOOMe, CONHMe, or NHSO₂Me. and X₁ is CH, V is phenylamino, benzyl, phenyl, NHMe, NH₂, NHEt, NHCOH, NHCOMe, NHCOEt, NHCOiPr, NHCOOMe, CONHMe, or NHSO₂Me.

In other embodiments, when R₁ is

and X₁ is CH, V is phenylamino, benzyl, phenyl, NHMe, NH₂, NHEt, NHCOH, NHCOMe, NHCOEt, NHCOiPr, NHCOOMe, CONHMe, or NHSO₂Me. In other embodiments, when R₁ is

and X₁ is N, V is phenylamino, benzyl, phenyl, NHMe, NH₂, NHEt, NHCOH, NHCOMe, NHCOEt, NHCOiPr, NHCOOMe, CONHMe, or NHSO₂Me. In other embodiments, when R₁ is

and X₁ is CH, V is phenylamino, benzyl, phenyl, NHMe, NH₂, NHEt, NHCOH, NHCOMe, NHCOEt, NHCOiPr, NHCOOMe, CONHMe, or NHSO₂Me. In other embodiments, when R₁ is

and X₁ is N, V is phenylamino, benzyl, phenyl, NHMe, NH₂, NHEt, NHCOH, NHCOMe, NHCOEt, NHCOiPr, NHCOOMe, CONHMe, or NHSO₂Me. In other embodiments, when R₁ is

and X₁ is CH, V is phenylamino, benzyl, phenyl, NHMe, NH₂, NHEt, NHCOH, NHCOMe, NHCOEt, NHCOiPr, NHCOOMe, CONHMe, or NHSO₂Me. In other embodiments, when R₁ is

and X₁ is N, V is phenylamino, benzyl, phenyl, NHMe, NH₂, NHEt, NHCOH, NHCOMe, NHCOEt, NHCOiPr, NHCOOMe, CONHMe, or NHSO₂Me. In other embodiments, when R₁ is

and X₁ is CH, V is phenylamino, benzyl, phenyl, NHMe, NH₂, NHEt, NHCOH, NHCOMe, NHCOEt, NHCOiPr, NHCOOMe, CONHMe, or NHSO₂Me. In other embodiments, when R₁ is

and X₁ is N, V is phenylamino, benzyl, phenyl, NHMe, NH₂, NHEt, NHCOH, NHCOMe, NHCOEt, NHCOiPr, NHCOOMe, CONHMe, or NHSO₂Me. In other embodiments, when R₁ is

and X₁ is CH, V is phenylamino, benzyl, phenyl, NHMe, NH₂, NHEt, NHCOH, NHCOMe, NHCOEt, NHCOiPr, NHCOOMe, CONHMe, or NHSO₂Me. In other embodiments, when R₁ is

and X₁ is N, V is phenylamino, benzyl, phenyl, NHMe, NH₂, NHEt, NHCOH, NHCOMe, NHCOEt, NHCOiPr, NHCOOMe, CONHMe, or NHSO₂Me. In other embodiments, when R₁ is

and X₁ is CH, V is phenylamino, benzyl, phenyl, NHMe, NH₂, NHEt, NHCOH, NHCOMe, NHCOEt, NHCOiPr, NHCOOMe, CONHMe, or NHSO₂Me. In other embodiments, when R₁ is

and X₁ is N, V is phenylamino, benzyl, phenyl, NHMe, NH₂, NHEt, NHCOH, NHCOMe, NHCOEt, NHCOiPr, NHCOOMe, CONHMe, or NHSO₂Me. In other embodiments, when R₁ is

and X₁ is CH, V is phenylamino, benzyl, phenyl, NHMe, NH₂, NHEt, NHCOH, NHCOMe, NHCOEt, NHCOiPr, NHCOOMe, CONHMe, or NHSO₂Me. In other embodiments, when R₁ is

and X₁ is N, V is phenylamino, benzyl, phenyl, NHMe, NH₂, NHEt, NHCOH, NHCOMe, NHCOEt, NHCOiPr, NHCOOMe, CONHMe, or NHSO₂Me. In other embodiments, when R₁ is

and X₁ is CH, V is phenylamino, benzyl, phenyl, NHMe, NH₂, NHEt, NHCOH, NHCOMe, NHCOEt, NHCOiPr, NHCOOMe, CONHMe, or NHSO₂Me. In other embodiments, when R₁

and X₁ is N, V is phenylamino, benzyl, phenyl, NHMe, NH₂, NHEt, NHCOH, NHCOMe, NHCOEt, NHCOiPr, NHCOOMe, CONHMe, or NHSO₂Me. In other embodiments, when R₁ is

and X₁ is CH, V is phenylamino, benzyl, phenyl, NHMe, NH₂, NHEt, NHCOH, NHCOMe, NHCOEt, NHCOiPr, NHCOOMe, CONHMe, or NHSO₂Me. In other embodiments, when R₁ is

and X₁ is N, V is phenylamino, benzyl, phenyl, NHMe, NH₂, NHEt, NHCOH, NHCOMe, NHCOEt, NHCOiPr, NHCOOMe, CONHMe, or NHSO₂Me. In other embodiments, when R₁ is

and X₁ is CH, V is phenylamino, benzyl, phenyl, NHMe, NH₂, NHEt, NHCOH, NHCOMe, NHCOEt, NHCOiPr, NHCOOMe, CONHMe, or NHSO₂Me. In other embodiments, when R₁ is

and X₁ is N, V is phenylamino, benzyl, phenyl, NHMe, NH₂, NHEt, NHCOH, NHCOMe, NHCOEt, NHCOiPr, NHCOOMe, CONHMe, or NHSO₂Me.

In the noted embodiments, pyridin-2-yl is

N-methylaminocyclohex-4-yl is

N-methylpiperidin-4-yl is

and N-methylaminocyclobut-3-yl is

Illustrative compounds of the invention include those of subclass 1a, 1b, 2a, 2b, 3a, 3b, 4a, 4b, 5a, 5b, 6a, 6b, 7a, 7b, 8a, 8b, 9a, 9b, 10a, 10b, 11a, 11b, 12a, 12b, 13a, 13b, 14a, 14b, 15a, 15b, 16a, or 16b, where the substituents R₁, X₁, and V are as described below. In some embodiments, when R₁ is H and X₁ is CH, V is cyclopropanecarboxamido, cyclopropylamino, morpholinoethylamino, hydroxyethylamino, or N-morpholino. In other embodiments, when R₁ is H and X₁ is N, V is cyclopropanecarboxamido, cyclopropylamino, morpholinoethylamino, hydroxyethylamino, or N-morpholino. In some embodiments, when R₁ is CH₃ and X₁ is CH, V is cyclopropanecarboxamido, cyclopropylamino, morpholinoethylamino, hydroxyethylamino, or N-morpholino. In other embodiments, when R₁ is CH₃ and X₁ is N, V is cyclopropanecarboxamido, cyclopropylamino, morpholinoethylamino, hydroxyethylamino, or N-morpholino. In some embodiments, when R₁ is Et and X₁ is CH, V is cyclopropanecarboxamido, cyclopropylamino, morpholinoethylamino, hydroxyethylamino, or N-morpholino. In other embodiments, when R₁ is Et and X₁ is N, V is cyclopropanecarboxamido, cyclopropylamino, morpholinoethylamino, hydroxyethylamino, or N-morpholino. In some embodiments, when R₁ is iPr and X₁ is CH, V is cyclopropanecarboxamido, cyclopropylamino, morpholinoethylamino, hydroxyethylamino, or N-morpholino. In other embodiments, when R₁ is iPr and X₁ is N, V is cyclopropanecarboxamido, cyclopropylamino, morpholinoethylamino, hydroxyethylamino, or N-morpholino. In some embodiments, when R₁ is cyclobutyl and X₁ is CH, V is cyclopropanecarboxamido, cyclopropylamino, morpholinoethylamino, hydroxyethylamino, or N-morpholino. In other embodiments, when R₁ is cyclobutyl and X₁ is N, V is cyclopropanecarboxamido, cyclopropylamino, morpholinoethylamino, hydroxyethylamino, or N-morpholino. In some embodiments, when R₁ is cyclopentyl and X₁ is CH, V is cyclopropanecarboxamido, cyclopropylamino, morpholinoethylamino, hydroxyethylamino, or N-morpholino. In other embodiments, when R₁ is cyclopentyl and X₁ is N, V is cyclopropanecarboxamido, cyclopropylamino, morpholinoethylamino, hydroxyethylamino, or N-morpholino. In some embodiments, when R₁ is phenyl and X₁ is CH, V is cyclopropanecarboxamido, cyclopropylamino, morpholinoethylamino, hydroxyethylamino, or N-morpholino. In other embodiments, when R₁ is phenyl and X₁ is N, V is cyclopropanecarboxamido, cyclopropylamino, morpholinoethylamino, hydroxyethylamino, or N-morpholino. In some embodiments, when R₁ is pyridin-2-yl and X₁ is CH, V is cyclopropanecarboxamido, cyclopropylamino, morpholinoethylamino, hydroxyethylamino, or N-morpholino. In other embodiments, when R₁ is pyridin-2-yl and X₁ is N, V is cyclopropanecarboxamido, cyclopropylamino, morpholinoethylamino, hydroxyethylamino, or N-morpholino. In some embodiments, when R₁ is N-methylaminocyclohex-4-yl and X₁ is CH, V is cyclopropanecarboxamido, cyclopropylamino, morpholinoethylamino, hydroxyethylamino, or N-morpholino. In other embodiments, when R₁ is N-methylaminocyclohex-4-yl and X₁ is N, V is cyclopropanecarboxamido, cyclopropylamino, morpholinoethylamino, hydroxyethylamino, or N-morpholino. In some embodiments, when R₁ is N-methylpiperidin-4-yl and X₁ is CH, V is cyclopropanecarboxamido, cyclopropylamino, morpholinoethylamino, hydroxyethylamino, or N-morpholino. In other embodiments, when R₁ is N-methylpiperidin-4-yl and X₁ is N, V is cyclopropanecarboxamido, cyclopropylamino, morpholinoethylamino, hydroxyethylamino, or N-morpholino. In some embodiments, when R₁ is N-methylaminocyclobut-3-yl and X₁ is CH, V is cyclopropanecarboxamido, cyclopropylamino, morpholinoethylamino, hydroxyethylamino, or N-morpholino. In other embodiments, when R₁ is N-methylaminocyclobut-3-yl and X₁ is N, V is cyclopropanecarboxamido, cyclopropylamino, morpholinoethylamino, hydroxyethylamino, or N-morpholino. In other embodiments, when R₁ is tert-butyl and X₁ is CH, V is cyclopropanecarboxamido, cyclopropylamino, morpholinoethylamino, hydroxyethylamino, or N-morpholino. In other embodiments, when R₁ is tert-butyl and X₁ is N, V is cyclopropanecarboxamido, cyclopropylamino, morpholinoethylamino, hydroxyethylamino, or N-morpholino. In other embodiments, when R₁ is 1-cyano-but-4-yl and X₁ is CH, V is cyclopropanecarboxamido, cyclopropylamino, morpholinoethylamino, hydroxyethylamino, or N-morpholino. In other embodiments, when R₁ is 1-cyano-but-4-yl and X₁ is N, V is cyclopropanecarboxamido, cyclopropylamino, morpholinoethylamino, hydroxyethylamino, or N-morpholino. In other embodiments, when R₁ is 1-cyano-prop-3-yl and X₁ is CH, V is cyclopropanecarboxamido, cyclopropylamino, morpholinoethylamino, hydroxyethylamino, or N-morpholino. In other embodiments, when R₁ is 1-cyano-prop-3-yl and X₁ is N, V is cyclopropanecarboxamido, cyclopropylamino, morpholinoethylamino, hydroxyethylamino, or N-morpholino. In other embodiments, when R₁ is 3-azetidinyl and X₁ is CH, V is cyclopropanecarboxamido, cyclopropylamino, morpholinoethylamino, hydroxyethylamino, or N-morpholino. In other embodiments, when R₁ is 3-azetidinyl and X₁ is N, V is cyclopropanecarboxamido, cyclopropylamino, morpholinoethylamino, hydroxyethylamino, or N-morpholino. In other embodiments, when R₁ is

and X₁ is CH, V is cyclopropanecarboxamido, cyclopropylamino, morpholinoethylamino, hydroxyethylamino, or N-morpholino. In other embodiments, when R₁ is

and X₁ is N, V is cyclopropanecarboxamido, cyclopropylamino, morpholinoethylamino, hydroxyethylamino, or N-morpholino. In other embodiments, when R₁ is

and X is CH, V is cyclopropanecarboxamido, cyclopropylamino, morpholinoethylamino, hydroxyethylamino, or N-morpholino. In other embodiments, when R₁ is

and X₁ is N, V is cyclopropanecarboxamido, cyclopropylamino, morpholinoethylamino, hydroxyethylamino, or N-morpholino. In other embodiments, when R₁ is

and X₁ is CH, V is cyclopropanecarboxamido, cyclopropylamino, morpholinoethylamino, hydroxyethylamino, or N-morpholino. In other embodiments, when R₁ is

and X is N, V is cyclopropanecarboxamido, cyclopropylamino, morpholinoethylamino, hydroxyethylamino, or N-morpholino. In other embodiments, when R₁ is

and X₁ is CH, V is cyclopropanecarboxamido, cyclopropylamino, morpholinoethylamino, hydroxyethylamino, or N-morpholino. In other embodiments, when R₁ is

and X₁ is N, V is cyclopropanecarboxamido, cyclopropylamino, morpholinoethylamino, hydroxyethylamino, or N-morpholino. In other embodiments, when R₁ is

and X₁ is CH, V is cyclopropanecarboxamido, cyclopropylamino, morpholinoethylamino, hydroxyethylamino, or N-morpholino. In other embodiments, when R₁ is

and X₁ is N, V is cyclopropanecarboxamido, cyclopropylamino, morpholinoethylamino, hydroxyethylamino, or N-morpholino. In other embodiments, when R₁ is

and X₁ is CH, V is cyclopropanecarboxamido, cyclopropylamino, morpholinoethylamino, hydroxyethylamino, or N-morpholino. In other embodiments, when R₁ is

and X₁ is N, V is cyclopropanecarboxamido, cyclopropylamino, morpholinoethylamino, hydroxyethylamino, or N-morpholino. In other embodiments, when R₁ is

and X₁ is CH, V is cyclopropanecarboxamido, cyclopropylamino, morpholinoethylamino, hydroxyethylamino, or N-morpholino. In other embodiments, when R₁ is

and X₁ is N, V is cyclopropanecarboxamido, cyclopropylamino, morpholinoethylamino, hydroxyethylamino, or N-morpholino. In other embodiments, when R₁ is

and X₁ is CH, V is cyclopropanecarboxamido, cyclopropylamino, morpholinoethylamino, hydroxyethylamino, or N-morpholino. In other embodiments, when R₁ is

and X₁ is N, V is cyclopropanecarboxamido, cyclopropylamino, morpholinoethylamino, hydroxyethylamino, or N-morpholino. In other embodiments, when R₁ is

and X₁ is CH, V is cyclopropanecarboxamido, cyclopropylamino, morpholinoethylamino, hydroxyethylamino, or N-morpholino. In other embodiments, when R₁ is

and X₁ is N, V is cyclopropanecarboxamido, cyclopropylamino, morpholinoethylamino, hydroxyethylamino, or N-morpholino. In other embodiments, when R₁ is

and X₁ is CH, V is cyclopropanecarboxamido, cyclopropylamino, morpholinoethylamino, hydroxyethylamino, or N-morpholino. In other embodiments, when R₁ is

and X₁ is N, V is cyclopropanecarboxamido, cyclopropylamino, morpholinoethylamino, hydroxyethylamino, or N-morpholino. In other embodiments, when R₁ is

and X₁ is CH, V is cyclopropanecarboxamido, cyclopropylamino, morpholinoethylamino, hydroxyethylamino, or N-morpholino. In other embodiments, when R₁ is

and X₁ is N, V is cyclopropanecarboxamido, cyclopropylamino, morpholinoethylamino, hydroxyethylamino, or N-morpholino. In other embodiments, when R₁ is

and X₁ is CH, V is cyclopropanecarboxamido, cyclopropylamino, morpholinoethylamino, hydroxyethylamino, or N-morpholino. In other embodiments, when R₁ is

and X₁ is N, V is cyclopropanecarboxamido, cyclopropylamino, morpholinoethylamino, hydroxyethylamino, or N-morpholino. In other embodiments, when R₁ is

and X₁ is CH, V is cyclopropanecarboxamido, cyclopropylamino, morpholinoethylamino, hydroxyethylamino, or N-morpholino. In other embodiments, when R₁ is

and X₁ is N, V is cyclopropanecarboxamido, cyclopropylamino, morpholinoethylamino, hydroxyethylamino, or N-morpholino. In other embodiments, when R₁ is

and X₁ is CH, V is cyclopropanecarboxamido, cyclopropylamino, morpholinoethylamino, hydroxyethylamino, or N-morpholino. In other embodiments, when R₁ is

and X₁ is N, V is cyclopropanecarboxamido, cyclopropylamino, morpholinoethylamino, hydroxyethylamino, or N-morpholino. In other embodiments, when R₁ is

and X₁ is CH, V is cyclopropanecarboxamido, cyclopropylamino, morpholinoethylamino, hydroxyethylamino, or N-morpholino. In other embodiments, when R₁ is

and is N, V is cyclopropanecarboxamido, cyclopropylamino, morpholinoethylamino, hydroxyethylamino, or N-morpholino. In other embodiments, when R₁ is

and X₁ is CH, V is cyclopropanecarboxamido, cyclopropylamino, morpholinoethylamino, hydroxyethylamino, or N-morpholino. In other embodiments, when R₁ is

and X₁ is N, V is cyclopropanecarboxamido, cyclopropylamino, morpholinoethylamino, hydroxyethylamino, or N-morpholino. In other embodiments, when R₁ is

and X₁ is CH, V is cyclopropanecarboxamido, cyclopropylamino, morpholinoethylamino, hydroxyethylamino, or N-morpholino. In other embodiments, when R₁ is

and X₁ is N, V is cyclopropanecarboxamido, cyclopropylamino, morpholinoethylamino, hydroxyethylamino, or N-morpholino. In other embodiments, when R₁ is

and X₁ is CH, V is cyclopropanecarboxamido, cyclopropylamino, morpholinoethylamino, hydroxyethylamino, or N-morpholino. In other embodiments, when R₁ is

and X₁ is N, V is cyclopropanecarboxamido, cyclopropylamino, morpholinoethylamino, hydroxyethylamino, or N-morpholino. In other embodiments, when R₁ is

and X₁ is CH, V is cyclopropanecarboxamido, cyclopropylamino, morpholinoethylamino, hydroxyethylamino, or N-morpholino. In other embodiments, when R₁ is

and X₁ is N, V is cyclopropanecarboxamido, cyclopropylamino, morpholinoethylamino, hydroxyethylamino, or N-morpholino. In other embodiments, when R₁ is

and X₁ is CH, V is cyclopropanecarboxamido, cyclopropylamino, morpholinoethylamino, hydroxyethylamino, or N-morpholino. In other embodiments, when R₁ is

and X₁ is N, V is cyclopropanecarboxamido, cyclopropylamino, morpholinoethylamino, hydroxyethylamino, or N-morpholino. In other embodiments, when R₁ is

and X₁ is CH, V is cyclopropanecarboxamido, cyclopropylamino, morpholinoethylamino, hydroxyethylamino, or N-morpholino. In other embodiments, when R₁ is

and X₁ is N, V is cyclopropanecarboxamido, cyclopropylamino, morpholinoethylamino, hydroxyethylamino, or N-morpholino. In other embodiments, when R₁ is

and X₁ is CH, V is cyclopropanecarboxamido, cyclopropylamino, morpholinoethylamino, hydroxyethylamino, or N-morpholino. In other embodiments, when R₁ is

and X₁ is N, V is cyclopropanecarboxamido, cyclopropylamino, morpholinoethylamino, hydroxyethylamino, or N-morpholino. In other embodiments, when R₁ is

and X₁ is CH, V is cyclopropanecarboxamido, cyclopropylamino, morpholinoethylamino, hydroxyethylamino, or N-morpholino. In other embodiments, when R₁ is

and X₁ is N, V is cyclopropanecarboxamido, cyclopropylamino, morpholinoethylamino, hydroxyethylamino, or N-morpholino. In other embodiments, when R₁ is

and X₁ is CH, V is cyclopropanecarboxamido, cyclopropylamino, morpholinoethylamino, hydroxyethylamino, or N-morpholino. In other embodiments, when R₁ is

and X₁ is N, V is cyclopropanecarboxamido, cyclopropylamino, morpholinoethylamino, hydroxyethylamino, or N-morpholino. In other embodiments, when R₁ is

and X₁ is CH, V is cyclopropanecarboxamido, cyclopropylamino, morpholinoethylamino, hydroxyethylamino, or N-morpholino. In other embodiments, when R₁ is

and X₁ is N, V is cyclopropanecarboxamido, cyclopropylamino, morpholinoethylamino, hydroxyethylamino, or N-morpholino. In other embodiments, when R₁ is

and X₁ is CH, V is cyclopropanecarboxamido, cyclopropylamino, morpholinoethylamino, hydroxyethylamino, or N-morpholino. In other embodiments, when R₁ is

and X₁ is N, V is cyclopropanecarboxamido, cyclopropylamino, morpholinoethylamino, hydroxyethylamino, or N-morpholino. In other embodiments, when R₁ is

and X₁ is CH, V is cyclopropanecarboxamido, cyclopropylamino, morpholinoethylamino, hydroxyethylamino, or N-morpholino. In other embodiments, when R₁ is

and X, is N, V is cyclopropanecarboxamido, cyclopropylamino, morpholinoethylamino, hydroxyethylamino, or N-morpholino. In other embodiments, when R₁ is

and X is CH, V is cyclopropanecarboxamido, cyclopropylamino, morpholinoethylamino, hydroxyethylamino, or N-morpholino. In other embodiments, when R₁ is

and X₁ is N, V is cyclopropanecarboxamido, cyclopropylamino, morpholinoethylamino, hydroxyethylamino, or N-morpholino. In other embodiments, when R₁ is

and X, is CH, V is cyclopropanecarboxamido, cyclopropylamino, morpholinoethylamino, hydroxyethylamino, or N-morpholino. In other embodiments, when R₁ is

and X₁ is N, V is cyclopropanecarboxamido, cyclopropylamino, morpholinoethylamino, hydroxyethylamino, or N-morpholino. In other embodiments, when R₁ is

and X₁ is CH, V is cyclopropanecarboxamido, cyclopropylamino, morpholinoethylamino, hydroxyethylamino, or N-morpholino. In other embodiments, when R₁ is

and X₁ is N, V is cyclopropanecarboxamido, cyclopropylamino, morpholinoethylamino, hydroxyethylamino, or N-morpholino. In other embodiments, when R₁ is

and X₁ is CH, V is cyclopropanecarboxamido, cyclopropylamino, morpholinoethylamino, hydroxyethylamino, or N-morpholino. In other embodiments, when R₁ is

and X₁ is N, V is cyclopropanecarboxamido, cyclopropylamino, morpholinoethylamino, hydroxyethylamino, or N-morpholino. In other embodiments, when R₁ is

and X₁ is CH, V is cyclopropanecarboxamido, cyclopropylamino, morpholinoethylamino, hydroxyethylamino, or N-morpholino. In other embodiments, when R₁ is

and X₁ is N, V is cyclopropanecarboxamido, cyclopropylamino, morpholinoethylamino, hydroxyethylamino, or N-morpholino. In other embodiments, when R₁ is

and X₁ is CH, V is cyclopropanecarboxamido, cyclopropylamino, morpholinoethylamino, hydroxyethylamino, or N-morpholino. In other embodiments, when R₁ is

and X₁ is N, V is cyclopropanecarboxamido, cyclopropylamino, morpholinoethylamino, hydroxyethylamino, or N-morpholino. In other embodiments, when R₁ is

and X₁ is CH, V is cyclopropanecarboxamido, cyclopropylamino, morpholinoethylamino, hydroxyethylamino, or N-morpholino. In other embodiments, when R₁ is

and X₁ is N, V is cyclopropanecarboxamido, cyclopropylamino, morpholinoethylamino, hydroxyethylamino, or N-morpholino. In other embodiments, when R₁ is

and X₁ is CH, V is cyclopropanecarboxamido, cyclopropylamino, morpholinoethylamino, hydroxyethylamino, or N-morpholino. In other embodiments, when R₁ is

and X₁ is N, V is cyclopropanecarboxamido, cyclopropylamino, morpholinoethylamino, hydroxyethylamino, or N-morpholino. In other embodiments, when R₁ is

and X₁ is CH, V is cyclopropanecarboxamido, cyclopropylamino, morpholinoethylamino, hydroxyethylamino, or N-morpholino. In other embodiments, when R₁ is

and X₁ is N, V is cyclopropanecarboxamido, cyclopropylamino, morpholinoethylamino, hydroxyethylamino, or N-morpholino. In other embodiments, when R₁ is

and X₁ is CH, V is cyclopropanecarboxamido, cyclopropylamino, morpholinoethylamino, hydroxyethylamino, or N-morpholino. In other embodiments, when R₁ is

and X₁ is N, V is cyclopropanecarboxamido, cyclopropylamino, morpholinoethylamino, hydroxyethylamino, or N-morpholino. In other embodiments, when R₁ is

and X₁ is CH, V is cyclopropanecarboxamido, cyclopropylamino, morpholinoethylamino, hydroxyethylamino, or N-morpholino. In other embodiments, when R₁ is

and X₁ is N, V is cyclopropanecarboxamido, cyclopropylamino, morpholinoethylamino, hydroxyethylamino, or N-morpholino. In other embodiments, when R₁ is

and X₁ is CH, V is cyclopropanecarboxamido, cyclopropylamino, morpholinoethylamino, hydroxyethylamino, or N-morpholino. In other embodiments, when R₁ is

and X₁ is N, V is cyclopropanecarboxamido, cyclopropylamino, morpholinoethylamino, hydroxyethylamino, or N-morpholino. In other embodiments, when R₁ is

and X₁ is CH, V is cyclopropanecarboxamido, cyclopropylamino, morpholinoethylamino, hydroxyethylamino, or N-morpholino. In other embodiments, when R₁ is

and X₁ is N, V is cyclopropanecarboxamido, cyclopropylamino, morpholinoethylamino, hydroxyethylamino, or N-morpholino. In other embodiments, when R₁ is

and X₁ is CH, V is cyclopropanecarboxamido, cyclopropylamino, morpholinoethylamino, hydroxyethylamino, or N-morpholino. In other embodiments, when R₁ is

and X₁ is N, V is cyclopropanecarboxamido, cyclopropylamino, morpholinoethylamino, hydroxyethylamino, or N-morpholino.

In other embodiments, when R₁ is

and X₁ is CH, V is cyclopropanecarboxamido, cyclopropylamino, morpholinoethylamino, hydroxyethylamino, or N-morpholino. In other embodiments, when R₁ is

and X₁ is N, V is cyclopropanecarboxamido, cyclopropylamino, morpholinoethylamino, hydroxyethylamino, or N-morpholino. In other embodiments, when R₁ is

and X₁ is CH, V is cyclopropanecarboxamido, cyclopropylamino, morpholinoethylamino, hydroxyethylamino, or N-morpholino. In other embodiments, when R₁ is

and X₁ is N, V is cyclopropanecarboxamido, cyclopropylamino, morpholinoethylamino, hydroxyethylamino, or N-morpholino. In other embodiments, when R₁ is

and X, is CH, V is cyclopropanecarboxamido, cyclopropylamino, morpholinoethylamino, hydroxyethylamino, or N-morpholino. In other embodiments, when R₁ is

and X₁ is N, V is cyclopropanecarboxamido, cyclopropylamino, morpholinoethylamino, hydroxyethylamino, or N-morpholino. In other embodiments, when R₁ is

and X₁ is CH, V is cyclopropanecarboxamido, cyclopropylamino, morpholinoethylamino, hydroxyethylamino, or N-morpholino. In other embodiments, when R₁ is

and X₁ is N, V is cyclopropanecarboxamido, cyclopropylamino, morpholinoethylamino, hydroxyethylamino, or N-morpholino. In other embodiments, when R₁ is

and X₁ is CH, V is cyclopropanecarboxamido, cyclopropylamino, morpholinoethylamino, hydroxyethylamino, or N-morpholino. In other embodiments, when R₁ is

and X₁ is N, V is cyclopropanecarboxamido, cyclopropylamino, morpholinoethylamino, hydroxyethylamino, or N-morpholino. In other embodiments, when R₁ is

and X₁ is CH, V is cyclopropanecarboxamido, cyclopropylamino, morpholinoethylamino, hydroxyethylamino, or N-morpholino. In other embodiments, when R₁ is

and X₁ is N, V is cyclopropanecarboxamido, cyclopropylamino, morpholinoethylamino, hydroxyethylamino, or N-morpholino In other embodiments, when R₁ is

and X₁ is CH, V is cyclopropanecarboxamido, cyclopropylamino, morpholinoethylamino, hydroxyethylamino, or N-morpholino. In other embodiments, when R₁ is

and X₁ is N, V is cyclopropanecarboxamido, cyclopropylamino, morpholinoethylamino, hydroxyethylamino, or N-morpholino. and X₁ is CH, V is cyclopropanecarboxamido, cyclopropylamino, morpholinoethylamino, hydroxyethylamino, or N-morpholino.

In other embodiments, when R₁ is

and X₁ is CH, V is cyclopropanecarboxamido, cyclopropylamino, morpholinoethylamino, hydroxyethylamino, or N-morpholino. In other embodiments, when R₁ is

and X₁ is N, V is cyclopropanecarboxamido, cyclopropylamino, morpholinoethylamino, hydroxyethylamino, or N-morpholino. In other embodiments, when R₁ is

and X₁ is CH, V is cyclopropanecarboxamido, cyclopropylamino, morpholinoethylamino, hydroxyethylamino, or N-morpholino. In other embodiments, when R₁ is

and X₁ is N, V is cyclopropanecarboxamido, cyclopropylamino, morpholinoethylamino, hydroxyethylamino, or N-morpholino. In other embodiments, when R₁ is

and X₁ is CH, V is cyclopropanecarboxamido, cyclopropylamino, morpholinoethylamino, hydroxyethylamino, or N-morpholino. In other embodiments, when R₁ is

and X₁ is N, V is cyclopropanecarboxamido, cyclopropylamino, morpholinoethylamino, hydroxyethylamino, or N-morpholino. In other embodiments, when R₁ is

and X₁ is CH, V is cyclopropanecarboxamido, cyclopropylamino, morpholinoethylamino, hydroxyethylamino, or N-morpholino. In other embodiments, when R₁ is

and X₁ is N, V is cyclopropanecarboxamido, cyclopropylamino, morpholinoethylamino, hydroxyethylamino, or N-morpholino. In other embodiments, when R₁ is

X₁ is CH, V is cyclopropanecarboxamido, cyclopropylamino, morpholinoethylamino, hydroxyethylamino, or N-morpholino. In other embodiments, when R₁ is

and X₁ is N, V is cyclopropanecarboxamido, cyclopropylamino, morpholinoethylamino, hydroxyethylamino, or N-morpholino. In other embodiments, when R₁ is

and X₁ is CH, V is cyclopropanecarboxamido, cyclopropylamino, morpholinoethylamino, hydroxyethylamino, or N-morpholino. In other embodiments, when R₁ is

and X₁ is N, V is cyclopropanecarboxamido, cyclopropylamino, morpholinoethylamino, hydroxyethylamino, or N-morpholino. In other embodiments, when R₁ is

and X₁ is CH, V is cyclopropanecarboxamido, cyclopropylamino, morpholinoethylamino, hydroxyethylamino, or N-morpholino. In other embodiments, when R₁ is

and X, is N, V is cyclopropanecarboxamido, cyclopropylamino, morpholinoethylamino, hydroxyethylamino, or N-morpholino. In other embodiments, when R₁ is

and X, is CH, V is cyclopropanecarboxamido, cyclopropylamino, morpholinoethylamino, hydroxyethylamino, or N-morpholino. In other embodiments, when R₁ is

and X is N, V is cyclopropanecarboxamido, cyclopropylamino, morpholinoethylamino, hydroxyethylamino, or N-morpholino. In other embodiments, when R₁ is

and X₁ is CH, V is cyclopropanecarboxamido, cyclopropylamino, morpholinoethylamino, hydroxyethylamino, or N-morpholino. In other embodiments, when R₁ is

and X₁ is N, V is cyclopropanecarboxamido, cyclopropylamino, morpholinoethylamino, hydroxyethylamino, or N-morpholino. In other embodiments, when R₁ is

and X₁ is CH, V is cyclopropanecarboxamido, cyclopropylamino, morpholinoethylamino, hydroxyethylamino, or N-morpholino. In other embodiments, when R₁ is

and X₁ is N, V is cyclopropanecarboxamido, cyclopropylamino, morpholinoethylamino, hydroxyethylamino, or N-morpholino.

In the noted embodiments, cyclopropanecarboxamido is

cyclopropylamino is

2-morpholinoethylamino is

hydroxyethylamino is

and N-morpholino is

TABLE 1 Biological activity of several illustrative mTor inhibitor compounds of the invention. mTOR PI3K α PI3K β PI3K γ P13K δ PC3 Structure IC₅₀ (nM) IC₅₀ (nM) IC₅₀ (nM) IC₅₀ (nM) IC₅₀ (nM) EC50 (nM) 1

++++ +++ ++ ++++ +++ ++++ 2

++++ ++ + +++ +++ +++ 3

++ + ++ ++ ++ 4

+++ ++ ++ +++ +++ ++ 5

++++ +++ ++ ++++ +++ ++++ 6

++++ ++ + ++ +++ +++ 7

++++ +++ ++ ++ +++ ++ 8

++++ +++ + +++ +++ ++++ 9

++++ ++ + +++ +++ ++++ 10

++ + 11

+++ + 12

+++ + 13

++ ++ +++ +++ 14

++ ++ +++ ++ 15

+ + + + 16

+ + ++ + 17

+ + + + 18

+ + + + 19

++ + + + 20

++ ++ + ++ 21

+++ + + + + 22

++++ ++++ ++ +++ +++ ++ 23

++++ ++ + ++ ++ 24

+ + + + 25

+++ ++ ++++ +++ 26

++++ +++ ++++ +++ 27

++ + + +++

Table 1 shows the biological activity in mTOR and PI3K kinase assays of several compounds of the invention. The scale utilized in Table 1 is as follows: ++++ less than 100 nM; +++ less than 1.0 μM; ++ less than 10 μM; and + greater than 10 μM.

In other embodiments, the present invention provides the following compounds:

Any of the compounds shown above may show a biological activity in an mTOR or PI3K inhibition assay of between about 0.5 nM and 25 μM (IC₅₀).

Additional compounds which are mTor inhibitors of the invention are shown in Table 2.

TABLE 2 In vitro IC₅₀ values for Illustrative mTor Inhibitor Compounds of the Invention. PC3 mTORC PI3K α PI3K β PI3K γ PI3K δ prolif- IC₅₀ IC₅₀ IC₅₀ IC₅₀ IC₅₀ eration # Structure (nM) (nM) (nM) (nM) (nM) (nM) 1

++++ + + ++ ++ +++ 2

+ − − − − − 3

++ + − − − − 4

+ + − 5

+ + + 6

+ + + 7

+++ + + 8

+ + + 9

++++ + + 10

+++++ + + + + + 11

+++++++ + + ++ ++ ++++ 12

++++++ + + ++ + ++++ 13

+ + + 14

+ + − 15

+++++++ + + ++++ ++++ ++++ 16

+++++++ + + ++ +++ ++ 17

+ + + 18

+ * * 19

+ + − 20

+ + − 21

++++ ++ + ++ ++ + 22

+++++++ + + − + ++ 23

+ + − 24

+ + + 25

++ + + 26

++++++ + + ++ +++ ++ 27

+++++ ++ 28

++ + + − + + 29

+ − 30

+++++ + + − + + 31

+++++ + + − ++ + 32

++ + − + + + 33

++ + − + + + 34

+ + − + + − 35

+ + − + + − 36

++++++ + − +++ ++ +++ 37

+ ++ − ++ ++ − 38

++ + − + + + 39

++++++ + − + + + 40

+++ + − + + + 41

++++++ + + ++++ + + 42

+++++++ + + − +++ + 43

+ + + − + − 44

+++ + + − + − 45

+ 46

− 47

− 48

++++ + + + + 49

++++++ + + ++ ++ 50

++++ + + ++ ++ 51

++++ + + ++ ++ 52

++ + + + ++ 53

+++ + + + − 54

+++++ + + + − 55

++ + + + − 56

+ + + + − 57

+++++ + + + − 58

+ + + + − 59

+ + + + − 60

+++ + + +++ − 61

+++++ + + + + 62

+++++++ + + + +++ 63

+++++++ ++ + +++++ +++++ 64

+++++ + + ++ ++ 65

++++++ ++++ + +++++ +++++ 66

+ + + + + 67

+ + + + + 68

+++++++ ++ + ++++ +++++ 69

+++++++ + + + ++ 70

+++++++ ++ + +++ +++++ 71

+++ + + + +

In Table 2 above, a +++++++ indicates an IC₅₀ of 5 nM or less; a ++++++ indicates an IC₅₀ of 10 nM or less; a +++++ indicates an IC₅₀ of 25 nM or less; an ++++ indicates an IC₅₀ of 50 nm or less, a +++ indicates an IC₅₀ of 100 nM or less, a ++ indicates an IC₅₀ of 500 nM or less, and a + indicates an IC₅₀ of more than 500 nM.

In some embodiments, the invention provides a combination treatment comprising an mTor inhibitor, which can be a compound as provided herein and a first agent also as provided herein. In some embodiments, the mTor inhibitor is a compound of Formula I, Formula I-A, Formula I-B1, Formula I-C, Formula I-C1a, or a compound of Table 1 or Table 2, and the first agent is an agent that suppresses progression of one or more cell-cycle phases after G1 phase. For example, the mTor inhibitor is a compound of Formula I where M1 is a bicyclic heteroaryl system, including, for instance, benzothiazolyl, quinolinyl, quinazolinyl, benzoxazolyl, and benzoimidazolyl, and the first agent is an agent that suppresses progression of one or more cell-cycle phases after G1 phase. In other embodiments, the mTor inhibitor is a compound of Formula I where M1 is of formula M1-A, M1-B, M1-C or M1-D, and the first agent is an agent that suppresses progression of one or more cell-cycle phases after G1 phase. In yet other embodiments, the mTor inhibitor is of Formula I-B1 and M1 is of formula M1-F1, and the first agent is an agent that suppresses progression of one or more cell-cycle phases after G1 phase. In still other embodiments, the mTor inhibitor is of Formula I-C, and the first agent is an agent that suppresses progression of one or more cell-cycle phases after G1 phase. In still other embodiments, the mTor inhibitor is of Formula I-C1a and the first agent is an agent that suppresses progression of one or more cell-cycle phases after G1 phase.

In some embodiments, the mTor inhibitor is a compound of Formula I, Formula I-A, Formula I-B1, Formula I-C, Formula I-C1a, or a compound of Table 1 or Table 2, and the first agent is a tubulin modulator that binds to polymerized tubulin. In other embodiments, the mTor inhibitor is a compound of Formula I, Formula I-A, Formula I-B1, Formula I-C, Formula I-C1a, or a compound of Table 1 or Table 2, and the first agent is a tubulin modulator that binds to polymerized tubulin. In still other embodiments, the mTor inhibitor is a compound of Formula I, Formula I-A, Formula I-B1, Formula I-C, Formula I-C1a, or a compound of Table 1 or Table 2, and the first agent is a tubulin modulator that binds to polymerized tubulin. In still other embodiments, the mTor inhibitor is a compound of Formula I, Formula I-A, Formula I-B1, Formula I-C, Formula I-C1a, or a compound of Table 1 or Table 2, and the first agent is a tubulin modulator that binds to polymerized tubulin.

In some embodiments, the mTor inhibitor is a compound of Formula I where M1 is of formula M1-A, M1-B, M1-C or M1-D, and the first agent is paclitaxel, or an analogue thereof.

The subject methods are useful for treating a disease condition associated with mTOR, and/or dysregulation of the cell cycle. Any disease condition that results directly or indirectly from an abnormal activity or expression level of mTOR can be an intended disease condition. In some embodiments, the disease condition is a proliferative disorder, such as described herein, including but not limited to cancer.

Disease Targets

A vast diversity of disease conditions associated with mTOR and/or PI3-kinase have been reported. PI3-kinase α, one of the four isoforms of type I PI3-kinases has been implicated, for example, in a variety of human proliferative disorders, such as cancers. Angiogenesis has been shown to selectively require the α isoform of PI3K in the control of endothelial cell migration. (Graupera et al, Nature 2008; 453; 662-6). Mutations in the gene coding for PI3K a or mutations which lead to upregulation of PI3K a are believed to occur in many human cancers such as lung, stomach, endometrial, ovarian, bladder, breast, colon, brain and skin cancers. Often, mutations in the gene coding for PI3K a are point mutations clustered within several hotspots in helical and kinase domains, such as E542K, E545K, and H1047R. Many of these mutations have been shown to be oncogenic gain-of-function mutations. Because of the high rate of PI3K a mutations, targeting of this pathway provides valuable therapeutic opportunities. While other PI3K isoforms such as PI3K δ or PI3K γ are expressed primarily in hematopoietic cells, PI3K α, along with PI3K β, is expressed constitutively.

Disease conditions associated with PI3-kinase and/or mTOR can also be characterized by abnormally high level of activity and/or expression of downstream messengers of mTOR and PI3-kinase. For example, proteins or messengers such as PIP2, PIP3, PDK, Akt, PTEN, PRAS40, GSK-3β, p21, p27 may be present in abnormal amounts which can be identified by any assays known in the art.

Deregulation of the mTOR pathway is emerging as a common theme in diverse human diseases and as a consequence drugs that target mTOR have therapeutic value. The diseases associated with deregulation of mTORC1 include, but are not limited to, tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC) and lymphangioleiomyomatosis (LAM), both of which are caused by mutations in TSC 1 or TSC2 tumor suppressors. Patients with TSC develop benign tumors that when present in brain, however, can cause seizures, mental retardation and death. LAM is a serious lung disease. Inhibition of mTORC1 may help patients with Peutz-Jeghers cancer-prone syndrome caused by the LKB 1 mutation. mTORC1 may also have role in the genesis of sporadic cancers. Inactivation of several tumor suppressors, in particular PTEN, p53, VHL and NF1, has been linked to mTORC1 activation. Rapamycin and its analogues (eg CCI-779, RAD001 and AP23573) inhibit TORC1 and have shown moderate anti-cancer activity in phase II clinical trials. However, due to the negative signal from S6K1 to the insulin/PI3K/Akt pathway, it is important to note that inhibitors of mTORC1, like rapalogs, can activate PKB/Akt. If this effect persists with chronic rapamycin treatment, it may provide cancer cells with an increased survival signal that may be clinically undesirable. The PI3K/Akt pathway is activated in many cancers. Activated Akt regulates cell survival, cell proliferation and metabolism by phosphorylating proteins such as BAD, FOXO, NF-KB, p21Cip1, p27Kip1, GSK3β and others. Akt might also promote cell growth by phosphorylating TSC2. Akt activation may promote cellular transformation and resistance to apoptosis by collectively promoting growth, proliferation and survival, while inhibiting apoptotic pathways.

Where desired, the subject to be treated is tested prior to treatment using a diagnostic assay to determine the sensitivity of tumor cells to a first agent or an mTOR inhibitor. Any method known in the art that can determine the sensitivity of the tumor cells of a subject to a first agent or an mTOR inhibitor can be employed. Where the subject is tested prior to treatment using a diagnostic assay to determine the sensitivity of tumor cells to a first agent or an mTOR inhibitor, in one embodiment, when the subject is identified as one whose tumor cells are predicted to have low sensitivity to first agent as a single agent, are likely to display enhanced sensitivity in the additional presence of an mTOR inhibitor, or vice versa, when the subject is administered a therapeutically effective amount of a combination of a first agent and an mTOR inhibitor, the mTOR inhibitor being administered after the first agent. In another embodiment, when the subject is identified as one whose tumor cells are predicted to have high sensitivity to a first agent as a single agent, but may also display enhanced sensitivity in the presence of an mTOR inhibitor based on the results described herein, the subject is administered a therapeutically effective amount of a combination of a first agent and an mTOR inhibitor, the mTOR inhibitor being administered after the first agent. In these methods one or more additional anti-cancer agents or treatments can be co-administered simultaneously or sequentially with the first agent and mTOR inhibitor (the mTOR inhibitor being administered after the first agent), as judged to be appropriate by the administering physician given the prediction of the likely responsiveness of the subject to the combination of fist agent and mTOR inhibitor, in combination with any additional circumstances pertaining to the individual subject.

The data presented in the Examples herein below demonstrate that the anti-tumor effects of a combination of a first agent and an mTOR inhibitor (where the mTOR inhibitor is administered after the first agent) are superior to the anti-tumor effects of either inhibitor by itself or both administered simultaneously or in a reverse order. As such, the subject method is particularly useful for treating a proliferative disorder, such as a neoplastic condition. Non-limiting examples of such conditions include but are not limited to Acanthoma, Acinic cell carcinoma, Acoustic neuroma, Acral lentiginous melanoma, Acrospiroma, Acute eosinophilic leukemia, Acute lymphoblastic leukemia, Acute megakaryoblastic leukemia, Acute monocytic leukemia, Acute myeloblastic leukemia with maturation, Acute myeloid dendritic cell leukemia, Acute myeloid leukemia, Acute promyelocytic leukemia, Adamantinoma, Adenocarcinoma, Adenoid cystic carcinoma, Adenoma, Adenomatoid odontogenic tumor, Adrenocortical carcinoma, Adult T-cell leukemia, Aggressive NK-cell leukemia, AIDS-Related Cancers, AIDS-related lymphoma, Alveolar soft part sarcoma, Ameloblastic fibroma, Anal cancer, Anaplastic large cell lymphoma, Anaplastic thyroid cancer, Angioimmunoblastic T-cell lymphoma, Angiomyolipoma, Angiosarcoma, Appendix cancer, Astrocytoma, Atypical teratoid rhabdoid tumor, Basal cell carcinoma, Basal-like carcinoma, B-cell leukemia, B-cell lymphoma, Bellini duct carcinoma, Biliary tract cancer, Bladder cancer, Blastoma, Bone Cancer, Bone tumor, Brain Stem Glioma, Brain Tumor, Breast Cancer, Brenner tumor, Bronchial Tumor, Bronchioloalveolar carcinoma, Brown tumor, Burkitt's lymphoma, Cancer of Unknown Primary Site, Carcinoid Tumor, Carcinoma, Carcinoma in situ, Carcinoma of the penis, Carcinoma of Unknown Primary Site, Carcinosarcoma, Castleman's Disease, Central Nervous System Embryonal Tumor, Cerebellar Astrocytoma, Cerebral Astrocytoma, Cervical Cancer, Cholangiocarcinoma, Chondroma, Chondrosarcoma, Chordoma, Choriocarcinoma, Choroid plexus papilloma, Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia, Chronic monocytic leukemia, Chronic myelogenous leukemia, Chronic Myeloproliferative Disorder, Chronic neutrophilic leukemia, Clear-cell tumor, Colon Cancer, Colorectal cancer, Craniopharyngioma, Cutaneous T-cell lymphoma, Degos disease, Dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans, Dermoid cyst, Desmoplastic small round cell tumor, Diffuse large B cell lymphoma, Dysembryoplastic neuroepithelial tumor, Embryonal carcinoma, Endodermal sinus tumor, Endometrial cancer, Endometrial Uterine Cancer, Endometrioid tumor, Enteropathy-associated T-cell lymphoma, Ependymoblastoma, Ependymoma, Epithelioid sarcoma, Erythroleukemia, Esophageal cancer, Esthesioneuroblastoma, Ewing Family of Tumor, Ewing Family Sarcoma, Ewing's sarcoma, Extracranial Germ Cell Tumor, Extragonadal Germ Cell Tumor, Extrahepatic Bile Duct Cancer, Extramammary Paget's disease, Fallopian tube cancer, Fetus in fetu, Fibroma, Fibrosarcoma, Follicular lymphoma, Follicular thyroid cancer, Gallbladder Cancer, Gallbladder cancer, Ganglioglioma, Ganglioneuroma, Gastric Cancer, Gastric lymphoma, Gastrointestinal cancer, Gastrointestinal Carcinoid Tumor, Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumor, Gastrointestinal stromal tumor, Germ cell tumor, Germinoma, Gestational choriocarcinoma, Gestational Trophoblastic Tumor, Giant cell tumor of bone, Glioblastoma multiforme, Glioma, Gliomatosis cerebri, Glomus tumor, Glucagonoma, Gonadoblastoma, Granulosa cell tumor, Hairy Cell Leukemia, Hairy cell leukemia, Head and Neck Cancer, Head and neck cancer, Heart cancer, Hemangioblastoma, Hemangiopericytoma, Hemangiosarcoma, Hematological malignancy, Hepatocellular carcinoma, Hepatosplenic T-cell lymphoma, Hereditary breast-ovarian cancer syndrome, Hodgkin Lymphoma, Hodgkin's lymphoma, Hypopharyngeal Cancer, Hypothalamic Glioma, Inflammatory breast cancer, Intraocular Melanoma, Islet cell carcinoma, Islet Cell Tumor, Juvenile myelomonocytic leukemia, Kaposi Sarcoma, Kaposi's sarcoma, Kidney Cancer, Klatskin tumor, Krukenberg tumor, Laryngeal Cancer, Laryngeal cancer, Lentigo maligna melanoma, Leukemia, Leukemia, Lip and Oral Cavity Cancer, Liposarcoma, Lung cancer, Luteoma, Lymphangioma, Lymphangiosarcoma, Lymphoepithelioma, Lymphoid leukemia, Lymphoma, Macroglobulinemia, Malignant Fibrous Histiocytoma, Malignant fibrous histiocytoma, Malignant Fibrous Histiocytoma of Bone, Malignant Glioma, Malignant Mesothelioma, Malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumor, Malignant rhabdoid tumor, Malignant triton tumor, MALT lymphoma, Mantle cell lymphoma, Mast cell leukemia, Mediastinal germ cell tumor, Mediastinal tumor, Medullary thyroid cancer, Medulloblastoma, Medulloblastoma, Medulloepithelioma, Melanoma, Melanoma, Meningioma, Merkel Cell Carcinoma, Mesothelioma, Mesothelioma, Metastatic Squamous Neck Cancer with Occult Primary, Metastatic urothelial carcinoma, Mixed Mullerian tumor, Monocytic leukemia, Mouth Cancer, Mucinous tumor, Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia Syndrome, Multiple Myeloma, Multiple myeloma, Mycosis Fungoides, Mycosis fungoides, Myelodysplastic Disease, Myelodysplastic Syndromes, Myeloid leukemia, Myeloid sarcoma, Myeloproliferative Disease, Myxoma, Nasal Cavity Cancer, Nasopharyngeal Cancer, Nasopharyngeal carcinoma, Neoplasm, Neurinoma, Neuroblastoma, Neuroblastoma, Neurofibroma, Neuroma, Nodular melanoma, Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma, Non-Hodgkin lymphoma, Nonmelanoma Skin Cancer, Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer, Ocular oncology, Oligoastrocytoma, Oligodendroglioma, Oncocytoma, Optic nerve sheath meningioma, Oral Cancer, Oral cancer, Oropharyngeal Cancer, Osteosarcoma, Osteosarcoma, Ovarian Cancer, Ovarian cancer, Ovarian Epithelial Cancer, Ovarian Germ Cell Tumor, Ovarian Low Malignant Potential Tumor, Paget's disease of the breast, Pancoast tumor, Pancreatic Cancer, Pancreatic cancer, Papillary thyroid cancer, Papillomatosis, Paraganglioma, Paranasal Sinus Cancer, Parathyroid Cancer, Penile Cancer, Perivascular epithelioid cell tumor, Pharyngeal Cancer, Pheochromocytoma, Pineal Parenchymal Tumor of Intermediate Differentiation, Pineoblastoma, Pituicytoma, Pituitary adenoma, Pituitary tumor, Plasma Cell Neoplasm, Pleuropulmonary blastoma, Polyembryoma, Precursor T-lymphoblastic lymphoma, Primary central nervous system lymphoma, Primary effusion lymphoma, Primary Hepatocellular Cancer, Primary Liver Cancer, Primary peritoneal cancer, Primitive neuroectodermal tumor, Prostate cancer, Pseudomyxoma peritonei, Rectal Cancer, Renal cell carcinoma, Respiratory Tract Carcinoma Involving the NUT Gene on Chromosome 15, Retinoblastoma, Rhabdomyoma, Rhabdomyosarcoma, Richter's transformation, Sacrococcygeal teratoma, Salivary Gland Cancer, Sarcoma, Schwannomatosis, Sebaceous gland carcinoma, Secondary neoplasm, Seminoma, Serous tumor, Sertoli-Leydig cell tumor, Sex cord-stromal tumor, Sezary Syndrome, Signet ring cell carcinoma, Skin Cancer, Small blue round cell tumor, Small cell carcinoma, Small Cell Lung Cancer, Small cell lymphoma, Small intestine cancer, Soft tissue sarcoma, Somatostatinoma, Soot wart, Spinal Cord Tumor, Spinal tumor, Splenic marginal zone lymphoma, Squamous cell carcinoma, Stomach cancer, Superficial spreading melanoma, Supratentorial Primitive Neuroectodermal Tumor, Surface epithelial-stromal tumor, Synovial sarcoma, T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia, T-cell large granular lymphocyte leukemia, T-cell leukemia, T-cell lymphoma, T-cell prolymphocytic leukemia, Teratoma, Terminal lymphatic cancer, Testicular cancer, Thecoma, Throat Cancer, Thymic Carcinoma, Thymoma, Thyroid cancer, Transitional Cell Cancer of Renal Pelvis and Ureter, Transitional cell carcinoma, Urachal cancer, Urethral cancer, Urogenital neoplasm, Uterine sarcoma, Uveal melanoma, Vaginal Cancer, Verner Morrison syndrome, Verrucous carcinoma, Visual Pathway Glioma, Vulvar Cancer, Waldenstrom's macroglobulinemia, Warthin's tumor, Wilms' tumor, or any combination thereof.

In other embodiments, the methods comprising administering a first agent followed by administering an mTOR inhibitor described herein are applied to the treatment of heart conditions including atherosclerosis, heart hypertrophy, cardiac myocyte dysfunction, elevated blood pressure and vasoconstriction. The invention also relates to a method of treating diseases related to vasculogenesis or angiogenesis in a mammal that comprises administering to said mammal a therapeutically effective amount of a first agent and an mTOR inhibitor of the present invention, or any pharmaceutically acceptable salt, ester, prodrug, solvate, hydrate or derivative thereof.

In some embodiments, said method is for treating a disease selected from the group consisting of tumor angiogenesis, chronic inflammatory disease such as rheumatoid arthritis, atherosclerosis, inflammatory bowel disease, skin diseases such as psoriasis, eczema, and scleroderma, diabetes, diabetic retinopathy, retinopathy of prematurity, age-related macular degeneration, hemangioma, glioma, melanoma, Kaposi's sarcoma and ovarian, breast, lung, pancreatic, prostate, colon and epidermoid cancer.

In some embodiments, the invention provides administering a first agent followed by administering an mTOR inhibitor for treating a disease condition associated with PI3-kinase α and/or mTOR, including, but not limited to, conditions related to an undesirable, over-active, harmful or deleterious immune response in a mammal, collectively termed “autoimmune disease.” Autoimmune disorders include, but are not limited to, Crohn's disease, ulcerative colitis, psoriasis, psoriatic arthritis, juvenile arthritis and ankylosing spondilitis, Other non-limiting examples of autoimmune disorders include autoimmune diabetes, multiple sclerosis, systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), rheumatoid spondylitis, gouty arthritis, allergy, autoimmune uveitis, nephrotic syndrome, multisystem autoimmune diseases, autoimmune hearing loss, adult respiratory distress syndrome, shock lung, chronic pulmonary inflammatory disease, pulmonary sarcoidosis, pulmonary fibrosis, silicosis, idiopathic interstitial lung disease, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, asthma, restenosis, spondyloarthropathies, Reiter's syndrome, autoimmune hepatitis, inflammatory skin disorders, vasculitis oflarge vessels, medium vessels or small vessels, endometriosis, prostatitis and Sjogren's syndrome. Undesirable immune response can also be associated with or result in, e.g., asthma, emphysema, bronchitis, psoriasis, allergy, anaphylaxsis, auto-immune diseases, rhuematoid arthritis, graft versus host disease, transplantation rejection, lung injuries, and lupus erythematosus. The pharmaceutical compositions of the present invention can be used to treat other respiratory diseases including but not limited to diseases affecting the lobes of lung, pleural cavity, bronchial tubes, trachea, upper respiratory tract, or the nerves and muscle for breathing. The compositions of the invention can be further used to treat multiorgan failure.

The invention also provides methods comprising administering a first agent followed by administering an mTOR inhibitor for the treatment of liver diseases (including diabetes), pancreatitis or kidney disease (including proliferative glomerulonephritis and diabetes-induced renal disease) or pain in a mammal.

The invention also provides a method comprising administering a first agent followed by administering an mTOR inhibitor for the treatment of sperm motility. The invention further provides a method comprising administering a first agent followed by administering an mTOR inhibitor for the treatment of neurological or neurodegenerative diseases including, but not limited to, Alzheimer's disease, Huntington's disease, CNS trauma, and stroke.

The invention further provides a method comprising administering a first agent followed by administering an mTOR inhibitor for the prevention of blastocyte implantation in a mammal.

The invention also relates to a method of using a first agent and an mTOR inhibitor administered in the order disclosed herein for treating a disease related to vasculogenesis or angiogenesis in a mammal which can manifest as tumor angiogenesis, chronic inflammatory disease such as rheumatoid arthritis, inflammatory bowel disease, atherosclerosis, skin diseases such as psoriasis, eczema, and scleroderma, diabetes, diabetic retinopathy, retinopathy of prematurity, age-related macular degeneration, hemangioma, glioma, melanoma, Kaposi's sarcoma and ovarian, breast, lung, pancreatic, prostate, colon and epidermoid cancer.

The invention further provides a method comprising administering a first agent followed by administering an mTOR inhibitor for the treatment of disorders involving platelet aggregation or platelet adhesion, including but not limited to Bernard-Soulier syndrome, Glanzmann's thrombasthenia, Scott's syndrome, von Willebrand disease, Hermansky-Pudlak Syndrome, and Gray platelet syndrome.

In some embodiments, methods comprising administering a first agent followed by administering an mTOR inhibitor are provided for treating a disease which is skeletal muscle atrophy, skeletal muscle hypertrophy, leukocyte recruitment in cancer tissue, invasion metastasis, melanoma, Kaposi's sarcoma, acute and chronic bacterial and viral infections, sepsis, glomerulo sclerosis, glomerulo, nephritis, or progressive renal fibrosis.

Certain embodiments contemplate a human subject such as a subject that has been diagnosed as having or being at risk for developing or acquiring a proliferative disorder condition. Certain other embodiments contemplate a non-human subject, for example a non-human primate such as a macaque, chimpanzee, gorilla, vervet, orangutan, baboon or other non-human primate, including such non-human subjects that can be known to the art as preclinical models, including preclinical models for inflammatory disorders. Certain other embodiments contemplate a non-human subject that is a mammal, for example, a mouse, rat, rabbit, pig, sheep, horse, bovine, goat, gerbil, hamster, guinea pig or other mammal. There are also contemplated other embodiments in which the subject or biological source can be a non-mammalian vertebrate, for example, another higher vertebrate, or an avian, amphibian or reptilian species, or another subject or biological source. In certain embodiments of the present invention, a transgenic animal is utilized. A transgenic animal is a non-human animal in which one or more of the cells of the animal includes a nucleic acid that is non-endogenous (i.e., heterologous) and is present as an extrachromosomal element in a portion of its cell or stably integrated into its germ line DNA (i.e., in the genomic sequence of most or all of its cells).

Therapeutic Efficacy

In some embodiments, therapeutic efficacy is measured based on an effect of treating a proliferative disorder, such as cancer. In general, therapeutic efficacy of the methods and compositions of the invention, with regard to the treatment of a proliferative disorder (e.g. cancer, whether benign or malignant), may be measured by the degree to which the methods and compositions promote inhibition of tumor cell proliferation, the inhibition of tumor vascularization, the eradication of tumor cells, and/or a reduction in the size of at least one tumor such that a human is treated for the proliferative disorder. Several parameters to be considered in the determination of therapeutic efficacy are discussed herein. The proper combination of parameters for a particular situation can be established by the clinician. The progress of the inventive method in treating cancer (e.g., reducing tumor size or eradicating cancerous cells) can be ascertained using any suitable method, such as those methods currently used in the clinic to track tumor size and cancer progress. The primary efficacy parameter used to evaluate the treatment of cancer by the inventive method and compositions preferably is a reduction in the size of a tumor. Tumor size can be figured using any suitable technique, such as measurement of dimensions, or estimation of tumor volume using available computer software, such as FreeFlight software developed at Wake Forest University that enables accurate estimation of tumor volume. Tumor size can be determined by tumor visualization using, for example, CT, ultrasound, SPECT, spiral CT, MRI, photographs, and the like. In embodiments where a tumor is surgically resected after completion of the therapeutic period, the presence of tumor tissue and tumor size can be determined by gross analysis of the tissue to be resected, and/or by pathological analysis of the resected tissue.

Desirably, the growth of a tumor is stabilized (i.e., one or more tumors do not increase more than 1%, 5%, 10%, 15%, or 20% in size, and/or do not metastasize) as a result of the inventive method and compositions. In some embodiments, a tumor is stabilized for at least about 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, or more weeks. In some embodiments, a tumor is stabilized for at least about 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, or more months. In some embodiments, a tumor is stabilized for at least about 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, or more years. Preferably, the inventive method reduces the size of a tumor at least about 5% (e.g., at least about 10%, 15%, 20%, or 25%). More preferably, tumor size is reduced at least about 30% (e.g., at least about 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, or 65%). Even more preferably, tumor size is reduced at least about 70% (e.g., at least about 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, or 95%). Most preferably, the tumor is completely eliminated, or reduced below a level of detection. In some embodiments, a subject remains tumor free (e.g. in remission) for at least about 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, or more weeks following treatment. In some embodiments, a subject remains tumor free for at least about 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, or more months following treatment. In some embodiments, a subject remains tumor free for at least about 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, or more years after treatment.

When a tumor is subject to surgical resection following completion of the therapeutic period, the efficacy of the inventive method in reducing tumor size can be determined by measuring the percentage of resected tissue that is necrotic (i.e., dead). In some embodiments, a treatment is therapeutically effective if the necrosis percentage of the resected tissue is greater than about 20% (e.g., at least about 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, or 100%), more preferably about 90% or greater (e.g., about 90%, 95%, or 100%). Most preferably, the necrosis percentage of the resected tissue is 100%, that is, no tumor tissue is present or detectable.

A number of secondary parameters can be employed to determine the efficacy of the inventive method. Examples of secondary parameters include, but are not limited to, detection of new tumors, detection of tumor antigens or markers (e.g., CEA, PSA, or CA-125), biopsy, surgical downstaging (i.e., conversion of the surgical stage of a tumor from unresectable to resectable), PET scans, survival, disease progression-free survival, time to disease progression, quality of life assessments such as the Clinical Benefit Response Assessment, and the like, all of which can point to the overall progression (or regression) of cancer in a human. Biopsy is particularly useful in detecting the eradication of cancerous cells within a tissue. Radioimmunodetection (RAID) is used to locate and stage tumors using serum levels of markers (antigens) produced by and/or associated with tumors (“tumor markers” or “tumor-associated antigens”), and can be useful as a pre-treatment diagnostic predicate, a post-treatment diagnostic indicator of recurrence, and a post-treatment indicator of therapeutic efficacy. Examples of tumor markers or tumor-associated antigens that can be evaluated as indicators of therapeutic efficacy include, but are not limited to, carcinembryonic antigen (CEA) prostate-specific antigen (PSA), CA-125, CA19-9, ganglioside molecules (e.g., GM2, GD2, and GD3), MART-1, heat shock proteins (e.g., gp96), sialyl Tn (STn), tyrosinase, MUC-1, HER-2/neu, c-erb-B2, KSA, PSMA, p53, RAS, EGF-R, VEGF, MAGE, and gp100. Other tumor-associated antigens are known in the art. RAID technology in combination with endoscopic detection systems also efficiently distinguishes small tumors from surrounding tissue (see, for example, U.S. Pat. No. 4,932,412).

Desirably, in accordance with the inventive method, the treatment of cancer in a human patient is evidenced by one or more of the following results: (a) the complete disappearance of a tumor (i.e., a complete response), (b) about a 25% to about a 50% reduction in the size of a tumor for at least four weeks after completion of the therapeutic period as compared to the size of the tumor before treatment, (c) at least about a 50% reduction in the size of a tumor for at least four weeks after completion of the therapeutic period as compared to the size of the tumor before the therapeutic period, and (d) at least a 2% decrease (e.g., about a 5%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80% or 90% decrease) in a specific tumor-associated antigen level at about 4-12 weeks after completion of the therapeutic period as compared to the tumor-associated antigen level before the therapeutic period. While at least a 2% decrease in a tumor-associated antigen level is preferred, any decrease in the tumor-associated antigen level is evidence of treatment of a cancer in a patient by the inventive method. For example, with respect to unresectable, locally advanced pancreatic cancer, treatment can be evidenced by at least a 10% decrease in the CA19-9 tumor-associated antigen level at 4-12 weeks after completion of the therapeutic period as compared to the CA19-9 level before the therapeutic period. Similarly, with respect to locally advanced rectal cancer, treatment can be evidenced by at least a 10% decrease in the CEA tumor-associated antigen level at 4-12 weeks after completion of the therapeutic period as compared to the CEA level before the therapeutic period.

With respect to quality of life assessments, such as the Clinical Benefit Response Criteria, the therapeutic benefit of the treatment in accordance with the invention can be evidenced in terms of pain intensity, analgesic consumption, and/or the Karnofsky Performance Scale score. The Karnofsky Performance Scale allows patients to be classified according to their functional impairment. The Karnofsky Performance Scale is scored from 0-100. In general, a lower Karnofsky score is predictive of a poor prognosis for survival. Thus, the treatment of cancer in a human patient alternatively, or in addition, is evidenced by (a) at least a 50% decrease (e.g., at least a 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, or 100% decrease) in pain intensity reported by a patient, such as for any consecutive four week period in the 12 weeks after completion of treatment, as compared to the pain intensity reported by the patient before treatment, (b) at least a 50% decrease (e.g., at least a 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, or 100% decrease) in analgesic consumption reported by a patient, such as for any consecutive four week period in the 12 weeks after completion of treatment as compared to the analgesic consumption reported by the patient before treatment, and/or (c) at least a 20 point increase (e.g., at least a 30 point, 50 point, 70 point, or 90 point increase) in the Karnofsky Performance Scale score reported by a patient, such as for any consecutive four week period in the 12 weeks after completion of the therapeutic period as compared to the Karnofsky Performance Scale score reported by the patient before the therapeutic period.

The treatment of a proliferative disorder (e.g. cancer, whether benign or malignant) in a human patient desirably is evidenced by one or more (in any combination) of the foregoing results, although alternative or additional results of the referenced tests and/or other tests can evidence treatment efficacy.

In some embodiments, tumor size is reduced as a result of the inventive method preferably without significant adverse events in the subject. Adverse events are categorized or “graded” by the Cancer Therapy Evaluation Program (CTEP) of the National Cancer Institute (NCI), with Grade 0 representing minimal adverse side effects and Grade 4 representing the most severe adverse events. The NCI toxicity scale (published April 1999) and Common Toxicity Criteria Manual (updated August 1999) is available through the NCI, e.g., through the NCI intemet website at www.ctep.info.nih.gov or in the Investigator's Handbook for participants in clinical trials of investigational agents sponsored by the Division of Cancer Treatment and Diagnosis, NCI (updated March 1998). Desirably, the inventive method is associated with minimal adverse events, e.g. Grade 0, Grade 1, or Grade 2 adverse events, as graded by the CTEP/NCI. However, as discussed herein, reduction of tumor size, although preferred, is not required in that the actual size of tumor may not shrink despite the eradication of tumor cells. Eradication of cancerous cells is sufficient to realize a therapeutic effect. Likewise, any reduction in tumor size is sufficient to realize a therapeutic effect.

Detection, monitoring, and rating of various cancers in a human are further described in Cancer Facts and Figures 2001, American Cancer Society, New York, N.Y., and International Patent Application WO 01/24684. Accordingly, a clinician can use standard tests to determine the efficacy of the various embodiments of the inventive method in treating cancer. However, in addition to tumor size and spread, the clinician also may consider quality of life and survival of the patient in evaluating efficacy of treatment.

In some embodiments, administration of a first agent followed by administration of an mTOR inhibitor, wherein the first agent suppresses progression of a cell-cycle phase after G1 and is administered at least once before any administration of the mTOR inhibitor, provides improved therapeutic efficacy over treatment with either agent alone, treatment with both agents delivered simultaneously, and/or treatment with both agents in reverse order. Improved efficacy may be measured using any method known in the art, including but not limited to those described herein. In some embodiments, the improved therapeutic efficacy is an improvement of at least about 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 90%, 95%, 100%, 110%, 120%, 150%, 200%, 300%, 400%, 500%, 600%, 700%, 1000%, 10000% or more, using an appropriate measure (e.g. tumor size reduction, duration of tumor size stability, duration of time free from metastatic events, duration of disease-free survival). Improved efficacy may also be expressed as fold improvement, such as at least about 2-fold, 3-fold, 4-fold, 5-fold, 6-fold, 7-fold, 8-fold, 9-fold, 10-fold, 20-fold, 30-fold, 40-fold, 50-fold, 60-fold, 70-fold, 80-fold, 90-fold, 100-fold, 1000-fold, 10000-fold, or more, using an appropriate measure (e.g. tumor size reduction, duration of tumor size stability, duration of time free from metastatic events, duration of disease-free survival).

Pharmaceutical Compositions and Administration

The invention provides, in one aspect, a combination treatment comprising administering to a subject a first agent followed by administering an mTor inhibitor, wherein the first agent suppresses progression of one or more cell-cycle phases after G1 phase. The first agent can be any first agent described herein, either alone or in combination with one or more other such first agents. The mTOR inhibitor can be any mTOR inhibitor described herein, either alone or in combination with one or more other mTOR inhibitors. In general, the mTOR inhibitor is administered at a point in time that follows the administration of the first agent. Administration at a later point in time includes administration of a composition comprising both a first agent and an mTOR inhibitor, wherein the mTOR inhibitor is formulated for delayed release with respect to the first agent. In some embodiments, a composition comprising both a first agent and an mTOR inhibitor releases the majority of the mTOR inhibitor (e.g. at least 60%, 70%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 99%, or more) as an active compound after the release of the majority of the first agent (e.g. at least 60%, 70%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 99%, or more) as an active compound. In some embodiments, a first agent is administered before and separately from administration of an mTOR inhibitor. In some embodiments, the mTOR inhibitor is administered at about, or more than about 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 30, 36, 42, 48, 72, or more hours after administration of the first agent. In some embodiments, the mTOR inhibitor is administered at about, or more than about 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 21, 28, 30, 60, 90, or more days after administration of the first agent. In some embodiments, the mTOR inhibitor is administered at about, or more than about 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, or more weeks after administration of the first agent.

In some embodiments, a first agent and/or an mTOR inhibitor is administered to a subject more than once. In some embodiments, a first agent is administered one or more times (e.g. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 20, 25, or more) every 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, or more days (e.g. daily, every other day, every 7 days), where one or more of the administrations of the first agent is followed by one or more administrations (e.g. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 20, 25, or more) of an mTOR inhibitor with any desired temporal spacing, such as described herein. In some embodiments, a first agent is administered one or more times (e.g. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 20, 25, or more) every 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, or more weeks (e.g. administration on 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, and/or 7 days of a week, which may or may not be consecutive days), where one or more of the administrations of the first agent is followed by one or more administrations (e.g. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 20, 25, or more) of an mTOR inhibitor with any desired temporal spacing, such as described herein. In some embodiments, a given dosing schedule comprising one or more administrations of a first agent and one or more administrations of an mTOR inhibitor, wherein at least one administration of an mTOR inhibitor is subsequent to at least one administration of a first agent, such as described herein, may be repeated on a daily, weekly, biweekly, monthly, bimonthly, annually, semi-annually, or any other period as may be determined by a medical professional. A repeated dosing schedule may be repeated for a fixed period of time determined at the start of the schedule; may be terminated, extended, or otherwise adjusted based on a measure of therapeutic effect, such as a level of reduction in the presence of detectable disease tissue (e.g. a reduction of at least 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, 95%, 99%, or 100%); or may be terminated, extended, or otherwise adjusted for any other reason as determined by a medical professional.

A combination treatment may further comprise the administration of one or more additional therapeutic agents, including one or more additional agents described herein as candidate first agents, and one or more additional agents described herein as candidate mTOR inhibitors. Such one or more additional agents can be administered simultaneously or separately with respect to the first agent, the mTOR inhibitor, or both. Administration in combination utilizing one or more additional agents includes, for example, simultaneous administration of two agents in the same dosage form, simultaneous administration in separate dosage forms, and separate administration. For example, multiple therapeutic agents can be formulated together in the same dosage form and administered simultaneously. Alternatively multiple therapeutic agents can be simultaneously administered, wherein both the agents are present in separate formulations. In another alternative, an inhibitor of the present invention can be administered just followed by any of the agents described above, or vice versa. In the separate administration protocol, an inhibitor of the present invention and any of the agents described above may be administered a few minutes apart, or a few hours apart, or a few days apart. The term “combination treatments” also embraces the administration of the therapeutic agents as described herein in further combination with other biologically active compounds or ingredients and non-drug therapies (e.g., surgery or radiation treatment).

Administration of the compounds of the present invention can be effected by any method that enables delivery of the compounds to the site of action. These methods include oral routes, intraduodenal routes, parenteral injection (including intravenous, intraarterial, subcutaneous, intramuscular, intravascular, intraperitoneal or infusion), topical (e.g., transdermal application), rectal administration, via local delivery by catheter or stent or through inhalation. Compounds can also abe administered intraadiposally or intrathecally. An effective amount of an inhibitor of the invention may be administered in either single or multiple doses by any of the accepted modes of administration of agents having similar utilities, including rectal, buccal, intranasal and transdermal routes, by intra-arterial injection, intravenously, intraperitoneally, parenterally, intramuscularly, subcutaneously, orally, topically, as an inhalant, or via an impregnated or coated device such as a stent, for example, or an artery-inserted cylindrical polymer. Sequential or substantially simultaneous administration of a first agent, an mTOR inhibitor, and/or any additional therapeutic agent can be effected by any appropriate route as noted above and including, but not limited to, oral routes, intravenous routes, intramuscular routes, and direct absorption through mucous membrane tissues. The therapeutic agents can be administered by the same route or by different routes. For example, a first therapeutic agent of the combination selected may be administered by intravenous injection while the other therapeutic agents of the combination may be administered orally. Alternatively, for example, all therapeutic agents may be administered orally or all therapeutic agents may be administered by intravenous injection.

Methods of determining the most effective means and dosage of administration are well known to those of skill in the art and will vary with the composition used for therapy, the purpose of the therapy, the target cell or tissue being treated, and the subject being treated. Single or multiple administrations (e.g. about or more than about 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 25, 30, or more doses) can be carried out with the dose level and pattern being selected by the treating physician.

A first agent may be administered in any suitable amount, and in the order disclosed herein. In some embodiments, a first agent is administered to a subject within a range of about 0.1 mg/kg-50 mg/kg per day, such as about, less than about, or more than about, 1 mg/kg, 2 mg/kg, 3 mg/kg, 4 mg/kg, 5 mg/kg, 6 mg/kg, 7 mg/kg, 8 mg/kg, 9 mg/kg, 10 mg/kg, 11 mg/kg, 12 mg/kg, 13 mg/kg, 14 mg/kg, 15 mg/kg, 16 mg/kg, 17 mg/kg, 18 mg/kg, 19 mg/kg, 20 mg/kg, 25 mg/kg, 30 mg/kg, 35 mg/kg, 40 mg/kg, 45 mg/kg, or 50 mg/kg per day. In some embodiments, a first agent is administered to a subject within a range of about 0.1 mg/kg-400 mg/kg per week, such as about, less than about, or more than about 1 mg/kg, 5 mg/kg, 10 mg/kg, 15 mg/kg, 20 mg/kg, 25 mg/kg, 30 mg/kg, 35 mg/kg, 40 mg/kg, 45 mg/kg, 50 mg/kg, 100 mg/kg, 150 mg/kg, 200 mg/kg, 250 mg/kg, 300 mg/kg, 350 mg/kg, or 400 mg/kg per week. In some embodiments, a first agent is administered to a subject within a range of about 0.1 mg/kg-1500 mg/kg per month, such as about, less than about, or more than about 50 mg/kg, 100 mg/kg, 150 mg/kg, 200 mg/kg, 250 mg/kg, 300 mg/kg, 350 mg/kg, 400 mg/kg, 450 mg/kg, 500 mg/kg, 550 mg/kg, 600 mg/kg, 650 mg/kg, 700 mg/kg, 750 mg/kg, 800 mg/kg, 850 mg/kg, 900 mg/kg, 950 mg/kg, or 1000 mg/kg per month. In some embodiments, a first agent is administered to a subject within a range of about 0.1 mg/m²-200 mg/m² per week, such as about, less than about, or more than about 5 mg/m², 10 mg/m², 15 mg/m², 20 mg/m², 25 mg/m², 30 mg/m², 35 mg/m², 40 mg/m², 45 mg/m², 50 mg/m², 55 mg/m², 60 mg/m², 65 mg/m², 70 mg/m², 75 mg/m², 100 mg/m², 125 mg/m², 150 mg/m², 175 mg/m², or 200 mg/m² per week. The target dose may be administered in a single dose. Alternatively, the target dose may be administered in about or more than about 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 25, 30, or more doses. For example, a dose of about 20 mg/kg per week may be delivered weekly at a dose of about 20 mg/kg, or may be delivered at a dose of about 6.67 mg/kg administered on each of three days over the course of the week, which days may or may not be consecutive. The administration schedule may be repeated according to any prescribed regimen, including any administration schedule described herein. In some embodiments, a first agent is administered to a subject in the range of about 0.1 mg/m²-500 mg/m², such as about, less than about, or more than about 5 mg/m², 10 mg/m², 15 mg/m², 20 mg/m², 25 mg/m², 30 mg/m², 35 mg/m², 40 mg/m², 45 mg/m², 50 mg/m², 55 mg/m², 60 mg/m², 65 mg/m², 70 mg/m², 75 mg/m², 100 mg/m², 130 mg/m², 135 mg/m², 155 mg/m², 175 mg/m², 200 mg/m², 225 mg/m², 250 mg/m², 300 mg/m², 350 mg/m², 400 mg/m², 420 mg/m², 450 mg/m², or 500 mg/m².

The amount of each inhibitor or compound administered will be dependent on the mammal being treated, the severity of the disorder or condition, the rate of administration, the disposition of the compound and the discretion of the prescribing physician. However, an effective dosage of an mTOR inhibitor may be in the range of about 0.001 to about 100 mg per kg body weight per day, preferably about 1 to about 35 mg/kg/day, in single or divided doses. For a 70 kg human, this would amount to about 0.05 to 7 g/day, preferably about 0.05 to about 2.5 g/day. In some instances, dosage levels below the lower limit of the aforesaid range may be more than adequate, while in other cases still larger doses may be employed without causing any harmful side effect, e.g., by dividing such larger doses into several small doses for administration throughout the day.

In some embodiments, a first agent, an mTOR inhibitor, and/or any additional therapeutic compound of the invention is administered in multiple doses. Dosing may be about once, twice, three times, four times, five times, six times, or more than six times per day. Dosing may be about once a month, once every two weeks, once a week, or once every other day. In some embodiments, cycles of administering a first agent followed by one or more administrations of an mTOR inhibitor are repeated for more than about 6, 10, 14, 28 days, two months, six months, or one year. In some cases, repetition of a dosing cycle comprising administration of a first agent followed by one or more administrations of an mTOR inhibitor are continued as long as necessary.

Administration of the combination treatments of the invention may continue as long as necessary. In some embodiments, a first agent and/or an mTOR inhibitor of the invention are administered for more than 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 14, or 28 days, wherein an administration of the mTOR inhibitor is subsequent to an administration of the first agent. In some embodiments, a first agent and/or an mTOR inhibitor of the invention is administered for less than 28, 14, 7, 6, 5, 4, 3, 2, or 1 day, wherein an administration of the mTOR inhibitor is subsequent to an administration of the first agent. In some embodiments, a first agent and/or an mTOR inhibitor of the invention is administered chronically on an ongoing basis, e.g., for the treatment of chronic effects, wherein an administration of the mTOR inhibitor is subsequent to an administration of the first agent.

When a combination treatment of the invention is administered as a composition that comprises one or more compounds, and one compound has a shorter half-life than another compound, the unit dose forms may be adjusted accordingly.

In some embodiments, combination treatments of the invention are tested to estimate pharmacokinetic properties and expected side effect profile. Various assays are known in the art for this purpose. For example, oral availability can be estimated during early stages of drug development by performing a Caco-2 permeability assay. Further, oral pharmacokinetics in humans can be approximated by extrapolating from the results of assays in mice, rats or monkey. In some embodiments, compounds of the invention show good oral availability across multiple species of organisms.

Other assays examine the effect of an inhibitor on liver function and metabolism. Cytochrome P450 (CYP) proteins are the main enzyme involved in metabolizing drugs administered to mammalian organisms. As such, undesired interaction of a drug candidate can be a significant source of adverse drug interactions. Generally, it is desirable for a drug to not interact with CYP isozymes such as CYP1A2, CYP2C9, CYP2C19, CYP2D6, or CYP3A4. In some embodiments, an inhibitor of the invention exhibits an IC50 of greater than 10 μM for CYP1A2, CYP2C9, CYP2C19, CYP2D6, or CYP3A4. Additionally, liver microsome and hepatocyte metabolism assays using human preparations can be used to estimate the in-vitro half life of a drug candidate.

Cardiac toxicity is also an important consideration in evaluating compounds. For example, hERG is the gene coding for the Kv11.1 potassium ion channel, a protein is involved in mediating repolarizing current in the cardiac action potential in the heart. Inhibition of the hERG gene product by a drug candidate can lead to an increase in the risk of sudden death and is therefore an undesirable property. In some embodiments, an inhibitor of the invention exhibits less than 10% hERG inhibition when administered at a suitable concentration.

Mutagenicity of compounds can be assayed via an Ames test or a modified Ames test using e.g., the liver S9 system. In some embodiments, compounds show negative activity in such a test.

Other undesired interactions of an inhibitor can also be ascertained via a receptor panel screen. In some embodiments, no significant interactions are detected for combination treatments of the invention. The subject pharmaceutical compositions can be formulated to provide a therapeutically effective amount of a combination of therapeutic agents of the present invention, or pharmaceutically acceptable salts, esters, prodrugs, solvates, hydrates or derivatives thereof. Where desired, the pharmaceutical compositions contain pharmaceutically acceptable salt and/or coordination complex thereof, and one or more pharmaceutically acceptable excipients, carriers, including inert solid diluents and fillers, diluents, including sterile aqueous solution and various organic solvents, permeation enhancers, solubilizers and adjuvants.

The subject pharmaceutical compositions can be administered as a combination of a first agent and an mTor inhibitor, or in further combination with one or more other agents, which are also typically administered in the form of pharmaceutical compositions, wherein the composition is formulated such that a substantial portion of the first agent (e.g. at least 70%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 99%, or more) is released from the composition prior to the release of a significant portion of the mTOR inhibitor (e.g. less than about 50%, 40%, 30%, 20%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1%, or less). For example, a drug-eluting stent may comprise a layer of first agent nearer to an exposed surface than, and coating a second layer comprising an mTOR inhibitor. Alternatively, a composition for oral administration may comprise an mTOR inhibitor formulated for delayed release, such that a first agent is released from the composition to the subject substantially prior to the release of the mTOR inhibitor. Methods and compositions for preparing coated drug eluting stents, and other delayed release formulations are known in the art. Where desired, the subject combinations and other agent(s) may be mixed into a preparation or both components may be formulated into separate preparations to use them in combination separately or at the same time, while still effecting administration of a first agent prior to administration of an mTOR inhibitor.

In some embodiments, the concentration of one or more of the compounds provided in the pharmaceutical compositions of the present invention is less than 100%, 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 20%, 19%, 18%, 17%, 16%, 15%, 14%, 13%, 12%, 11%, 10%, 9%, 8%, 7%, 6%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1%, 0.5%, 0.4%, 0.3%, 0.2%, 0.1%, 0.09%, 0.08%, 0.07%, 0.06%, 0.05%, 0.04%, 0.03%, 0.02%, 0.01%, 0.009%, 0.008%, 0.007%, 0.006%, 0.005%, 0.004%, 0.003%, 0.002%, 0.001%, 0.0009%, 0.0008%, 0.0007%, 0.0006%, 0.0005%, 0.0004%, 0.0003%, 0.0002%, or 0.0001% w/w, w/v or v/v.

In some embodiments, the concentration of one or more of the compounds of the present invention is greater than 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 20%, 19.75%, 19.50%, 19.25% 19%, 18.75%, 18.50%, 18.25% 18%, 17.75%, 17.50%, 17.25% 17%, 16.75%, 16.50%, 16.25% 16%, 15.75%, 15.50%, 15.25% 15%, 14.75%, 14.50%, 14.25% 14%, 13.75%, 13.50%, 13.25% 13%, 12.75%, 12.50%, 12.25% 12%, 11.75%, 11.50%, 11.25% 11%, 10.75%, 10.50%, 10.25% 10%, 9.75%, 9.50%, 9.25% 9%, 8.75%, 8.50%, 8.25% 8%, 7.75%, 7.50%, 7.25% 7%, 6.75%, 6.50%, 6.25% 6%, 5.75%, 5.50%, 5.25% 5%, 4.75%, 4.50%, 4.25%, 4%, 3.75%, 3.50%, 3.25%, 3%, 2.75%, 2.50%, 2.25%, 2%, 1.75%, 1.50%, 125%, 1%, 0.5%, 0.4%, 0.3%, 0.2%, 0.1%, 0.09%, 0.08%, 0.07%, 0.06%, 0.05%, 0.04%, 0.03%, 0.02%, 0.01%, 0.009%, 0.008%, 0.007%, 0.006%, 0.005%, 0.004%, 0.003%, 0.002%, 0.001%, 0.0009%, 0.0008%, 0.0007%, 0.0006%, 0.0005%, 0.0004%, 0.0003%, 0.0002%, or 0.0001% w/w, w/v, or v/v.

In some embodiments, the concentration of one or more of the compounds of the present invention is in the range from approximately 0.0001% to approximately 50%, approximately 0.001% to approximately 40%, approximately 0.01% to approximately 30%, approximately 0.02% to approximately 29%, approximately 0.03% to approximately 28%, approximately 0.04% to approximately 27%, approximately 0.05% to approximately 26%, approximately 0.06% to approximately 25%, approximately 0.07% to approximately 24%, approximately 0.08% to approximately 23%, approximately 0.09% to approximately 22%, approximately 0.1% to approximately 21%, approximately 0.2% to approximately 20%, approximately 0.3% to approximately 19%, approximately 0.4% to approximately 18%, approximately 0.5% to approximately 17%, approximately 0.6% to approximately 16%, approximately 0.7% to approximately 15%, approximately 0.8% to approximately 14%, approximately 0.9% to approximately 12%, approximately 1% to approximately 10% w/w, w/v or v/v. v/v.

In some embodiments, the concentration of one or more of the compounds of the present invention is in the range from approximately 0.001% to approximately 10%, approximately 0.01% to approximately 5%, approximately 0.02% to approximately 4.5%, approximately 0.03% to approximately 4%, approximately 0.04% to approximately 3.5%, approximately 0.05% to approximately 3%, approximately 0.06% to approximately 2.5%, approximately 0.07% to approximately 2%, approximately 0.08% to approximately 1.5%, approximately 0.09% to approximately 1%, approximately 0.1% to approximately 0.9% w/w, w/v or v/v.

In some embodiments, the amount of one or more of the compounds of the present invention is equal to or less than 10 g, 9.5 g, 9.0 g, 8.5 g, 8.0 g, 7.5 g, 7.0 g, 6.5 g, 6.0 g, 5.5 g, 5.0 g, 4.5 g, 4.0 g, 3.5 g, 3.0 g, 2.5 g, 2.0 g, 1.5 g, 1.0 g, 0.95 g, 0.9 g, 0.85 g, 0.8 g, 0.75 g, 0.7 g, 0.65 g, 0.6 g, 0.55 g, 0.5 g, 0.45 g, 0.4 g, 0.35 g, 0.3 g, 0.25 g, 0.2 g, 0.15 g, 0.1 g, 0.09 g, 0.08 g, 0.07 g, 0.06 g, 0.05 g, 0.04 g, 0.03 g, 0.02 g, 0.01 g, 0.009 g, 0.008 g, 0.007 g, 0.006 g, 0.005 g, 0.004 g, 0.003 g, 0.002 g, 0.001 g, 0.0009 g, 0.0008 g, 0.0007 g, 0.0006 g, 0.0005 g, 0.0004 g, 0.0003 g, 0.0002 g, or 0.0001 g.

In some embodiments, the amount of one or more of the compounds of the present invention is more than 0.0001 g, 0.0002 g, 0.0003 g, 0.0004 g, 0.0005 g, 0.0006 g, 0.0007 g, 0.0008 g, 0.0009 g, 0.001 g, 0.0015 g, 0.002 g, 0.0025 g, 0.003 g, 0.0035 g, 0.004 g, 0.0045 g, 0.005 g, 0.0055 g, 0.006 g, 0.0065 g, 0.007 g, 0.0075 g, 0.008 g, 0.0085 g, 0.009 g, 0.0095 g, 0.01 g, 0.015 g, 0.02 g, 0.025 g, 0.03 g, 0.035 g, 0.04 g, 0.045 g, 0.05 g, 0.055 g, 0.06 g, 0.065 g, 0.07 g, 0.075 g, 0.08 g, 0.085 g, 0.09 g, 0.095 g, 0.1 g, 0.15 g, 0.2 g, 0.25 g, 0.3 g, 0.35 g, 0.4 g, 0.45 g, 0.5 g, 0.55 g, 0.6 g, 0.65 g, 0.7 g, 0.75 g, 0.8 g, 0.85 g, 0.9 g, 0.95 g, 1 g, 1.5 g, 2 g, 2.5, 3 g, 3.5, 4 g, 4.5 g, 5 g, 5.5 g, 6 g, 6.5 g, 7 g, 7.5 g, 8 g, 8.5 g, 9 g, 9.5 g, or 10 g.

In some embodiments, the amount of one or more of the compounds of the present invention is in the range of 0.0001-10 g, 0.0005-9 g, 0.001-8 g, 0.005-7 g, 0.01-6 g, 0.05-5 g, 0.1-4 g, 0.5-4 g, or 1-3 g.

The combination treatments according to the invention are effective over a wide dosage range. For example, in the treatment of adult humans, dosages from 0.01 to 1000 mg, from 0.5 to 100 mg, from 1 to 50 mg per day, and from 5 to 40 mg per day are examples of dosages that may be used. An exemplary dosage is 10 to 30 mg per day. The exact dosage will depend upon the agent selected, the route of administration, the form in which the compound is administered, the subject to be treated, the body weight of the subject to be treated, and the preference and experience of the attending physician.

A pharmaceutical composition of the present invention typically contains an active ingredient (e.g., an inhibitor of the present invention or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt and/or coordination complex thereof, and one or more pharmaceutically acceptable excipients, carriers, including but not limited inert solid diluents and fillers, diluents, sterile aqueous solution and various organic solvents, permeation enhancers, solubilizers and adjuvants.

Described below are non-limiting exemplary pharmaceutical compositions and methods for preparing the same.

Pharmaceutical Compositions for Oral Administration

In some embodiments, the invention provides a pharmaceutical composition for oral administration containing at least one therapeutic agent, and a pharmaceutical excipient suitable for oral administration.

In some embodiments, the invention provides a solid pharmaceutical composition for oral administration containing: (i) a first agent that suppresses progression of one or more cell-cycle phases after G1 phase; (ii) a second compound which is an mTor inhibitor formulated for release substantially after release of the first agent (e.g. at least 70%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 99%, or more of the mTOR inhibitor released after release of a substantial portion of the first agent, e.g. at least 70%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 99%, or more of the first agent); and (iii) a pharmaceutical excipient suitable for oral administration. In some embodiments, the composition further contains: (iv) a third agent or even a fourth agent. In some embodiments, each compound or agent is present in a therapeutically effective amount. In other embodiments, one or more compounds or agents is present in a sub-therapeutic amount, and the compounds or agents act synergistically to provide a therapeutically effective pharmaceutical composition.

In some embodiments, the invention provides for a pharmaceutical composition comprising a combination of a first agent and an mTOR inhibitor. In some embodiments, the first agent and the mTOR inhibitor are packaged as a single oral dosage form, wherein the mTOR inhibitor is formulated to be released substantially after release of the first agent (e.g. at least 70%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 99%, or more of the mTOR inhibitor released after release of a substantial portion of the first agent, e.g. at least 70%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 99%, or more of the first agent). In other embodiments, the first agent and the mTOR inhibitor can be packaged as separate dosage forms, such as separate tablets.

In one embodiment, the present invention provides an oral dosage form comprising 100 mg to 1.5 g of an inhibitor of the invention. The oral dosage form can be a tablet, formulated in form of liquid, in immediate or sustained release format.

In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical composition may be a liquid pharmaceutical composition suitable for oral consumption. Pharmaceutical compositions of the invention suitable for oral administration can be presented as discrete dosage forms, such as capsules, cachets, or tablets, or liquids or aerosol sprays each containing a predetermined amount of an active ingredient as a powder or in granules, a solution, or a suspension in an aqueous or non-aqueous liquid, an oil-in-water emulsion, or a water-in-oil liquid emulsion, including liquid dosage forms (e.g., a suspension or slurry), and oral solid dosage forms (e.g., a tablet or bulk powder). As used herein the term “tablet” refers generally to tablets, caplets, capsules, including soft gelatin capsules, and lozenges. Oral dosage forms may be formulated as tablets, pills, dragees, capsules, emulsions, lipophilic and hydrophilic suspensions, liquids, gels, syrups, slurries, suspensions and the like, for oral ingestion by an individual or a patient to be treated. Such dosage forms can be prepared by any of the methods of pharmacy, but all methods include the step of bringing the active ingredient into association with the carrier, which constitutes one or more necessary ingredients. In one embodiment, the inhibitor of the invention is contained in capsules. Capsules suitable for oral administration include push-fit capsules made of gelatin, as well as soft, sealed capsules made of gelatin and a plasticizer, such as glycerol or sorbitol. The push-fit capsules can contain the active ingredients in admixture with filler such as lactose, binders such as starches, and/or lubricants such as talc or magnesium stearate and, optionally, stabilizers. Optionally, the inventive composition for oral use can be obtained by mixing a first agent or mTOR inhibitor with a solid excipient, optionally grinding a resulting mixture, and processing the mixture of granules, after adding suitable auxiliaries, if desired, to obtain tablets or dragee cores. Suitable excipients are, in particular, fillers such as sugars, including lactose, sucrose, mannitol, or sorbitol; cellulose preparations such as, for example, maize starch, wheat starch, rice starch, potato starch, gelatin, gum tragacanth, methyl cellulose, hydroxypropylmethyl-cellulose, sodium carboxymethylcellulose, and/or polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP). In general, the compositions are prepared by uniformly and intimately admixing the active ingredient with liquid carriers or finely divided solid carriers or both, and then, if necessary, shaping the product into the desired presentation. For example, a tablet can be prepared by compression or molding, optionally with one or more accessory ingredients. Compressed tablets can be prepared by compressing in a suitable machine the active ingredient in a free-flowing form such as powder or granules, optionally mixed with an excipient such as, but not limited to, a binder, a lubricant, an inert diluent, and/or a surface active or dispersing agent. Molded tablets can be made by molding in a suitable machine a mixture of the powdered compound moistened with an inert liquid diluent.

This invention further encompasses anhydrous pharmaceutical compositions and dosage forms comprising an active ingredient, since water can facilitate the degradation of some compounds.

For example, water may be added (e.g., 5%) in the pharmaceutical arts as a means of simulating long-term storage in order to determine characteristics such as shelf-life or the stability of formulations over time. Anhydrous pharmaceutical compositions and dosage forms of the invention can be prepared using anhydrous or low moisture containing ingredients and low moisture or low humidity conditions. Pharmaceutical compositions and dosage forms of the invention which contain lactose can be made anhydrous if substantial contact with moisture and/or humidity during manufacturing, packaging, and/or storage is expected. An anhydrous pharmaceutical composition may be prepared and stored such that its anhydrous nature is maintained. Accordingly, anhydrous compositions may be packaged using materials known to prevent exposure to water such that they can be included in suitable formulary kits. Examples of suitable packaging include, but are not limited to, hermetically sealed foils, plastic or the like, unit dose containers, blister packs, and strip packs.

An active ingredient can be combined in an intimate admixture with a pharmaceutical carrier according to conventional pharmaceutical compounding techniques. The carrier can take a wide variety of forms depending on the form of preparation desired for administration. In preparing the compositions for an oral dosage form, any of the usual pharmaceutical media can be employed as carriers, such as, for example, water, glycols, oils, alcohols, flavoring agents, preservatives, coloring agents, and the like in the case of oral liquid preparations (such as suspensions, solutions, and elixirs) or aerosols; or carriers such as starches, sugars, micro-crystalline cellulose, diluents, granulating agents, lubricants, binders, and disintegrating agents can be used in the case of oral solid preparations, in some embodiments without employing the use of lactose. For example, suitable carriers include powders, capsules, and tablets, with the solid oral preparations. If desired, tablets can be coated by standard aqueous or nonaqueous techniques.

Binders suitable for use in pharmaceutical compositions and dosage forms include, but are not limited to, corn starch, potato starch, or other starches, gelatin, natural and synthetic gums such as acacia, sodium alginate, alginic acid, other alginates, powdered tragacanth, guar gum, cellulose and its derivatives (e.g., ethyl cellulose, cellulose acetate, carboxymethyl cellulose calcium, sodium carboxymethyl cellulose), polyvinyl pyrrolidone, methyl cellulose, pre-gelatinized starch, hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose, microcrystalline cellulose, and mixtures thereof.

Examples of suitable fillers for use in the pharmaceutical compositions and dosage forms disclosed herein include, but are not limited to, talc, calcium carbonate (e.g., granules or powder), microcrystalline cellulose, powdered cellulose, dextrates, kaolin, mannitol, silicic acid, sorbitol, starch, pre-gelatinized starch, and mixtures thereof.

Disintegrants may be used in the compositions of the invention to provide tablets that disintegrate when exposed to an aqueous environment. Too much of a disintegrant may produce tablets which may disintegrate in the bottle. Too little may be insufficient for disintegration to occur and may thus alter the rate and extent of release of the active ingredient(s) from the dosage form. Thus, a sufficient amount of disintegrant that is neither too little nor too much to detrimentally alter the release of the active ingredient(s) may be used to form the dosage forms of the compounds disclosed herein. The amount of disintegrant used may vary based upon the type of formulation and mode of administration, and may be readily discernible to those of ordinary skill in the art. About 0.5 to about 15 weight percent of disintegrant, or about 1 to about 5 weight percent of disintegrant, may be used in the pharmaceutical composition. Disintegrants that can be used to form pharmaceutical compositions and dosage forms of the invention include, but are not limited to, agar-agar, alginic acid, calcium carbonate, microcrystalline cellulose, croscarmellose sodium, crospovidone, polacrilin potassium, sodium starch glycolate, potato or tapioca starch, other starches, pre-gelatinized starch, other starches, clays, other algins, other celluloses, gums or mixtures thereof.

Lubricants which can be used to form pharmaceutical compositions and dosage forms of the invention include, but are not limited to, calcium stearate, magnesium stearate, mineral oil, light mineral oil, glycerin, sorbitol, mannitol, polyethylene glycol, other glycols, stearic acid, sodium lauryl sulfate, talc, hydrogenated vegetable oil (e.g., peanut oil, cottonseed oil, sunflower oil, sesame oil, olive oil, corn oil, and soybean oil), zinc stearate, ethyl oleate, ethylaureate, agar, or mixtures thereof. Additional lubricants include, for example, a syloid silica gel, a coagulated aerosol of synthetic silica, or mixtures thereof. A lubricant can optionally be added, in an amount of less than about 1 weight percent of the pharmaceutical composition.

Lubricants can be also be used in conjunction with tissue barriers which include, but are not limited to, polysaccharides, polyglycans, seprafilm, interceed and hyaluronic acid.

When aqueous suspensions and/or elixirs are desired for oral administration, the essential active ingredient therein may be combined with various sweetening or flavoring agents, coloring matter or dyes and, if so desired, emulsifying and/or suspending agents, together with such diluents as water, ethanol, propylene glycol, glycerin and various combinations thereof.

The tablets can be uncoated or coated by known techniques to delay disintegration and absorption in the gastrointestinal tract and thereby provide a sustained action over a longer period. For example, a time delay material such as glyceryl monostearate or glyceryl distearate can be employed. Formulations for oral use can also be presented as hard gelatin capsules wherein the active ingredient is mixed with an inert solid diluent, for example, calcium carbonate, calcium phosphate or kaolin, or as soft gelatin capsules wherein the active ingredient is mixed with water or an oil medium, for example, peanut oil, liquid paraffin or olive oil.

Surfactant which can be used to form pharmaceutical compositions and dosage forms of the invention include, but are not limited to, hydrophilic surfactants, lipophilic surfactants, and mixtures thereof. That is, a mixture of hydrophilic surfactants may be employed, a mixture of lipophilic surfactants may be employed, or a mixture of at least one hydrophilic surfactant and at least one lipophilic surfactant may be employed.

A suitable hydrophilic surfactant may generally have an HLB value of at least 10, while suitable lipophilic surfactants may generally have an HLB value of or less than about 10. An empirical parameter used to characterize the relative hydrophilicity and hydrophobicity of non-ionic amphiphilic compounds is the hydrophilic-lipophilic balance (“HLB” value). Surfactants with lower HLB values are more lipophilic or hydrophobic, and have greater solubility in oils, while surfactants with higher HLB values are more hydrophilic, and have greater solubility in aqueous solutions. Hydrophilic surfactants are generally considered to be those compounds having an HLB value greater than about 10, as well as anionic, cationic, or zwitterionic compounds for which the HLB scale is not generally applicable. Similarly, lipophilic (i.e., hydrophobic) surfactants are compounds having an HLB value equal to or less than about 10. However, HLB value of a surfactant is merely a rough guide generally used to enable formulation of industrial, pharmaceutical and cosmetic emulsions.

Hydrophilic surfactants may be either ionic or non-ionic. Suitable ionic surfactants include, but are not limited to, alkylammonium salts; fusidic acid salts; fatty acid derivatives of amino acids, oligopeptides, and polypeptides; glyceride derivatives of amino acids, oligopeptides, and polypeptides; lecithins and hydrogenated lecithins; lysolecithins and hydrogenated lysolecithins; phospholipids and derivatives thereof; lysophospholipids and derivatives thereof; carnitine fatty acid ester salts; salts of alkylsulfates; fatty acid salts; sodium docusate; acylactylates; mono- and di-acetylated tartaric acid esters of mono- and di-glycerides; succinylated mono- and di-glycerides; citric acid esters of mono- and di-glycerides; and mixtures thereof.

Within the aforementioned group, ionic surfactants include, by way of example: lecithins, lysolecithin, phospholipids, lysophospholipids and derivatives thereof; carnitine fatty acid ester salts; salts of alkylsulfates; fatty acid salts; sodium docusate; acylactylates; mono- and di-acetylated tartaric acid esters of mono- and di-glycerides; succinylated mono- and di-glycerides; citric acid esters of mono- and di-glycerides; and mixtures thereof.

Ionic surfactants may be the ionized forms of lecithin, lysolecithin, phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidic acid, phosphatidylserine, lysophosphatidylcholine, lysophosphatidylethanolamine, lysophosphatidylglycerol, lysophosphatidic acid, lysophosphatidylserine, PEG-phosphatidylethanolamine, PVP-phosphatidylethanolamine, lactylic esters of fatty acids, stearoyl-2-lactylate, stearoyl lactylate, succinylated monoglycerides, mono/diacetylated tartaric acid esters of mono/diglycerides, citric acid esters of mono/diglycerides, cholylsarcosine, caproate, caprylate, caprate, laurate, myristate, palmitate, oleate, ricinoleate, linoleate, linolenate, stearate, lauryl sulfate, teracecyl sulfate, docusate, lauroyl carnitines, palmitoyl carnitines, myristoyl carnitines, and salts and mixtures thereof.

Hydrophilic non-ionic surfactants may include, but not limited to, alkylglucosides; alkylmaltosides; alkylthioglucosides; lauryl macrogolglycerides; polyoxyalkylene alkyl ethers such as polyethylene glycol alkyl ethers; polyoxyalkylene alkylphenols such as polyethylene glycol alkyl phenols; polyoxyalkylene alkyl phenol fatty acid esters such as polyethylene glycol fatty acids monoesters and polyethylene glycol fatty acids diesters; polyethylene glycol glycerol fatty acid esters; polyglycerol fatty acid esters; polyoxyalkylene sorbitan fatty acid esters such as polyethylene glycol sorbitan fatty acid esters; hydrophilic transesterification products of a polyol with at least one member of the group consisting of glycerides, vegetable oils, hydrogenated vegetable oils, fatty acids, and sterols; polyoxyethylene sterols, derivatives, and analogues thereof; polyoxyethylated vitamins and derivatives thereof; polyoxyethylene-polyoxypropylene block copolymers; and mixtures thereof; polyethylene glycol sorbitan fatty acid esters and hydrophilic transesterification products of a polyol with at least one member of the group consisting of triglycerides, vegetable oils, and hydrogenated vegetable oils. The polyol may be glycerol, ethylene glycol, polyethylene glycol, sorbitol, propylene glycol, pentaerythritol, or a saccharide.

Other hydrophilic-non-ionic surfactants include, without limitation, PEG-10 laurate, PEG-12 laurate, PEG-20 laurate, PEG-32 laurate, PEG-32 dilaurate, PEG-12 oleate, PEG-15 oleate, PEG-20 oleate, PEG-20 dioleate, PEG-32 oleate, PEG-200 oleate, PEG-400 oleate, PEG-15 stearate, PEG-32 distearate, PEG-40 stearate, PEG-100 stearate, PEG-20 dilaurate, PEG-25 glyceryl trioleate, PEG-32 dioleate, PEG-20 glyceryl laurate, PEG-30 glyceryl laurate, PEG-20 glyceryl stearate, PEG-20 glyceryl oleate, PEG-30 glyceryl oleate, PEG-30 glyceryl laurate, PEG-40 glyceryl laurate, PEG-40 palm kernel oil, PEG-50 hydrogenated castor oil, PEG-40 castor oil, PEG-35 castor oil, PEG-60 castor oil, PEG-40 hydrogenated castor oil, PEG-60 hydrogenated castor oil, PEG-60 corn oil, PEG-6 caprate/caprylate glycerides, PEG-8 caprate/caprylate glycerides, polyglyceryl-10 laurate, PEG-30 cholesterol, PEG-25 phyto sterol, PEG-30 soya sterol, PEG-20 trioleate, PEG-40 sorbitan oleate, PEG-80 sorbitan laurate, polysorbate 20, polysorbate 80, POE-9 lauryl ether, POE-23 lauryl ether, POE-10 oleyl ether, POE-20 oleyl ether, POE-20 stearyl ether, tocopheryl PEG-100 succinate, PEG-24 cholesterol, polyglyceryl-10oleate, Tween 40, Tween 60, sucrose monostearate, sucrose monolaurate, sucrose monopalmitate, PEG 10-100 nonyl phenol series, PEG 15-100 octyl phenol series, and poloxamers.

Suitable lipophilic surfactants include, by way of example only: fatty alcohols; glycerol fatty acid esters; acetylated glycerol fatty acid esters; lower alcohol fatty acids esters; propylene glycol fatty acid esters; sorbitan fatty acid esters; polyethylene glycol sorbitan fatty acid esters; sterols and sterol derivatives; polyoxyethylated sterols and sterol derivatives; polyethylene glycol alkyl ethers; sugar esters; sugar ethers; lactic acid derivatives of mono- and di-glycerides; hydrophobic transesterification products of a polyol with at least one member of the group consisting of glycerides, vegetable oils, hydrogenated vegetable oils, fatty acids and sterols; oil-soluble vitamins/vitamin derivatives; and mixtures thereof. Within this group, preferred lipophilic surfactants include glycerol fatty acid esters, propylene glycol fatty acid esters, and mixtures thereof, or are hydrophobic transesterification products of a polyol with at least one member of the group consisting of vegetable oils, hydrogenated vegetable oils, and triglycerides.

In one embodiment, the composition may include a solubilizer to ensure good solubilization and/or dissolution of the compound of the present invention and to minimize precipitation of the compound of the present invention. This can be especially important for compositions for non-oral use, e.g., compositions for injection. A solubilizer may also be added to increase the solubility of the hydrophilic drug and/or other components, such as surfactants, or to maintain the composition as a stable or homogeneous solution or dispersion.

Examples of suitable solubilizers include, but are not limited to, the following: alcohols and polyols, such as ethanol, isopropanol, butanol, benzyl alcohol, ethylene glycol, propylene glycol, butanediols and isomers thereof, glycerol, pentaerythritol, sorbitol, mannitol, transcutol, dimethyl isosorbide, polyethylene glycol, polypropylene glycol, polyvinylalcohol, hydroxypropyl methylcellulose and other cellulose derivatives, cyclodextrins and cyclodextrin derivatives; ethers of polyethylene glycols having an average molecular weight of about 200 to about 6000, such as tetrahydrofurfuryl alcohol PEG ether (glycofurol) or methoxy PEG; amides and other nitrogen-containing compounds such as 2-pyrrolidone, 2-piperidone, .epsilon.-caprolactam, N-alkylpyrrolidone, N-hydroxyalkylpyrrolidone, N-alkylpiperidone, N-alkylcaprolactam, dimethylacetamide and polyvinylpyrrolidone; esters such as ethyl propionate, tributylcitrate, acetyl triethylcitrate, acetyl tributyl citrate, triethylcitrate, ethyl oleate, ethyl caprylate, ethyl butyrate, triacetin, propylene glycol monoacetate, propylene glycol diacetate, ε-caprolactone and isomers thereof, δ-valerolactone and isomers thereof, β-butyrolactone and isomers thereof; and other solubilizers known in the art, such as dimethyl acetamide, dimethyl isosorbide, N-methyl pyrrolidones, monooctanoin, diethylene glycol monoethyl ether, and water.

Mixtures of solubilizers may also be used. Examples include, but not limited to, triacetin, triethylcitrate, ethyl oleate, ethyl caprylate, dimethylacetamide, N-methylpyrrolidone, N-hydroxyethylpyrrolidone, polyvinylpyrrolidone, hydroxypropyl methylcellulose, hydroxypropyl cyclodextrins, ethanol, polyethylene glycol 200-100, glycofurol, transcutol, propylene glycol, and dimethyl isosorbide. Particularly preferred solubilizers include sorbitol, glycerol, triacetin, ethyl alcohol, PEG-400, glycofurol and propylene glycol.

The amount of solubilizer that can be included is not particularly limited. The amount of a given solubilizer may be limited to a bioacceptable amount, which may be readily determined by one of skill in the art. In some circumstances, it may be advantageous to include amounts of solubilizers far in excess of bioacceptable amounts, for example to maximize the concentration of the drug, with excess solubilizer removed prior to providing the composition to a subject using conventional techniques, such as distillation or evaporation. Thus, if present, the solubilizer can be in a weight ratio of 10%, 25%, 50%, 100%, or up to about 200% by weight, based on the combined weight of the drug, and other excipients. If desired, very small amounts of solubilizer may also be used, such as 5%, 2%, 1% or even less. Typically, the solubilizer may be present in an amount of about 1% to about 100%, more typically about 5% to about 25% by weight.

The composition can further include one or more pharmaceutically acceptable additives and excipients. Such additives and excipients include, without limitation, detackifiers, anti-foaming agents, buffering agents, polymers, antioxidants, preservatives, chelating agents, viscomodulators, tonicifiers, flavorants, colorants, odorants, opacifiers, suspending agents, binders, fillers, plasticizers, lubricants, and mixtures thereof.

In addition, an acid or a base may be incorporated into the composition to facilitate processing, to enhance stability, or for other reasons. Examples of pharmaceutically acceptable bases include amino acids, amino acid esters, ammonium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, sodium hydroxide, sodium hydrogen carbonate, aluminum hydroxide, calcium carbonate, magnesium hydroxide, magnesium aluminum silicate, synthetic aluminum silicate, synthetic hydrocalcite, magnesium aluminum hydroxide, diisopropylethylamine, ethanolamine, ethylenediamine, triethanolamine, triethylamine, triisopropanolamine, trimethylamine, tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane (TRIS) and the like. Also suitable are bases that are salts of a pharmaceutically acceptable acid, such as acetic acid, acrylic acid, adipic acid, alginic acid, alkanesulfonic acid, amino acids, ascorbic acid, benzoic acid, boric acid, butyric acid, carbonic acid, citric acid, fatty acids, formic acid, fumaric acid, gluconic acid, hydroquinosulfonic acid, isoascorbic acid, lactic acid, maleic acid, oxalic acid, para-bromophenylsulfonic acid, propionic acid, p-toluenesulfonic acid, salicylic acid, stearic acid, succinic acid, tannic acid, tartaric acid, thioglycolic acid, toluenesulfonic acid, uric acid, and the like. Salts of polyprotic acids, such as sodium phosphate, disodium hydrogen phosphate, and sodium dihydrogen phosphate can also be used. When the base is a salt, the cation can be any convenient and pharmaceutically acceptable cation, such as ammonium, alkali metals, alkaline earth metals, and the like. Example may include, but not limited to, sodium, potassium, lithium, magnesium, calcium and ammonium.

Suitable acids are pharmaceutically acceptable organic or inorganic acids. Examples of suitable inorganic acids include hydrochloric acid, hydrobromic acid, hydriodic acid, sulfuric acid, nitric acid, boric acid, phosphoric acid, and the like. Examples of suitable organic acids include acetic acid, acrylic acid, adipic acid, alginic acid, alkanesulfonic acids, amino acids, ascorbic acid, benzoic acid, boric acid, butyric acid, carbonic acid, citric acid, fatty acids, formic acid, fumaric acid, gluconic acid, hydroquinosulfonic acid, isoascorbic acid, lactic acid, maleic acid, methanesulfonic acid, oxalic acid, para-bromophenylsulfonic acid, propionic acid, p-toluenesulfonic acid, salicylic acid, stearic acid, succinic acid, tannic acid, tartaric acid, thioglycolic acid, toluenesulfonic acid, uric acid and the like.

Pharmaceutical Compositions for Injection.

In some embodiments, the invention provides a pharmaceutical composition for injection containing at least one compound of the present invention and a pharmaceutical excipient suitable for injection. For example a pharmaceutical composition for injection is provided comprising a first agent that suppresses progression of one or more cell-cycle phases after G1 phase (e.g. paclitaxel) and/or an mTor inhibitor. In some embodiments, an injectable composition comprising both the first agent and the mTOR inhibitor is formulated such that the mTOR inhibitor is is an initially inactive component that becomes active substantially after the first agent (e.g. at least 70%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 99% or more of the mTOR inhibitor becomes active after 70%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 99%, or more of the first agent is in active form). For example, the first agent may be formulated such that it is active immediately upon injection, while the mTOR inhibitor is formulated to become active at a later time. Also provided are pharmaceutical compositions comprising a first agent, and pharmaceutical compositions comprising an mTor inhibitor, where the first agent is administered before the mTor inhibitor. The first agent and the mTor inhibitor may be formulated separately, and may further include a third therapeutic agent. Components and amounts of agents in the compositions are as described herein.

The forms in which the novel compositions of the present invention may be incorporated for administration by injection include aqueous or oil suspensions, or emulsions, with sesame oil, corn oil, cottonseed oil, or peanut oil, as well as elixirs, mannitol, dextrose, or a sterile aqueous solution, and similar pharmaceutical vehicles.

Aqueous solutions in saline are also conventionally used for injection. Ethanol, glycerol, propylene glycol, liquid polyethylene glycol, and the like (and suitable mixtures thereof), cyclodextrin derivatives, and vegetable oils may also be employed. The proper fluidity can be maintained, for example, by the use of a coating, such as lecithin, for the maintenance of the required particle size in the case of dispersion and by the use of surfactants. The prevention of the action of microorganisms can be brought about by various antibacterial and antifungal agents, for example, parabens, chlorobutanol, phenol, sorbic acid, thimerosal, and the like.

Sterile injectable solutions are prepared by incorporating the compound of the present invention in the required amount in the appropriate solvent with various other ingredients as enumerated above, as required, followed by filtered sterilization. Generally, dispersions are prepared by incorporating the various sterilized active ingredients into a sterile vehicle which contains the basic dispersion medium and the required other ingredients from those enumerated above. In the case of sterile powders for the preparation of sterile injectable solutions, certain desirable methods of preparation are vacuum-drying and freeze-drying techniques which yield a powder of the active ingredient plus any additional desired ingredient from a previously sterile-filtered solution thereof.

Pharmaceutical Compositions for Topical (e.g., Transdermal) Delivery.

In some embodiments, the invention provides a pharmaceutical composition for transdermal delivery containing at least one compound of the present invention and a pharmaceutical excipient suitable for transdermal delivery. For example a pharmaceutical composition for topical delivery is provided comprising at least one first agent and/or an mTor inhibitor. In some embodiments, compositions comprising both the first agent and the mTOR inhibitor are formulated such that the mTOR inhibitor is delivered substantially after the first agent (e.g. at least 70%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 99% or more of the mTOR inhibitor is delivered after 70%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 99%, or more of the first agent is delivered). For example, a transdermal patch may comprise a layer comprising a first agent (e.g. paclitaxel) that is closer to the skin than, and covering a layer comprising an mTOR inhibitor. Also provided are pharmaceutical compositions for topical delivery comprising a first agent, and pharmaceutical compositions for topical delivery comprising an mTor inhibitor, where the first agent is administered before the mTor inhibitor. The first agent and the mTor inhibitor may be formulated separately, and may further include a third therapeutic agent.

Compositions of the present invention can be formulated into preparations in solid, semi-solid, or liquid forms suitable for local or topical administration, such as gels, water soluble jellies, creams, lotions, suspensions, foams, powders, slurries, ointments, solutions, oils, pastes, suppositories, sprays, emulsions, saline solutions, dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO)-based solutions. In general, carriers with higher densities are capable of providing an area with a prolonged exposure to the active ingredients. In contrast, a solution formulation may provide more immediate exposure of the active ingredient to the chosen area.

The pharmaceutical compositions also may comprise suitable solid or gel phase carriers or excipients, which are compounds that allow increased penetration of, or assist in the delivery of, therapeutic molecules across the stratum corneum permeability barrier of the skin. There are many of these penetration-enhancing molecules known to those trained in the art of topical formulation. Examples of such carriers and excipients include, but are not limited to, humectants (e.g., urea), glycols (e.g., propylene glycol), alcohols (e.g., ethanol), fatty acids (e.g., oleic acid), surfactants (e.g., isopropyl myristate and sodium lauryl sulfate), pyrrolidones, glycerol monolaurate, sulfoxides, terpenes (e.g., menthol), amines, amides, alkanes, alkanols, water, calcium carbonate, calcium phosphate, various sugars, starches, cellulose derivatives, gelatin, and polymers such as polyethylene glycols.

Another exemplary formulation for use in the methods of the present invention employs transdermal delivery devices (“patches”). Such transdermal patches may be used to provide continuous or discontinuous infusion of an inhibitor of the present invention in controlled amounts, either with or without another agent.

The construction and use of transdermal patches for the delivery of pharmaceutical agents is well known in the art. See, e.g., U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,023,252, 4,992,445 and 5,001,139. Such patches may be constructed for continuous, pulsatile, or on demand delivery of pharmaceutical agents.

Pharmaceutical Compositions for Inhalation.

Compositions for inhalation or insufflation include solutions and suspensions in pharmaceutically acceptable, aqueous or organic solvents, or mixtures thereof, and powders. The liquid or solid compositions may contain suitable pharmaceutically acceptable excipients as described supra. Preferably the compositions are administered by the oral or nasal respiratory route for local or systemic effect. Compositions in preferably pharmaceutically acceptable solvents may be nebulized by use of inert gases. Nebulized solutions may be inhaled directly from the nebulizing device or the nebulizing device may be attached to a face mask tent, or intermittent positive pressure breathing machine. Solution, suspension, or powder compositions may be administered, preferably orally or nasally, from devices that deliver the formulation in an appropriate manner. For example a pharmaceutical composition for topical delivery is provided comprising at least one first agent that suppresses progression of a cell-cycle phase after G1 phase, or an mTor inhibitor. Also provided are pharmaceutical compositions for topical delivery comprising a first agent, and pharmaceutical compositions for topical delivery comprising an mTor inhibitor, where the first agent is administered before the mTor inhibitor. Compositions comprising a first agent and an mTor inhibitor may be formulated separately, may be formulated for delayed delivery of the mTOR inhibitor, and may further include a third therapeutic agent.

Other Pharmaceutical Compositions.

Pharmaceutical compositions may also be prepared from compositions described herein and one or more pharmaceutically acceptable excipients suitable for sublingual, buccal, rectal, intraosseous, intraocular, intranasal, epidural, or intraspinal administration. Preparations for such pharmaceutical compositions are well-known in the art. See, e.g., See, e.g., Anderson, Philip O.; Knoben, James E.; Troutman, William G, eds., Handbook of Clinical Drug Data, Tenth Edition, McGraw-Hill, 2002; Pratt and Taylor, eds., Principles of Drug Action, Third Edition, Churchill Livingston, N.Y., 1990; Katzung, ed., Basic and Clinical Pharmacology, Ninth Edition, McGraw Hill, 20037ybg; Goodman and Gilman, eds., The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, Tenth Edition, McGraw Hill, 2001; Remingtons Pharmaceutical Sciences, 20th Ed., Lippincott Williams & Wilkins., 2000; Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, Thirty-Second Edition (The Pharmaceutical Press, London, 1999); all of which are incorporated by reference herein in their entirety.

The compositions of the invention may also be delivered via an impregnated or coated device such as a stent, for example, or an artery-inserted cylindrical polymer. Such a method of administration may, for example, aid in the prevention or amelioration of restenosis following procedures such as balloon angioplasty. Without being bound by theory, compounds of the invention may slow or inhibit the migration and proliferation of smooth muscle cells in the arterial wall which contribute to restenosis. An inhibitor of the invention may be administered, for example, by local delivery from the struts of a stent, from a stent graft, from grafts, or from the cover or sheath of a stent. In some embodiments, an inhibitor of the invention is admixed with a matrix. Such a matrix may be a polymeric matrix, and may serve to bond the compound to the stent. Polymeric matrices suitable for such use, include, for example, lactone-based polyesters or copolyesters such as polylactide, polycaprolactonglycolide, polyorthoesters, polyanhydrides, polyaminoacids, polysaccharides, polyphosphazenes, poly (ether-ester) copolymers (e.g., PEO-PLLA); polydimethylsiloxane, poly(ethylene-vinylacetate), acrylate-based polymers or copolymers (e.g., polyhydroxyethyl methylmethacrylate, polyvinyl pyrrolidinone), fluorinated polymers such as polytetrafluoroethylene and cellulose esters. Suitable matrices may be nondegrading or may degrade with time, releasing the compound or compounds. Compounds of the invention may be applied to the surface of the stent by various methods such as dip/spin coating, spray coating, dip-coating, and/or brush-coating. The compounds may be applied in a solvent and the solvent may be allowed to evaporate, thus forming a layer of compound onto the stent. Alternatively, the compound may be located in the body of the stent or graft, for example in microchannels or micropores. When implanted, the compound diffuses out of the body of the stent to contact the arterial wall. Such stents may be prepared by dipping a stent manufactured to contain such micropores or microchannels into a solution of the compound of the invention in a suitable solvent, followed by evaporation of the solvent. Excess drug on the surface of the stent may be removed via an additional brief solvent wash. In yet other embodiments, compounds of the invention may be covalently linked to a stent or graft. A covalent linker may be used which degrades in vivo, leading to the release of the compound of the invention. Any bio-labile linkage may be used for such a purpose, such as ester, amide or anhydride linkages. Compounds of the invention may additionally be administered intravascularly from a balloon used during angioplasty. Extravascular administration of the compounds via the pericard or via advential application of formulations of the invention may also be performed to decrease restenosis.

A variety of stent devices which may be used as described are disclosed, for example, in the following references, all of which are hereby incorporated by reference: U.S. Pat. No. 5,451,233; U.S. Pat. No. 5,040,548; U.S. Pat. No. 5,061,273; U.S. Pat. No. 5,496,346; U.S. Pat. No. 5,292,331; U.S. Pat. No. 5,674,278; U.S. Pat. No. 3,657,744; U.S. Pat. No. 4,739,762; U.S. Pat. No. 5,195,984; U.S. Pat. No. 5,292,331; U.S. Pat. No. 5,674,278; U.S. Pat. No. 5,879,382; U.S. Pat. No. 6,344,053.

The compounds of the invention may be administered in dosages. It is known in the art that due to intersubject variability in compound pharmacokinetics, individualization of dosing regimen is necessary for optimal therapy. Dosing for an inhibitor of the invention may be found by routine experimentation in light of the instant disclosure.

The subject pharmaceutical composition may, for example, be in a form suitable for oral administration as a tablet, capsule, pill, powder, sustained release formulations, solution, suspension, for parenteral injection as a sterile solution, suspension or emulsion, for topical administration as an ointment or cream or for rectal administration as a suppository. The pharmaceutical composition may be in unit dosage forms suitable for single administration of precise dosages. The pharmaceutical composition will include a conventional pharmaceutical carrier or excipient and an inhibitor according to the invention as an active ingredient. In addition, it may include other medicinal or pharmaceutical agents, carriers, adjuvants, etc.

Exemplary parenteral administration forms include solutions or suspensions of active compound in sterile aqueous solutions, for example, aqueous propylene glycol or dextrose solutions. Such dosage forms can be suitably buffered, if desired.

The invention also provides kits. The kits include one or more first agent, one or more mTOR inhibitor, and/or other compounds of the present invention as described herein, in suitable packaging, and written material that can include instructions for use, discussion of clinical studies, listing of side effects, and the like. Such kits may also include information, such as scientific literature references, package insert materials, clinical trial results, and/or summaries of these and the like, which indicate or establish the activities and/or advantages of the composition, and/or which describe dosing, administration, side effects, drug interactions, or other information useful to the health care provider. Such information may be based on the results of various studies, for example, studies using experimental animals involving in vivo models and studies based on human clinical trials. The kit may further contain another agent. In some embodiments, the compound of the present invention and the agent are provided as separate compositions in separate containers within the kit. In some embodiments, the compound of the present invention and the agent are provided as a single composition within a container in the kit. Suitable packaging and additional articles for use (e.g., measuring cup for liquid preparations, foil wrapping to minimize exposure to air, and the like) are known in the art and may be included in the kit. Kits described herein can be provided, marketed and/or promoted to health providers, including physicians, nurses, pharmacists, formulary officials, and the like. Kits may also, in some embodiments, be marketed directly to the consumer.

In some embodiments, the subject is a human in need of treatment for cancer, or a precancerous condition or lesion, wherein the cancer is preferably NSCL, breast, colon or pancreatic cancer. Subjects that can be treated with combination treatments of the present invention, or pharmaceutically acceptable salt, ester, prodrug, solvate, hydrate or derivatives of the therapeutic agents, according to the methods of this invention include, for example, subjects that have been diagnosed as having psoriasis; restenosis; atherosclerosis; BPH; breast cancer such as a ductal carcinoma in duct tissue in a mammary gland, medullary carcinomas, colloid carcinomas, tubular carcinomas, and inflammatory breast cancer; ovarian cancer, including epithelial ovarian tumors such as adenocarcinoma in the ovary and an adenocarcinoma that has migrated from the ovary into the abdominal cavity; uterine cancer; cervical cancer such as adenocarcinoma in the cervix epithelial including squamous cell carcinoma and adenocarcinomas; prostate cancer, such as a prostate cancer selected from the following: an adenocarcinoma or an adenocarinoma that has migrated to the bone; pancreatic cancer such as epitheliod carcinoma in the pancreatic duct tissue and an adenocarcinoma in a pancreatic duct; bladder cancer such as a transitional cell carcinoma in urinary bladder, urothelial carcinomas (transitional cell carcinomas), tumors in the urothelial cells that line the bladder, squamous cell carcinomas, adenocarcinomas, and small cell cancers; leukemia such as acute myeloid leukemia (AML), acute lymphocytic leukemia, chronic lymphocytic leukemia, chronic myeloid leukemia, hairy cell leukemia, myelodysplasia, myeloproliferative disorders, acute myelogenous leukemia (AML), chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML), mastocytosis, chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), multiple myeloma (MM), and myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS); bone cancer; lung cancer such as non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), which is divided into squamous cell carcinomas, adenocarcinomas, and large cell undifferentiated carcinomas, and small cell lung cancer; skin cancer such as basal cell carcinoma, melanoma, squamous cell carcinoma and actinic keratosis, which is a skin condition that sometimes develops into squamous cell carcinoma; eye retinoblastoma; cutaneous or intraocular (eye) melanoma; primary liver cancer (cancer that begins in the liver); kidney cancer; thyroid cancer such as papillary, follicular, medullary and anaplastic; AIDS-related lymphoma such as diffuse large B-cell lymphoma, B-cell immunoblastic lymphoma and small non-cleaved cell lymphoma; Kaposi's Sarcoma; viral-induced cancers including hepatitis B virus (HBV), hepatitis C virus (HCV), and hepatocellular carcinoma; human lymphotropic virus-type 1 (HTLV-1) and adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma; and human papilloma virus (HPV) and cervical cancer; central nervous system cancers (CNS) such as primary brain tumor, which includes gliomas (astrocytoma, anaplastic astrocytoma, or glioblastoma multiforme), Oligodendroglioma, Ependymoma, Meningioma, Lymphoma, Schwannoma, and Medulloblastoma; peripheral nervous system (PNS) cancers such as acoustic neuromas and malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumor (MPNST) including neurofibromas and schwannomas, malignant fibrous cytoma, malignant fibrous histiocytoma, malignant meningioma, malignant mesothelioma, and malignant mixed Millerian tumor; oral cavity and oropharyngeal cancer such as, hypopharyngeal cancer, laryngeal cancer, nasopharyngeal cancer, and oropharyngeal cancer; stomach cancer such as lymphomas, gastric stromal tumors, and carcinoid tumors; testicular cancer such as germ cell tumors (GCTs), which include seminomas and nonseminomas, and gonadal stromal tumors, which include Leydig cell tumors and Sertoli cell tumors; thymus cancer such as to thymomas, thymic carcinomas, Hodgkin disease, non-Hodgkin lymphomas carcinoids or carcinoid tumors; rectal cancer; and colon cancer.

The invention also relates to a method of treating diabetes in a mammal that comprises administering to said mammal a therapeutically effective amount of a combination treatment of the present invention.

In addition, the combination treatments described herein may be used to treat acne.

In addition, the combination treatments described herein may be used for the treatment of arteriosclerosis, including atherosclerosis. Arteriosclerosis is a general term describing any hardening of medium or large arteries. Atherosclerosis is a hardening of an artery specifically due to an atheromatous plaque.

Further the combination treatments described herein may be used for the treatment of glomerulonephritis. Glomerulonephritis is a primary or secondary autoimmune renal disease characterized by inflammation of the glomeruli. It may be asymptomatic, or present with hematuria and/or proteinuria. There are many recognized types, divided in acute, subacute or chronic glomerulonephritis. Causes are infectious (bacterial, viral or parasitic pathogens), autoimmune or paraneoplastic.

Additionally, the combination treatments described herein may be used for the treatment of bursitis, lupus, acute disseminated encephalomyelitis (ADEM), addison's disease, antiphospholipid antibody syndrome (APS), aplastic anemia, autoimmune hepatitis, coeliac disease, crohn's disease, diabetes mellitus (type 1), goodpasture's syndrome, graves' disease, guillain-barre syndrome (GBS), hashimoto's disease, inflammatory bowel disease, lupus erythematosus, myasthenia gravis, opsoclonus myoclonus syndrome (OMS), optic neuritis, ord's thyroiditis, ostheoarthritis, uveoretinitis, pemphigus, polyarthritis, primary biliary cirrhosis, reiter's syndrome, takayasu's arteritis, temporal arteritis, warm autoimmune hemolytic anemia, wegener's granulomatosis, alopecia universalis, chagas' disease, chronic fatigue syndrome, dysautonomia, endometriosis, hidradenitis suppurativa, interstitial cystitis, neuromyotonia, sarcoidosis, scleroderma, ulcerative colitis, vitiligo, vulvodynia, appendicitis, arteritis, arthritis, blepharitis, bronchiolitis, bronchitis, cervicitis, cholangitis, cholecystitis, chorioamnionitis, colitis, conjunctivitis, cystitis, dacryoadenitis, dermatomyositis, endocarditis, endometritis, enteritis, enterocolitis, epicondylitis, epididymitis, fasciitis, fibrositis, gastritis, gastroenteritis, gingivitis, hepatitis, hidradenitis, ileitis, iritis, laryngitis, mastitis, meningitis, myelitis, myocarditis, myositis, nephritis, omphalitis, oophoritis, orchitis, osteitis, otitis, pancreatitis, parotitis, pericarditis, peritonitis, pharyngitis, pleuritis, phlebitis, pneumonitis, proctitis, prostatitis, pyelonephritis, rhinitis, salpingitis, sinusitis, stomatitis, synovitis, tendonitis, tonsillitis, uveitis, vaginitis, vasculitis, or vulvitis.

The invention also relates to a method of treating a cardiovascular disease in a mammal that comprises administering to said mammal a therapeutically effective amount of a combination treatment of the present invention. Examples of cardiovascular conditions include, but are not limited to, atherosclerosis, restenosis, vascular occlusion, carotid obstructive disease, or ischemic conditions.

In another aspect, the present invention provides methods of disrupting the function of a leukocyte or disrupting a function of an osteoclast. The method includes contacting the leukocyte or the osteoclast with a function disrupting amount of a combination treatment of the invention.

In another aspect of the present invention, methods are provided for treating ophthalmic disease by applying one or more of the subject combination treatments to the eye of a subject. Methods are further provided for administering the combination treatments of the present invention via eye drop, intraocular injection, intravitreal injection, topically, or through the use of a drug eluting device, microcapsule, implant, or microfluidic device. In some cases, combination treatments are administered with a carrier or excipient that increases the intraocular penetrance of the compound such as an oil and water emulsion with colloid particles having an oily core surrounded by an interfacial film.

In some cases, the colloid particles include at least one cationic agent and at least one non-ionic sufactant such as a poloxamer, tyloxapol, a polysorbate, a polyoxyethylene castor oil derivative, a sorbitan ester, or a polyoxyl stearate. In some cases, the cationic agent is an alkylamine, a tertiary alkyl amine, a quarternary ammonium compound, a cationic lipid, an amino alcohol, a biguanidine salt, a cationic compound or a mixture thereof. In some cases the cationic agent is a biguanidine salt such as chlorhexidine, polyaminopropyl biguanidine, phenformin, alkylbiguanidine, or a mixture thereof. In some cases, the quaternary ammonium compound is a benzalkonium halide, lauralkonium halide, cetrimide, hexadecyltrimethylammonium halide, tetradecyltrimethylammonium halide, dodecyltrimethylammonium halide, cetrimonium halide, benzethonium halide, behenalkonium halide, cetalkonium halide, cetethyldimonium halide, cetylpyridinium halide, benzododecinium halide, chlorallyl methenamine halide, rnyristylalkonium halide, stearalkonium halide or a mixture of two or more thereof. In some cases, cationic agent is a benzalkonium chloride, lauralkonium chloride, benzododecinium bromide, benzethenium chloride, hexadecyltrimethylammonium bromide, tetradecyltrimethylammonium bromide, dodecyltrimethylammonium bromide or a mixture of two or more thereof. In some cases, the oil phase is mineral oil and light mineral oil, medium chain triglycerides (MCT), coconut oil; hydrogenated oils comprising hydrogenated cottonseed oil, hydrogenated palm oil, hydrogenate castor oil or hydrogenated soybean oil; polyoxyethylene hydrogenated castor oil derivatives comprising poluoxyl-40 hydrogenated castor oil, polyoxyl-60 hydrogenated castor oil or polyoxyl-100 hydrogenated castor oil.

The invention further provides methods of treating a proliferative disorder by administering to subject a combined effective amount of a first agent and an mTor inhibitor, wherein the first agent suppresses progression of one or more cell-cycle phases after G1 phase and is administered before the mTOR inhibitor. In some embodiments, the invention provides methods of suppressing progression of a cell-cycle phase after G1 followed by suppressing progression of G1 phase by contacting cells with an amount of a composition comprising a first agent followed by contacting the cells with an amount of an mTor inhibitor in solution, the combined amounts being effective to treat a proliferative disorder of the cells. In some embodiments, the invention provides methods of inhibiting the kinase activity by contacting a cell, tissue, or organ that expresses a kinase of interest. In some embodiments, the subject treated is a rodents or other mammal (e.g., human). In some embodiments, the percentage of kinase inhibition by the mTOR inhibitor exceeds 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, or 90%.

Further Combination Therapies

The present invention also provides methods for further combination therapies in which, in addition to a first agent and an mTor inhibitor, one or more third agents known to modulate other pathways, or other components of the same pathway, or even overlapping sets of target enzymes is used or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, ester, prodrug, solvate, hydrate or derivative thereof. In one aspect, such therapy includes but is not limited to the combination of the composition comprising a first agent and/or an mTor inhibitor, as described herein, with other first agents as described herein, chemotherapeutic agents, therapeutic antibodies, and radiation treatment, to provide, where desired, a synergistic or additive therapeutic effect. Pathways that my be targeted by administering a third agent include, but are not limited to, MAP kinase, Akt, NFkB, WNT, RAS/RAF/MEK/ERK, JNK/SAPK, p38 MAPK, Src Family Kinases, JAK/STAT and/or PKC signaling pathways. Third agents may target one or more members of one or more signaling pathways. Representative members of the nuclear factor-kappaB (NFkB) pathway include but are not limited to RelA (p65), RelB, c-Rel, p50/p05 (NF-κB 1), p52/p 100 (NF-κB2), IkB, and IkB kinase. Non-limiting examples of receptor tyrosine kinases that are members of the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/AKT pathway that may be targeted by one or more third agents include FLT3 LIGAND, EGFR, IGF-1R, HER²/neu, VEGFR, and PDGFR. Downstream members of the PI3K/AKT pathway that may be tarted by third agents according to the methods of the invention include, but are not limited to, forkhead box O transcription factors, Bad, GSK-3β, I-κB, mTOR, MDM-2, and S6 ribosomal subunit.

Third agents useful in the methods of the invention include any capable of modulating a target molecule, either directly or indirectly. Non-limiting examples of target molecules modulated by third agents include enzymes, enzyme substrates, products of transitions, antibodies, antigens, membrane proteins, nuclear proteins, cytosolic proteins, mitochondrial proteins, lysosomal proteins, scaffold proteins, lipid rafts, phosphoproteins, glycoproteins, membrane receptors, G-protein-coupled receptors, nuclear receptors, protein tyrosine kinases, protein serine/threonine kinases, phosphatases, proteases, hydrolases, lipases, phospholipases, ligases, reductases, oxidases, synthases, transcription factors, ion channels, RNA, DNA, RNAse, DNAse, phospholipids, sphingolipids, nuclear receptors, ion channel proteins, nucleotide-binding proteins, calcium-binding proteins, chaperones, DNA binding proteins, RNA binding proteins, scaffold proteins, tumor suppressors, cell cycle proteins, and histones.

Third agents may target one or more signaling molecules including but not limited to the following: HER receptors, PDGF receptors, Kit receptor, FGF receptors, Eph receptors, Trk receptors, IGF receptors, Insulin receptor, Met receptor, Ret, VEGF receptors, TIE1, TIE2, FAK, Jak1, Jak2, Jak3, Tyk2, Src, Lyn, Fyn, Lck, Fgr, Yes, Csk, Ab1, Btk, ZAP70, Syk, IRAKs, cRaf, ARaf, BRAF, Mos, Lim kinase, ILK, Tp1, ALK, TGFβ receptors, BMP receptors, MEKKs, ASK, MLKs, DLK, PAKs, Mek 1, Mek 2, MKK3/6, MKK4/7, ASK1, Cot, NIK, Bub, Myt 1, Wee1, Casein kinases, PDK1, SGK1, SGK2, SGK3, Akt1, Akt2, Akt3, p90Rsks, p70S6 Kinase, Prks, PKCs, PKAs, ROCK 1, ROCK 2, Auroras, CaMKs, MNKs, AMPKs, MELK, MARKs, Chk1, Chk2, LKB-1, MAPKAPKs, Pim1, Pim2, Pim3, IKKs, Cdks, Jnks, Erks, IKKs, GSK3a, GSK33, Cdks, CLKs, PKR, PI3-Kinase class 1, class 2, class 3, mTor, SAPK/JNK1,2,3, p38s, PKR, DNA-PK, ATM, ATR, Receptor protein tyrosine phosphatases (RPTPs), LAR phosphatase, CD45, Non receptor tyrosine phosphatases (NPRTPs), SHPs, MAP kinase phosphatases (MKPs), Dual Specificity phosphatases (DUSPs), CDC25 phosphatases, Low molecular weight tyrosine phosphatase, Eyes absent (EYA) tyrosine phosphatases, Slingshot phosphatases (SSH), serine phosphatases, PP2A, PP2B, PP2C, PP1, PP5, inositol phosphatases, PTEN, SHIPs, myotubularins, phosphoinositide kinases, phopsholipases, prostaglandin synthases, 5-lipoxygenase, sphingosine kinases, sphingomyelinases, adaptor/scaffold proteins, Shc, Grb2, BLNK, LAT, B cell adaptor for PI3-kinase (BCAP), SLAP, Dok, KSR, MyD88, Crk, CrkL, GAD, Nck, Grb2 associated binder (GAB), Fas associated death domain (FADD), TRADD, TRAF2, RIP, T-Cell leukemia family, IL-2, IL-4, IL-8, IL-6, interferon β, interferon α, suppressors of cytokine signaling (SOCs), Cbl, SCF ubiquitination ligase complex, APC/C, adhesion molecules, integrins, Immunoglobulin-like adhesion molecules, selectins, cadherins, catenins, focal adhesion kinase, p130CAS, fodrin, actin, paxillin, myosin, myosin binding proteins, tubulin, eg5/KSP, CENPs, β-adrenergic receptors, muscarinic receptors, adenylyl cyclase receptors, small molecular weight GTPases, H-Ras, K-Ras, N-Ras, Ran, Rac, Rho, Cdc42, Arfs, RABs, RHEB, Vav, Tiam, Sos, Dbl, PRK, TSC1,2, Ras-GAP, Arf-GAPs, Rho-GAPs, caspases, Caspase 2, Caspase 3, Caspase 6, Caspase 7, Caspase 8, Caspase 9, Bcl-2, Mcl-1, Bcl-XL, Bcl-w, Bcl-B, A1, Bax, Bak, Bok, Bik, Bad, Bid, Bim, Bmf, Hrk, Noxa, Puma, IAPs, XIAP, Smac, Cdk4, Cdk 6, Cdk 2, Cdkl, Cdk 7, Cyclin D, Cyclin E, Cyclin A, Cyclin B, Rb, p16, p14Arf, p27KIP, p21CIP, molecular chaperones, Hsp90s, Hsp70, Hsp27, metabolic enzymes, Acetyl-CoAa Carboxylase, ATP citrate lyase, nitric oxide synthase, caveolins, endosomal sorting complex required for transport (ESCRT) proteins, vesicular protein sorting (Vsps), hydroxylases, prolyl-hydroxylases PHD-1, 2 and 3, asparagine hydroxylase FIH transferases, Pin1 prolyl isomerase, topoisomerases, deacetylases, Histone deacetylases, sirtuins, histone acetylases, CBP/P300 family, MYST family, ATF2, DNA methyl transferases, Histone H3K4 demethylases, H3K27, JHDM2A, UTX, VHL, WT-1, p53, Hdm, ubiquitin proteases, urokinase-type plasminogen activator (uPA) and uPA receptor (uPAR) system, cathepsins, metalloproteinases, esterases, hydrolases, separase, potassium channels, sodium channels, multi-drug resistance proteins, P-Glycoprotein, nucleoside transporters, Ets, Elk, SMADs, Rel-A (p65-NFKB), CREB, NFAT, ATF-2, AFT, Myc, Fos, Sp1, Egr-1, T-bet, β-catenin, HIFs, FOXOs, E2Fs, SRFs, TCFs, Egr-1, {tilde over (β)}-catenin, FOXO STAT1, STAT 3, STAT 4, STAT 5, STAT 6, p53, WT-1, HMGA, pS6, 4EPB-1, eIF4E-binding protein, RNA polymerase, initiation factors, and elongation factors.

For treatment of autoimmune diseases, the subject compounds or pharmaceutical compositions can be used in combination with commonly prescribed drugs including but not limited to Enbrel®, Remicade®, Humira®, Avonex®, and Rebif. For treatment of respiratory diseases, the subject compounds or pharmaceutical compositions can be administered in combination with commonly prescribed drugs including but not limited to Xolair®, Advair®, Singulair®, and Spiriva®.

The compounds of the invention may be formulated or administered in conjunction with other agents that act to relieve the symptoms of inflammatory conditions such as encephalomyelitis, asthma, and the other diseases described herein. These agents include non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), e.g., acetylsalicylic acid; ibuprofen; naproxen; indomethacin; nabumetone; tolmetin; etc. Corticosteroids are used to reduce inflammation and suppress activity of the immune system. The most commonly prescribed drug of this type is Prednisone. Chloroquine (Aralen) or hydroxychloroquine (Plaquenil) may also be very useful in some individuals with lupus. They are most often prescribed for skin and joint symptoms of lupus. Azathioprine (Imuran) and cyclophosphamide (Cytoxan) suppress inflammation and tend to suppress the immune system. Other agents, e.g., methotrexate and cyclosporin are used to control the symptoms of lupus. Anticoagulants are employed to prevent blood from clotting rapidly. They range from aspirin at very low dose which prevents platelets from sticking, to heparin/coumadin.

In one aspect, this invention also relates to methods and pharmaceutical compositions for inhibiting abnormal cell growth in a mammal which comprises an amount of a first agent and/or an mTOR inhibitor of the present invention, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, ester, prodrug, solvate, hydrate or derivative thereof, in combination with an amount of an anti-cancer agent (e.g., a chemotherapeutic agent). Many chemotherapeutics are presently known in the art and can be used in combination with the compounds of the invention.

In some embodiments, the chemotherapeutic is selected from the group consisting of mitotic inhibitors, alkylating agents, anti-metabolites, intercalating antibiotics, growth factor inhibitors, cell cycle inhibitors, enzymes, topoisomerase inhibitors, biological response modifiers, anti-hormones, angiogenesis inhibitors, immunotherapeutic agents, proapoptotic agents, and anti-androgens. Non-limiting examples are chemotherapeutic agents, cytotoxic agents, and non-peptide small molecules such as Tykerb/Tyverb (lapatinib), Gleevec (Imatinib Mesylate), Velcade (bortezomib), Casodex (bicalutamide), Iressa (gefitinib), and Adriamycin as well as a host of chemotherapeutic agents. Non-limiting examples of chemotherapeutic agents include alkylating agents such as thiotepa and cyclosphosphamide (CYTOXAN™); alkyl sulfonates such as busulfan, improsulfan and piposulfan; aziridines such as benzodopa, carboquone, meturedopa, and uredopa; ethylenimines and methylamelamines including altretamine, triethylenemelamine, trietylenephosphoramide, triethylenethiophosphaoramide and trimethylolomelamine; nitrogen mustards such as chlorambucil, chlornaphazine, cholophosphamide, estramustine, ifosfamide, mechlorethamine, mechlorethamine oxide hydrochloride, melphalan, novembichin, phenesterine, prednimustine, trofosfamide, uracil mustard; nitrosoureas such as carmustine, chlorozotocin, fotemustine, lomustine, nimustine, ranimustine; oxazaphosphorines; nitrosoureas; triazenes; antibiotics such as anthracyclins, actinomycins and bleomycins including aclacinomysins, actinomycin, anthramycin, azaserine, bleomycins, cactinomycin, calicheamicin, carabicin, carminomycin, carzinophilin, Casodex™, chromomycins, dactinomycin, daunorubicin, detorubicin, 6-diazo-5-oxo-L-norleucine, doxorubicin, epirubicin, esorubicin, idarubicin, marcellomycin, mitomycins, mycophenolic acid, nogalamycin, olivomycins, peplomycin, potfiromycin, puromycin, quelamycin, rodorubicin, streptonigrin, streptozocin, tubercidin, ubenimex, zinostatin, zorubicin; anti-metabolites such as methotrexate and 5-fluorouracil (5-FU); folic acid analogues such as denopterin, methotrexate, pteropterin, trimetrexate; purine analogs such as fludarabine, 6-mercaptopurine, thiamiprine, thioguanine; pyrimidine analogs such as ancitabine, azacitidine, 6-azauridine, carmofur, cytarabine, dideoxyuridine, doxifluridine, enocitabine, floxuridine, androgens such as calusterone, dromostanolone propionate, epitiostanol, mepitiostane, testolactone; anti-adrenals such as aminoglutethimide, mitotane, trilostane; folic acid replenisher such as frolinic acid; aceglatone; aldophosphamide glycoside; aminolevulinic acid; amsacrine; bestrabucil; bisantrene; edatraxate; defofamine; demecolcine; diaziquone; elfomithine; elliptinium acetate; etoglucid; gallium nitrate; hydroxyurea; lentinan; lonidamine; mitoguazone; mitoxantrone; mopidamol; nitracrine; pentostatin; phenamet; pirarubicin; podophyllinic acid; 2-ethylhydrazide; procarbazine; PSK.R™.; razoxane; sizofiran; spirogermanium; tenuazonic acid; triaziquone; 2,2′,2″-trichlorotriethylamine; urethan; vindesine; dacarbazine; mannomustine; mitobronitol; mitolactol; pipobroman; gacytosine; arabinoside (“Ara-C”); cyclophosphamide; thiotepa; taxanes, e.g., paclitaxel (TAXOL™, Bristol-Myers Squibb Oncology, Princeton, N.J.) and docetaxel (TAXOTERE™, Rhone-Poulenc Rorer, Antony, France); retinoic acid; esperamicins; capecitabine; gemcitabine and pharmaceutically acceptable salts, acids or derivatives of any of the above. Also included as suitable chemotherapeutic cell conditioners are anti-hormonal agents that act to regulate or inhibit hormone action on tumors such as anti-estrogens including for example tamoxifen (Nolvadexr™), raloxifene, aromatase inhibiting 4(5)-imidazoles, 4-hydroxytamoxifen, trioxifene, keoxifene, LY 117018, onapristone, and toremifene (Fareston); and anti-androgens such as flutamide, nilutamide, bicalutamide, leuprolide, and goserelin; chlorambucil; gemcitabine; 6-thioguanine; mercaptopurine; methotrexate; platinum or platinum analogs and complexes such as cisplatin and carboplatin; anti-microtubule such as diterpenoids, including paclitaxel and docetaxel, or Vinca alkaloids including vinblastine, vincristine, vinflunine, vindesine, and vinorelbine; etoposide (VP-16); ifosfamide; mitomycin C; mitoxantrone; vincristine; vinorelbine; navelbine; novantrone; teniposide; daunomycin; aminopterin; xeloda; ibandronate; topoisomerase I and II inhibitors including camptothecins (e.g., camptothecin-11), topotecan, irinotecan, and epipodophyllotoxins; topoisomerase inhibitor RFS 2000; epothilone A or B; difluoromethylornithine (DMFO); histone deacetylase inhibitors; compounds which induce cell differentiation processes; gonadorelin agonists; methionine aminopeptidase inhibitors; compounds targeting/decreasing a protein or lipid kinase activity; compounds which target, decrease or inhibit the activity of a protein or lipid phosphatase; anti-androgens; bisphosphonates; biological response modifiers; antiproliferative antibodies; heparanase inhibitors; inhibitors of Ras oncogenic isoforms; telomerase inhibitors; proteasome inhibitors; compounds used in the treatment of hematologic malignancies; compounds which target, decrease or inhibit the activity of Flt-3; Hsp90 inhibitors; temozolomide (TEMODAL®); Hsp90 inhibitors such as 17-AAG (17-allylaminogeldanamycin, NSC330507), 17-DMAG (17-dimethylaminoethylamino-17-demethoxy-geldanamycin, NSC707545), IPI-504, CNF1010, CNF2024, CNF1010 from Conforma Therapeutics; temozolomide (TEMODAL®); kinesin spindle protein inhibitors, such as SB715992 or SB743921 from GlaxoSmithKline, or pentamidine/chlorpromazine from CombinatoRx; MEK inhibitors such as ARRY142886 from Array PioPharma, AZD6244 from AstraZeneca, PD181461 or PD0325901 from Pfizer, leucovorin, EDG binders, antileukemia compounds, ribonucleotide reductase inhibitors, S-adenosylmethionine decarboxylase inhibitors, antiproliferative antibodies or other chemotherapeutic compounds. Where desired, the compounds or pharmaceutical composition of the present invention can be used in combination with commonly prescribed anti-cancer drugs such as Herceptin®, Avastin®, Erbitux®, Rituxan®, Taxol®, Arimidex®, Taxotere®, and Velcade®. Further information on compounds which may be used in conjunction with the compounds of the invention is provided below.

Proteasome inhibitors include compounds which target, decrease or inhibit the activity of the proteasome. Compounds which target, decrease or inhibit the activity of the proteasome include e.g., Bortezomid (Velcade™) and MLN 341. Matrix metalloproteinase inhibitors (“MMP” inhibitors) include, but are not limited to, collagen peptidomimetic and nonpeptidomimetic inhibitors, tetracycline derivatives, e.g., hydroxamate peptidomimetic inhibitor batimastat and its orally bioavailable analogue marimastat (BB-2516), prinomastat (AG3340), metastat (NSC 683551) BMS-279251, BAY 12-9566, TAA211, MMI270B or AAJ996. Compounds used in the treatment of hematologic malignancies include, but are not limited to, FMS-like tyrosine kinase inhibitors e.g., compounds targeting, decreasing or inhibiting the activity of FMS-like tyrosine kinase receptors (Flt-3R); interferon, 1-b-D-arabinofuransylcytosine (ara-c) and bisulfan; and ALK inhibitors e.g., compounds which target, decrease or inhibit anaplastic lymphoma kinase. Compounds which target, decrease or inhibit the activity of FMS-like tyrosine kinase receptors (Flt-3R) are especially compounds, proteins or antibodies which inhibit members of the Flt-3R receptor kinase family, e.g., PKC412, midostaurin, a staurosporine derivative, SU11248 and MLN518.

Hsp90 inhibitors include compounds such as 17-AAG (17-allylaminogeldanamycin, NSC330507), 17-DMAG (17-dimethylaminoethylamino-17-demethoxy-geldanamycin, NSC707545), IPI-504, CNF 1010, CNF2024, CNF 1010 from Conforma Therapeutics; temozolomide (TEMODAL®); kinesin spindle protein inhibitors, such as SB715992 or SB743921 from GlaxoSmithKline, or pentamidine/chlorpromazine from CombinatoRx; MEK inhibitors such as ARRY142886 from Array PioPharma, AZD6244 from AstraZeneca, PD181461 from Pfizer, leucovorin, EDG binders, antileukemia compounds, ribonucleotide reductase inhibitors, S-adenosylmethionine decarboxylase inhibitors, antiproliferative antibodies or other chemotherapeutic compounds.

Histone deacetylase inhibitors (or “HDAC inhibitors”) include compounds which inhibit a histone deacetylase and which possess antiproliferative activity. This includes compounds disclosed in WO 02/22577, especially N-hydroxy-3-[4-[[(2-hydroxyethyl)[2-(1H-indol-3-yl)ethyl]-amino]methyl]phenyl]-2E-2-propenamide, N-hydroxy-3-[4-[[[2-(2-methyl-1H-indol-3-yl)-ethyl]amino]methyl]phenyl]-2E-2-propenamide and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof. It further especially includes Suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid (SAHA).

Bisphosphonates for use in combination with the compounds of the invention include, but are not limited to, etridonic, clodronic, tiludronic, pamidronic, alendronic, ibandronic, risedronic and zoledronic acid.

Compounds of the invention may also be used in conjunction with compounds targeting or decreasing a protein or lipid kinase activity, a protein or lipid phosphatase activity, or further anti-angiogenic compounds. Such compounds include, but are not limited to, protein tyrosine kinase and/or serine and/or threonine kinase inhibitors or lipid kinase inhibitors, e.g.,: compounds targeting, decreasing or inhibiting the activity of the platelet-derived growth factor-receptors (PDGFR), such as compounds which target, decrease or inhibit the activity of PDGFR, especially compounds which inhibit the PDGF receptor, e.g., a N-phenyl-2-pyrimidine-amine derivative, e.g., imatinib, SU101, SU6668 and GFB-1 11; compounds targeting, decreasing or inhibiting the activity of the fibroblast growth factor-receptors (FGFR); compounds targeting, decreasing or inhibiting the activity of the insulin-like growth factor receptor I (IGF-IR), such as compounds which target, decrease or inhibit the activity of IGF-IR, especially compounds which inhibit the kinase activity of IGF-I receptor, such as those compounds disclosed in WO 02/092599 or such as OSI906, or antibodies that target the extracellular domain of IGF-I receptor such as CP-751871, R1507, AVE1642, IMC-A12, AMG479, MK-0646, SCH717454 or its growth factors; compounds targeting, decreasing or inhibiting the activity of the Trk receptor tyrosine kinase family, or ephrin B4 inhibitors; compounds targeting, decreasing or inhibiting the activity of the AxI receptor tyrosine kinase family; compounds targeting, decreasing or inhibiting the activity of the Ret receptor tyrosine kinase; compounds targeting, decreasing or inhibiting the activity of the Kit/SCFR receptor tyrosine kinase, e.g., imatinib; compounds targeting, decreasing or inhibiting the activity of the C-kit receptor tyrosine kinases—(part of the PDGFR family), such as compounds which target, decrease or inhibit the activity of the c-Kit receptor tyrosine kinase family, especially compounds which inhibit the c-Kit receptor, e.g., imatinib; compounds targeting, decreasing or inhibiting the activity of members of the c-Abl family, their gene-fusion products (e.g., BCR-AbI kinase) and mutants, such as compounds which target decrease or inhibit the activity of c-Abl family members and their gene fusion products, e.g., a N-phenyl-2-pyrimidine-amine derivative, e.g., imatinib or nilotinib (AMN107); PD180970; AG957; NSC 680410; PD173955 from ParkeDavis; or dasatinib (BMS-354825); compounds targeting, decreasing or inhibiting the activity of members of the protein kinase C (PKC) and Raf family of serine/threonine kinases, members of the MEK, SRC, JAK, FAK, PDK1, PKB/Akt, and Ras/MAPK family members, and/or members of the cyclin-dependent kinase family (CDK) and are especially those staurosporine derivatives disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,093,330, e.g., midostaurin; examples of further compounds include e.g., UCN-01, safingol, BAY 43-9006, Bryostatin 1, Perifosine; llmofosine; RO 318220 and RO 320432; GO 6976; Isis 3521; LY333531/LY379196; isochinoline compounds such as those disclosed in WO 00/09495; FTIs; PD184352 or QAN697 (a P13K inhibitor) or AT7519 (CDK inhibitor); compounds targeting, decreasing or inhibiting the activity of protein-tyrosine kinase inhibitors, such as compounds which target, decrease or inhibit the activity of protein-tyrosine kinase inhibitors include imatinib mesylate (GLEEVEC) or tyrphostin. A tyrphostin is preferably a low molecular weight (Mr<1500) compound, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, especially a compound selected from the benzylidenemalonitrile class or the S-arylbenzenemalonirile or bisubstrate quinoline class of compounds, more especially any compound selected from the group consisting of Tyrphostin A23/RG-50810; AG 99; Tyrphostin AG 213; Tyrphostin AG 1748; Tyrphostin AG 490; Tyrphostin B44; Tyrphostin B44 (+) enantiomer; Tyrphostin AG 555; AG 494; Tyrphostin AG 556, AG957 and adaphostin (4-{[(2, 5-dihydroxyphenyl)methyl]amino}-benzoic acid adamantyl ester; NSC 680410, adaphostin).

Compounds of the invention may also be used in combination with compounds targeting, decreasing or inhibiting the activity of the epidermal growth factor family of receptor tyrosine kinases (EGFR, ErbB2, ErbB3, ErbB4 as homo- or heterodimers) and their mutants, such as compounds which target, decrease or inhibit the activity of the epidermal growth factor receptor family are especially compounds, proteins or antibodies which inhibit members of the EGF receptor tyrosine kinase family, e.g., EGF receptor, ErbB2, ErbB3 and ErbB4 or bind to EGF or EGF related ligands, and are in particular those compounds, proteins or monoclonal antibodies generically and specifically disclosed in WO 97/02266, e.g., the compound of ex. 39, or in EP 0 564 409, WO 99/03854, EP 0520722, EP 0 566 226, EP 0 787 722, EP 0 837 063, U.S. Pat. No. 5,747,498, WO 98/10767, WO 97/30034, WO 97/49688, WO 97/38983 and, especially, WO 96/30347 (e.g., compound known as CP 358774), WO 96/33980 (e.g., compound ZD 1839) and WO 95/03283 (e.g., compound ZM105180); e.g., trastuzumab (Herceptin™), cetuximab (Erbitux™), Iressa, Tarceva, OSI-774, Cl-1033, EKB-569, GW-2016, E1.1, E2.4, E2.5, E6.2, E6.4, E2.1 1, E6.3 or E7.6.3, and 7H-pyrrolo-[2,3-d]pyrimidine derivatives which are disclosed in WO 03/013541; and compounds targeting, decreasing or inhibiting the activity of the c-Met receptor, such as compounds which target, decrease or inhibit the activity of c-Met, especially compounds which inhibit the kinase activity of c-Met receptor, or antibodies that target the extracellular domain of c-Met or bind to HGF. Further anti-angiogenic compounds include compounds having another mechanism for their activity, e.g., unrelated to protein or lipid kinase inhibition e.g., thalidomide (THALOMID) and TNP-470.

Non-receptor kinase angiogenesis inhibitors may also be useful in conjunction with the compounds of the present invention. Angiogenesis in general is linked to erbB21EGFR signaling since inhibitors of erbB2 and EGFR have been shown to inhibit angiogenesis, primarily VEGF expression. Accordingly, non-receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitors may be used in combination with the compounds of the present invention. For example, anti-VEGF antibodies, which do not recognize VEGFR (the receptor tyrosine kinase), but bind to the ligand; small molecule inhibitors of integrin (alphav beta3) that will inhibit angiogenesis; endostatin and angiostatin (non-RTK) may also prove useful in combination with the disclosed compounds. (See Bruns C J et al (2000), Cancer Res., 60: 2926-2935; Schreiber A B, Winkler M E, and Derynck R. (1986), Science, 232: 1250-1253; Yen L et al. (2000), Oncogene 19: 3460-3469).

Compounds which target, decrease or inhibit the activity of a protein or lipid phosphatase include e.g., inhibitors of phosphatase 1, phosphatase 2A, or CDC25, e.g., okadaic acid or a derivative thereof. Compounds which induce cell differentiation processes are e.g., retinoic acid, α-γ- or δ-tocopherol or α-γ- or δ-tocotrienol. Cyclooxygenase inhibitors include, but are not limited to, e.g., Cox-2 inhibitors, 5-alkyl substituted 2-arylaminophenylacetic acid and derivatives, such as celecoxib (CELEBREX), rofecoxib (VIOXX), etoricoxib, valdecoxib or a 5-alkyl-2-arylaminophenylacetic acid, e.g., 5-methyl-2-(2′-chloro-6′-fluoroanilino)phenyl acetic acid, and lumiracoxib.

Heparanase inhibitors includes compounds which target, decrease or inhibit heparin sulfate degradation, including, but not limited to, PI-88. Biological response modifiers include lymphokines and interferons, e.g., interferon γ. Inhibitors of Ras oncogenic isoforms include H-Ras, K-Ras, N-Ras, and other compounds which target, decrease or inhibit the oncogenic activity of Ras. Farnesyl transferase inhibitors include, but are not limited to, e.g., L-744832, DK8G557 and R115777 (Zarnestra).

Telomerase inhibitors include compounds which target, decrease or inhibit the activity of telomerase. Compounds which target, decrease or inhibit the activity of telomerase are especially compounds which inhibit the telomerase receptor, e.g., telomestatin. Methionine aminopeptidase inhibitors are, for example, compounds which target, decrease or inhibit the activity of methionine aminopeptidase. Compounds which target, decrease or inhibit the activity of methionine aminopeptidase are e.g., bengamide or a derivative thereof.

Antiproliferative antibodies include, but are not limited to, trastuzumab (Herceptin™), Trastuzumab-DM1, erbitux, bevacizumab (Avastin™), rituximab (Rituxan®), PR064553 (anti-CD40) and 2C4 Antibody. By antibodies is meant e.g., intact monoclonal antibodies, polyclonal antibodies, multispecific antibodies formed from at least 2 intact antibodies, and antibodies fragments so long as they exhibit the desired biological activity.

For the treatment of acute myeloid leukemia (AML), compounds of the invention can be used in combination with standard leukemia therapies, especially in combination with therapies used for the treatment of AML. In particular, compounds of the invention can be administered in combination with, e.g., farnesyl transferase inhibitors and/or other drugs useful for the treatment of AML, such as Daunorubicin, Adriamycin, Ara-C, VP-16, Teniposide, Mitoxantrone, Idarubicin, Carboplatinum and PKC412.

Antileukemic compound for use in combination with compounds of the invention include, for example, Ara-C, a pyrimidine analog, which is the 2′-alpha-hydroxy ribose (arabinoside) derivative of deoxycytidine. Also included is the purine analog of hypoxanthine, 6-mercaptopurine (6-MP) and fludarabine phosphate. Compounds which target, decrease or inhibit activity of histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors such as sodium butyrate and suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid (SAHA) inhibit the activity of the enzymes known as histone deacetylases.

Specific HDAC inhibitors include MS275, SAHA, FK228 (formerly FR901228), Trichostatin A and compounds disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 6,552,065, in particular, A/-hydroxy-3-[4-[[[2-(2-methyl-1H-indol-3-yl)-ethyl]-amino]methyl]phenyl]-2E-2-propenamide, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof and Λ/-hydroxy-3-[4-[(2-hydroxyethyl){2-(1/-/-indol-3-yl)ethyl]-amino]methyl]phenyl]-2E-2-propenamide, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, e.g., the lactate salt.

Somatostatin receptor antagonists include compounds which target, treat or inhibit the somatostatin receptor such as octreotide, and SOM230 (pasireotide). Tumor cell damaging approaches include approaches such as ionizing radiation, e.g., ionizing radiation that occurs as either electromagnetic rays (such as X-rays and gamma rays) or particles (such as alpha and beta particles). Ionizing radiation is provided in, but not limited to, radiation therapy and is known in the art. See Hellman, Principles of Radiation Therapy, Cancer, in Principles and Practice of Oncology, Devita et al., Eds., 4th Edition, Vol. 1, pp. 248-275 (1993). EDG binders includes immunosuppressants that modulate lymphocyte recirculation, such as FTY720.

Ribonucleotide reductase inhibitors include pyrimidine or purine nucleoside analogs including, but not limited to, fludarabine and/or cytosine arabinoside (ara-C), 6-thioguanine, 5-fluorouracil, cladribine, 6-mercaptopurine (especially in combination with ara-C against ALL) and/or pentostatin. Ribonucleotide reductase inhibitors are e.g., hydroxyurea or 2-hydroxy-1/-/-isoindole-1,3-dione derivatives, such as PL-1, PL-2, PL-3, PL-4, PL-5, PL-6, PL-7 or PL-8 mentioned in Nandy et al., Acta Oncologica, Vol. 33, No. 8, pp. 953-961 (1994).

S-adenosylmethionine decarboxylase inhibitors include, but are not limited to the compounds disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,461,076.

Also included are in particular those compounds, proteins or monoclonal antibodies of VEGF disclosed in WO 98/35958, e.g., 1-(4-chloroanilino)-4-(4-pyridylmethyl)phthalazine or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, e.g., the succinate, or in WO 00/09495, WO 00/27820, WO 00/59509, WO 98/11223, WO 00/27819 and EP 0 769 947; those as described by Prewett et al, Cancer Res, Vol. 59, pp. 5209-5218 (1999); Yuan et al., Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, Vol. 93, pp. 14765-14770 (1996); Zhu et al., Cancer Res, Vol. 58, pp. 3209-3214 (1998); and Mordenti et al., Toxicol Pathol, Vol. 27, No. 1, pp. 14-21 (1999); in WO 00/37502 and WO 94/10202; ANGIOSTATIN, described by O'Reilly et al., Cell, Vol. 79, pp. 315-328 (1994); ENDOSTATIN, described by O'Reilly et al., Cell, Vol. 88, pp. 277-285 (1997); anthranilic acid amides; ZD4190; ZD6474; SU5416; SU6668; bevacizumab; or anti-VEGF antibodies or anti-VEGF receptor antibodies, e.g., rhuMAb and RHUFab, VEGF aptamer e.g., Macugon; FLT-4 inhibitors, FLT-3 inhibitors, VEGFR-2 IgGI antibody, Angiozyme (RPI 4610) and Bevacizumab (Avastin™).

The compounds of the invention are also useful as co-therapeutic compounds for use in combination with other drug substances such as anti-inflammatory, bronchodilatory or antihistamine drug substances, particularly in the treatment of obstructive or inflammatory airways diseases such as those mentioned hereinbefore, for example as potentiators of therapeutic activity of such drugs or as a means of reducing required dosaging or potential side effects of such drugs. A first agent and/or an inhibitor of the invention may be mixed with the other drug substance in a fixed pharmaceutical composition or it may be administered separately, before, simultaneously with or after the other drug substance. Accordingly the invention includes a combination of an inhibitor of the invention as described with an anti-inflammatory, bronchodilatory, antihistamine or anti-tussive drug substance, said compound of the invention and said drug substance being in the same or different pharmaceutical composition. Suitable anti-inflammatory drugs include steroids, in particular glucocorticosteroids such as budesonide, beclamethasone dipropionate, fluticasone propionate, ciclesonide or mometasone furoate, or steroids described in WO 02/88167, WO 02/12266, WO 02/100879, WO 02/00679 (especially those of Examples 3, 11, 14, 17, 19, 26, 34, 37, 39, 51, 60, 67, 72, 73, 90, 99 and 101), WO 03/035668, WO 03/048181, WO 03/062259, WO 03/064445, WO 03/072592, non-steroidal glucocorticoid receptor agonists such as those described in WO 00/00531, WO 02/10143, WO 03/082280, WO 03/082787, WO 03/104195, WO 04/005229; LTB4 antagonists such LY29311 1, CGS025019C, CP-195543, SC-53228, BIIL 284, ONO 4057, SB 209247 and those described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,451,700; LTD4 antagonists such as montelukast and zafirlukast; PDE4 inhibitors such cilomilast (Ariflo® GlaxoSmithKline), Roflumilast (Byk Gulden), V-1 1294A (Napp), BAY19-8004 (Bayer), SCH-351591 (Schering-Plough), Arofylline (Almirall Prodesfarma), PD189659/PD168787 (Parke-Davis), AWD-12-281 (Asta Medica), CDC-801 (Celgene), SeICID™CC-10004 (Celgene), VM554/UM565 (Vernalis), T-440 (Tanabe), KW-4490 (Kyowa Hakko Kogyo), and those disclosed in WO 92/19594, WO 93/19749, WO 93/19750, WO 93/19751, WO 98/18796, WO 99/16766, WO 01/13953, WO 03/104204, WO 03/104205, WO 03/39544, WO 04/000814, WO 04/000839, WO 04/005258, WO 04/018450, WO 04/018451, WO 04/018457, WO 04/018465, WO 04/018431, WO 04/018449, WO 04/018450, WO 04/018451, WO 04/018457, WO 04/018465, WO 04/019944, WO 04/019945, WO 04/045607 and WO 04/037805; A2a agonists such as those disclosed in EP 409595A2, EP 1052264, EP 1241176, WO 94/17090, WO 96/02543, WO 96/02553, WO 98/28319, WO 99/24449, WO 99/24450, WO 99/24451, WO 99/38877, WO 99/41267, WO 99/67263, WO 99/67264, WO 99/67265, WO 99/67266, WO 00/23457, WO 00/77018, WO 00/78774, WO 01/23399, WO 01/27130, WO 01/27131, WO 01/60835, WO 01/94368, WO 02/00676, WO 02/22630, WO 02/96462, WO 03/086408, WO 04/039762, WO 04/039766, WO 04/045618 and WO 04/046083; A2b antagonists such as those described in WO 02/42298; and beta-2 adrenoceptor agonists such as albuterol (salbutamol), metaproterenol, terbutaline, salmeterol fenoterol, procaterol, and especially, formoterol and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, and compounds (in free or salt or solvate form) of formula I of WO 0075114, which document is incorporated herein by reference, preferably compounds of the Examples thereof, as well as compounds (in free or salt or solvate form) of formula I of WO 04/16601, and also compounds of WO 04/033412. Suitable bronchodilatory drugs include anticholinergic or antimuscarinic compounds, in particular ipratropium bromide, oxitropium bromide, tiotropium salts and CHF 4226 (Chiesi), and glycopyrrolate, but also those described in WO 01/04118, WO 02/51841, WO 02/53564, WO 03/00840, WO 03/87094, WO 04/05285, WO 02/00652, WO 03/53966, EP 424021, U.S. Pat. No. 5,171,744, U.S. Pat. No. 3,714,357, WO 03/33495 and WO 04/018422.

Suitable antihistamine drug substances include cetirizine hydrochloride, acetaminophen, clemastine fumarate, promethazine, loratidine, desloratidine, diphenhydramine and fexofenadine hydrochloride, activastine, astemizole, azelastine, ebastine, epinastine, mizolastine and tefenadine as well as those disclosed in WO 03/099807, WO 04/026841 and JP 2004107299.

Other useful combinations of compounds of the invention with anti-inflammatory drugs are those with antagonists of chemokine receptors, e.g., CCR-1, CCR-2, CCR-3, CCR-4, CCR-5, CCR-6, CCR-7, CCR-8, CCR-9 and CCR10, CXCR1, CXCR2, CXCR3, CXCR4, CXCR5, particularly CCR-5 antagonists such as Schering-Plough antagonists SC-351 125, SCH-55700 and SCH-D, Takeda antagonists such as TAK-770, and CCR-5 antagonists described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,166,037 (particularly claims 18 and 19), WO 00/66558 (particularly claim 8), WO 00/66559 (particularly claim 9), WO 04/018425 and WO 04/026873.

Other compounds that can regulate apoptosis (e.g., BCL-2 inhibitors) can be used in conjunction.

Platinum coordination complexes include non-phase specific anti-cancer agents, which interact with DNA. The platinum complexes enter tumor cells, undergo, aquation and form intra- and interstrand crosslinks with DNA causing adverse biological effects to the tumor. Examples of platinum coordination complexes include, but are not limited to, cisplatin and carboplatin. Cisplatin, cis-diamminedichloroplatinum, is commercially available as PLATINOL® as an injectable solution. Cisplatin is primarily indicated in the treatment of metastatic testicular and ovarian cancer and advanced bladder cancer. The primary dose limiting side effects of cisplatin are nephrotoxicity, which may be controlled by hydration and diuresis, and ototoxicity. Carboplatin, platinum, diammine[1,1-cyclobutane-dicarboxylate(2-)-O,O′], is commercially available as PARAPLATIN®) as an injectable solution. Carboplatin is primarily indicated in the first and second line treatment of advanced ovarian carcinoma. Bone marrow suppression is the dose limiting toxicity of carboplatin.

Alkylating agents include non-phase anti-cancer specific agents and strong electrophiles. Typically, alkylating agents form covalent linkages, by alkylation, to DNA through nucleophilic moieties of the DNA molecule such as phosphate, amino, sulfhydryl, hydroxyl, carboxyl, and imidazole groups. Such alkylation disrupts nucleic acid function leading to cell death. Examples of alkylating agents include, but are not limited to, nitrogen mustards such as cyclophosphamide, melphalan, and chlorambucil; alkyl sulfonates such as busulfan; nitrosoureas such as carmustine; and triazenes such as dacarbazine. Cyclophosphamide, 2-[bis(2-chloroethyl)amino]tetrahydro-2H-1,3,2-oxazaphosphorine 2-oxide monohydrate, is commercially available as an injectable solution or tablets as CYTOXAN®. Cyclophosphamide is indicated as a single agent or in combination with other chemotherapeutic agents, in the treatment of malignant lymphomas, multiple myeloma, and leukemias. Alopecia, nausea, vomiting and leukopenia are the most common dose limiting side effects of cyclophosphamide. Melphalan, 4-[bis(2-chloroethyl)amino]-L-phenylalanine, is commercially available as an injectable solution or tablets as ALKERAN®. Melphalan is indicated for the palliative treatment of multiple myeloma and non-resectable epithelial carcinoma of the ovary. Bone marrow suppression is the most common dose limiting side effect of melphalan. Chlorambucil, 4-[bis(2-chloroethyl)amino]benzenebutanoic acid, is commercially available as LEUKERAN® tablets. Chlorambucil is indicated for the palliative treatment of chronic lymphatic leukemia, and malignant lymphomas such as lymphosarcoma, giant follicular lymphoma, and Hodgkin's disease. Bone marrow suppression is the most common dose limiting side effect of chlorambucil. Busulfan, 1,4-butanediol dimethanesulfonate, is commercially available as MYLERAN® TABLETS. Busulfan is indicated for the palliative treatment of chronic myelogenous leukemia. Bone marrow suppression is the most common dose limiting side effects of busulfan. Carmustine, 1,3-[bis(2-chloroethyl)-1-nitrosourea, is commercially available as single vials of lyophilized material as BiCNU®. Carmustine is indicated for the palliative treatment as a single agent or in combination with other agents for brain tumors, multiple myeloma, Hodgkin's disease, and non-Hodgkin's lymphomas. Delayed myelosuppression is the most common dose limiting side effects of carmustine. Dacarbazine, 5-(3,3-dimethyl-1-triazeno)-imidazole-4-carboxamide, is commercially available as single vials of material as DTIC-Dome®. Dacarbazine is indicated for the treatment of metastatic malignant melanoma and in combination with other agents for the second line treatment of Hodgkin's Disease. Nausea, vomiting, and anorexia are the most common dose limiting side effects of dacarbazine.

Antibiotic anti-neoplastics include non-phase specific agents, which bind or intercalate with DNA. Typically, such action results in stable DNA complexes or strand breakage, which disrupts ordinary function of the nucleic acids leading to cell death. Examples of antibiotic anti-neoplastic agents include, but are not limited to, actinomycins such as dactinomycin, anthrocyclins such as daunorubicin and doxorubicin; and bleomycins. Dactinomycin, also know as Actinomycin D, is commercially available in injectable form as COSMEGEN®. Dactinomycin is indicated for the treatment of Wilm's tumor and rhabdomyosarcoma. Nausea, vomiting, and anorexia are the most common dose limiting side effects of dactinomycin. Daunorubicin, (8S-cis-)-8-acetyl-10-[(3-amino-2,3,6-trideoxy-α-L-lyxo-hexopyranosyl)oxy]-7,8,9,10-tetrahydro-6,8,11-trihydroxy-1-methoxy-5,12 naphthacenedione hydrochloride, is commercially available as a liposomal injectable form as DAUNOXOME® or as an injectable as CERUBIDINE®. Daunorubicin is indicated for remission induction in the treatment of acute nonlymphocytic leukemia and advanced HIV associated Kaposi's sarcoma. Myelosuppression is the most common dose limiting side effect of daunorubicin. Doxorubicin, (8S,10S)-10-[(3-amino-2,3,6-trideoxy-a-L-lyxo-hexopyranosyl)oxy]-8-glycoloyl, 7,8,9,10-tetrahydro-6,8,11-trihydroxy-1-methoxy-5,12 naphthacenedione hydrochloride, is commercially available as an injectable form as RUBEX® or ADRIAMYCIN RDF®. Doxorubicin is primarily indicated for the treatment of acute lymphoblastic leukemia and acute myeloblastic leukemia, but is also a useful component in the treatment of some solid tumors and lymphomas. Myelosuppression is the most common dose limiting side effect of doxorubicin. Bleomycin, a mixture of cytotoxic glycopeptide antibiotics isolated from a strain of Streptomyces verticillus, is commercially available as BLENOXANE®. Bleomycin is indicated as a palliative treatment, as a single agent or in combination with other agents, of squamous cell carcinoma, lymphomas, and testicular carcinomas. Pulmonary and cutaneous toxicities are the most common dose limiting side effects of bleomycin.

Hormones and hormonal analogues are useful compounds for treating cancers in which there is a relationship between the hormone(s) and growth and/or lack of growth of the cancer. Examples of hormones and hormonal analogues useful in cancer treatment include, but are not limited to, adrenocorticosteroids such as prednisone and prednisolone which are useful in the treatment of malignant lymphoma and acute leukemia in children; aminoglutethimide and other aromatase inhibitors such as aminoglutethimide, roglethimide, pyridoglutethimide, trilostane, testolactone, ketokonazole, vorozole, fadrozole, anastrozole, letrazole, formestane, atamestane and exemestane useful in the treatment of adrenocortical carcinoma and hormone dependent breast carcinoma containing estrogen receptors; progestrins such as megestrol acetate useful in the treatment of hormone dependent breast cancer and endometrial carcinoma; estrogens, androgens, and anti-androgens such as flutamide, nilutamide, bicalutamide, cyproterone acetate and 5a-reductases such as finasteride and dutasteride, useful in the treatment of prostatic carcinoma and benign prostatic hypertrophy; anti-estrogens such as fulvestrant, tamoxifen, toremifene, raloxifene, droloxifene, iodoxyfene, as well as selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERMS) such those described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,681,835, 5,877,219, and 6,207,716, useful in the treatment of hormone dependent breast carcinoma and other susceptible cancers; and gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) and analogues thereof which stimulate the release of leutinizing hormone (LH) and/or follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) for the treatment prostatic carcinoma, for instance, LHRH agonists and antagonists such as abarelix, goserelin, goserelin acetate and luprolide. SH2/SH3 domain blockers are agents that disrupt SH2 or SH3 domain binding in a variety of enzymes or adaptor proteins including, PI3-K p85 subunit, Src family kinases, adaptor molecules (Shc, Crk, Nck, Grb2) and Ras-GAP. SH2/SH3 domains as targets for anti-cancer drugs are discussed in Smithgall, T. E. (1995), Journal of Pharmacological and Toxicological Methods. 34(3) 125-32. Inhibitors of Serine/Threonine Kinases including MAP kinase cascade blockers which include blockers of Raf kinases (rafk), Mitogen or Extracellular Regulated Kinase (MEKs), and Extracellular Regulated Kinases (ERKs); and Protein kinase C family member blockers including blockers of PKCs (alpha, beta, gamma, epsilon, mu, lambda, iota, zeta). IkB kinase family (IKKa, IKKb), PKB family kinases, akt kinase family members, and TGF beta receptor kinases. Such Serine/Threonine kinases and inhibitors thereof are described in Yamamoto, T., Taya, S., Kaibuchi, K., (1999), Journal of Biochemistry. 126 (5) 799-803; Brodt, P, Samani, A., and Navab, R. (2000), Biochemical Pharmacology, 60. 1101-1107; Massague, J., Weis-Garcia, F. (1996) Cancer Surveys. 27:41-64; Philip, P. A., and Harris, A. L. (1995), Cancer Treatment and Research. 78: 3-27, Lackey, K. et al Bioorganic and Medicinal Chemistry Letters, (10), 2000, 223-226; U.S. Pat. No. 6,268,391; and Martinez-Iacaci, L., et al, Int. J. Cancer (2000), 88(1), 44-52.

Also of interest for use with the compounds of the invention are Myo-inositol signaling inhibitors such as phospholipase C blockers and Myoinositol analogues. Such signal inhibitors are described in Powis, G., and Kozikowski A., (1994) New Molecular Targets for Cancer Chemotherapy ed., Paul Workman and David Kerr, CRC press 1994, London.

Another group of inhibitors are signal transduction pathway inhibitors such as inhibitors of Ras Oncogene. Such inhibitors include inhibitors of farnesyltransferase, geranyl-geranyl transferase, and CAAX proteases as well as anti-sense oligonucleotides, ribozymes and immunotherapy. Such inhibitors have been shown to block ras activation in cells containing wild type mutant ras, thereby acting as antiproliferation agents. Ras oncogene inhibition is discussed in Scharovsky, O. G., Rozados, V. R., Gervasoni, S. I. Matar, P. (2000), Journal of Biomedical Science. 7(4) 292-8; Ashby, M. N. (1998), Current Opinion in Lipidology. 9 (2) 99-102; and BioChim. Biophys. Acta, (19899) 1423(3):19-30.

This invention further relates to a method for using the compounds or pharmaceutical composition in combination with other tumor treatment approaches, including surgery, ionizing radiation, photodynamic therapy, or implants, e.g., with corticosteroids, hormones, or used as radiosensitizers.

One such approach may be, for example, radiation therapy in inhibiting abnormal cell growth or treating the proliferative disorder in the mammal. Techniques for administering radiation therapy are known in the art, and these techniques can be used in the combination therapy described herein. The administration of the compound of the invention in this combination therapy can be determined as described herein.

Radiation therapy can be administered through one of several methods, or a combination of methods, including without limitation external-beam therapy, internal radiation therapy, implant radiation, stereotactic radiosurgery, systemic radiation therapy, radiotherapy and permanent or temporary interstitial brachytherapy. The term “brachytherapy,” as used herein, refers to radiation therapy delivered by a spatially confined radioactive material inserted into the body at or near a tumor or other proliferative tissue disease site. The term is intended without limitation to include exposure to radioactive isotopes (e.g., At-211, I-131, I-125, Y-90, Re-186, Re-188, Sm-153, Bi-212, P-32, and radioactive isotopes of Lu). Suitable radiation sources for use as a cell conditioner of the present invention include both solids and liquids. By way of non-limiting example, the radiation source can be a radionuclide, such as I-125, I-131, Yb-169, Ir-192 as a solid source, I-125 as a solid source, or other radionuclides that emit photons, beta particles, gamma radiation, or other therapeutic rays. The radioactive material can also be a fluid made from any solution of radionuclide(s), e.g., a solution of I-125 or I-131, or a radioactive fluid can be produced using a slurry of a suitable fluid containing small particles of solid radionuclides, such as Au-198, Y-90. Moreover, the radionuclide(s) can be embodied in a gel or radioactive micro spheres.

Without being limited by any theory, the compounds of the present invention can render abnormal cells more sensitive to treatment with radiation for purposes of killing and/or inhibiting the growth of such cells. Accordingly, this invention further relates to a method for sensitizing abnormal cells in a mammal to treatment with radiation which comprises administering to the mammal an amount of a first agent followed by administering an amount of an mTOR inhibitor of the present invention, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, ester, prodrug, solvate, hydrate or derivative thereof, which combined amounts are effective in sensitizing abnormal cells to treatment with radiation. The amount of the compound, salt, or solvate in this method can be determined according to the means for ascertaining effective amounts of such compounds described herein.

Photodynamic therapy includes therapy which uses certain chemicals known as photosensitizing compounds to treat or prevent cancers. Examples of photodynamic therapy include treatment with compounds, such as e.g., VISUDYNE and porfimer sodium. Angiostatic steroids include compounds which block or inhibit angiogenesis, such as, e.g., anecortave, triamcinolone, hydrocortisone, 11-α-epihydrocotisol, cortexolone, 17α-hydroxyprogesterone, corticosterone, desoxycorticosterone, testosterone, estrone and dexamethasone.

Implants containing corticosteroids include compounds, such as e.g., fluocinolone and dexamethasone. Other chemotherapeutic compounds include, but are not limited to, plant alkaloids, hormonal compounds and antagonists; biological response modifiers, preferably lymphokines or interferons; antisense oligonucleotides or oligonucleotide derivatives; shRNA or siRNA; or miscellaneous compounds or compounds with other or unknown mechanism of action.

The compounds or pharmaceutical compositions of the present invention can be used in combination with an amount of one or more substances selected from anti-angiogenesis agents, signal transduction inhibitors, and antiproliferative agents.

Anti-angiogenesis agents, such as MMP-2 (matrix-metalloproteinase 2) inhibitors, MMP-9 (matrix-metalloproteinase 9) inhibitors, and COX-11 (cyclooxygenase 11) inhibitors, can be used in conjunction with an inhibitor of the present invention and pharmaceutical compositions described herein. Examples of useful COX-II inhibitors include CELEBREX™ (alecoxib), valdecoxib, and rofecoxib. Examples of useful matrix metalloproteinase inhibitors are described in WO 96/33172 (published Oct. 24, 1996), WO 96/27583 (published Mar. 7, 1996), European Patent Application No. 97304971.1 (filed Jul. 8, 1997), European Patent Application No. 99308617.2 (filed Oct. 29, 1999), WO 98/07697 (published Feb. 26, 1998), WO 98/03516 (published Jan. 29, 1998), WO 98/34918 (published Aug. 13, 1998), WO 98/34915 (published Aug. 13, 1998), WO 98/33768 (published Aug. 6, 1998), WO 98/30566 (published Jul. 16, 1998), European Patent Publication 606,046 (published Jul. 13, 1994), European Patent Publication 931, 788 (published Jul. 28, 1999), WO 90/05719 (published May 31, 1990), WO 99/52910 (published Oct. 21, 1999), WO 99/52889 (published Oct. 21, 1999), WO 99/29667 (published Jun. 17, 1999), PCT International Application No. PCT/IB98/01113 (filed Jul. 21, 1998), European Patent Application No. 99302232.1 (filed Mar. 25, 1999), Great Britain Patent Application No. 9912961.1 (filed Jun. 3, 1999), U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/148,464 (filed Aug. 12, 1999), U.S. Pat. No. 5,863,949 (issued Jan. 26, 1999), U.S. Pat. No. 5,861,510 (issued Jan. 19, 1999), and European Patent Publication 780,386 (published Jun. 25, 1997), all of which are incorporated herein in their entireties by reference. In some embodiments, MMP-2 and MMP-9 inhibitors have little or no activity inhibiting MMP-1, or selectively inhibit MMP-2 and/or AMP-9 relative to the other matrix-metalloproteinases (i.e., MAP-1, MMP-3, MMP-4, MMP-5, MMP-6, MMP-7, MMP-8, MMP-10, MMP-11, MMP-12, andMMP-13). Some specific examples of MMP inhibitors useful in the present invention are AG-3340, RO 32-3555, and RS 13-0830.

The invention also relates to a method of and to a pharmaceutical composition of treating a cardiovascular disease in a mammal which comprises administering an amount of a first agent, followed by administering an amount of an mTOR inhibitor of the present invention, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, ester, prodrug, solvate, hydrate or derivative thereof, or an isotopically-labeled derivative thereof, and, separately or in combination with the first agent and/or the mTOR inhibitor, administering an amount of one or more therapeutic agents useful for the treatment of cardiovascular diseases.

Exemplary agents for use in cardiovascular disease applications are anti-thrombotic agents, e.g., prostacyclin and salicylates, thrombolytic agents, e.g., streptokinase, urokinase, tissue plasminogen activator (TPA) and anisoylated plasminogen-streptokinase activator complex (APSAC), anti-platelets agents, e.g., acetyl-salicylic acid (ASA) and clopidrogel, vasodilating agents, e.g., nitrates, calcium channel blocking drugs, anti-proliferative agents, e.g., colchicine and alkylating agents, intercalating agents, growth modulating factors such as interleukins, transformation growth factor-beta and congeners of platelet derived growth factor, monoclonal antibodies directed against growth factors, anti-inflammatory agents, both steroidal and non-steroidal, and other agents that can modulate vessel tone, function, arteriosclerosis, and the healing response to vessel or organ injury post intervention. Antibiotics can also be included in combinations or coatings comprised by the invention. Moreover, a coating can be used to effect therapeutic delivery focally within the vessel wall. By incorporation of the active agent in a swellable polymer, the active agent will be released upon swelling of the polymer.

Medicaments which may be administered in conjunction with the compounds described herein include any suitable drugs usefully delivered by inhalation for example, analgesics, e.g., codeine, dihydromorphine, ergotamine, fentanyl or morphine; anginal preparations, e.g., diltiazem; antiallergics, e.g., cromoglycate, ketotifen or nedocromil; anti-infectives, e.g., cephalosporins, penicillins, streptomycin, sulphonamides, tetracyclines or pentamidine; antihistamines, e.g., methapyrilene; anti-inflammatories, e.g., beclomethasone, flunisolide, budesonide, tipredane, triamcinolone acetonide or fluticasone; antitussives, e.g., noscapine; bronchodilators, e.g., ephedrine, adrenaline, fenoterol, formoterol, isoprenaline, metaproterenol, phenylephrine, phenylpropanolamine, pirbuterol, reproterol, rimiterol, salbutamol, salmeterol, terbutalin, isoetharine, tulobuterol, orciprenaline or (−)-4-amino-3,5-dichloro-α-[[[6-[2-(2-pyridinyl)ethoxy]hexyl]-amino]methyl]benzenemethanol; diuretics, e.g., amiloride; anticholinergics e.g., ipratropium, atropine or oxitropium; hormones, e.g., cortisone, hydrocortisone or prednisolone; xanthines e.g., aminophylline, choline theophyllinate, lysine theophyllinate or theophylline; and therapeutic proteins and peptides, e.g., insulin or glucagon. It will be clear to a person skilled in the art that, where appropriate, the medicaments may be used in the form of salts (e.g., as alkali metal or amine salts or as acid addition salts) or as esters (e.g., lower alkyl esters) or as solvates (e.g., hydrates) to optimize the activity and/or stability of the medicament.

Other exemplary therapeutic agents useful for a combination therapy include but are not limited to agents as described above, radiation therapy, hormone antagonists, hormones and their releasing factors, thyroid and antithyroid drugs, estrogens and progestins, androgens, adrenocorticotropic hormone; adrenocortical steroids and their synthetic analogs; inhibitors of the synthesis and actions of adrenocortical hormones, insulin, oral hypoglycemic agents, and the pharmacology of the endocrine pancreas, agents affecting calcification and bone turnover: calcium, phosphate, parathyroid hormone, vitamin D, calcitonin, vitamins such as water-soluble vitamins, vitamin B complex, ascorbic acid, fat-soluble vitamins, vitamins A, K, and E, growth factors, cytokines, chemokines, muscarinic receptor agonists and antagonists; anticholinesterase agents; agents acting at the neuromuscular junction and/or autonomic ganglia; catecholamines, sympathomimetic drugs, and adrenergic receptor agonists or antagonists; and 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT, serotonin) receptor agonists and antagonists.

Therapeutic agents can also include agents for pain and inflammation such as histamine and histamine antagonists, bradykinin and bradykinin antagonists, 5-hydroxytryptamine (serotonin), lipid substances that are generated by biotransformation of the products of the selective hydrolysis of membrane phospholipids, eicosanoids, prostaglandins, thromboxanes, leukotrienes, aspirin, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agents, analgesic-antipyretic agents, agents that inhibit the synthesis of prostaglandins and thromboxanes, selective inhibitors of the inducible cyclooxygenase, selective inhibitors of the inducible cyclooxygenase-2, autacoids, paracrine hormones, somatostatin, gastrin, cytokines that mediate interactions involved in humoral and cellular immune responses, lipid-derived autacoids, eicosanoids, β-adrenergic agonists, ipratropium, glucocorticoids, methylxanthines, sodium channel blockers, opioid receptor agonists, calcium channel blockers, membrane stabilizers and leukotriene inhibitors.

Additional therapeutic agents contemplated herein include diuretics, vasopressin, agents affecting the renal conservation of water, rennin, angiotensin, agents useful in the treatment of myocardial ischemia, anti-hypertensive agents, angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors, β-adrenergic receptor antagonists, agents for the treatment of hypercholesterolemia, and agents for the treatment of dyslipidemia.

Other therapeutic agents contemplated include drugs used for control of gastric acidity, agents for the treatment of peptic ulcers, agents for the treatment of gastroesophageal reflux disease, prokinetic agents, antiemetics, agents used in irritable bowel syndrome, agents used for diarrhea, agents used for constipation, agents used for inflammatory bowel disease, agents used for biliary disease, agents used for pancreatic disease. Therapeutic agents used to treat protozoan infections, drugs used to treat Malaria, Amebiasis, Giardiasis, Trichomoniasis, Trypanosomiasis, and/or Leishmaniasis, and/or drugs used in the chemotherapy of helminthiasis. Other therapeutic agents include antimicrobial agents, sulfonamides, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole quinolones, and agents for urinary tract infections, penicillins, cephalosporins, and other, P-Lactam antibiotics, an agent comprising an aminoglycoside, protein synthesis inhibitors, drugs used in the chemotherapy of tuberculosis, mycobacterium avium complex disease, and leprosy, antifungal agents, antiviral agents including nonretroviral agents and antiretroviral agents.

Examples of therapeutic antibodies that can be combined with a subject compound include but are not limited to anti-receptor tyrosine kinase antibodies (cetuximab, panitumumab, trastuzumab), anti CD20 antibodies (rituximab, tositumomab), and other antibodies such as alemtuzumab, bevacizumab, and gemtuzumab.

Moreover, therapeutic agents used for immunomodulation, such as immunomodulators, immunosuppressive agents, tolerogens, and immunostimulants are contemplated by the methods herein. In addition, therapeutic agents acting on the blood and the blood-forming organs, hematopoietic agents, growth factors, minerals, and vitamins, anticoagulant, thrombolytic, and antiplatelet drugs.

Further therapeutic agents that can be combined with a subject compound may be found in Goodman and Gilman's “The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics” Tenth Edition edited by Hardman, Limbird and Gilman or the Physician's Desk Reference, both of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety.

The examples and preparations provided below further illustrate and exemplify the compounds of the present invention and methods of preparing such compounds. It is to be understood that the scope of the present invention is not limited in any way by the scope of the following examples and preparations. In the following examples molecules with a single chiral center, unless otherwise noted, exist as a racemic mixture. Those molecules with two or more chiral centers, unless otherwise noted, exist as a racemic mixture of diastereomers. Single enantiomers/diastereomers may be obtained by methods known to those skilled in the art.

EXAMPLES Example 1 Combination Therapy in a Tumor Mouse Model

Endometrial cancer cells containing mutations in PTEN and FGFR² were implanted into mice. Mice having tumor volumes of approximately 150 mm³ were grouped by treatment schedule, with the start of treatment designated as day 0. Control mice received no treatment. One group of mice received Paclitaxel alone (“Pac”) at 20 mg/kg, administered weekly (Q1W, day 0 and day 7) by intravenous injection. One group of mice received Compound B alone (“Comp. B,” compound 1 of Table 1) at 1 mg/kg, administered daily for three days (QDx3) by oral gavage, followed by 4 days of no treatment, in a schedule repeated weekly (day 0 and day 7). One group received both 20 mg/kg paclitaxel, as described above, and 1 mg/kg Compound B, as described above, with the Q1W dosing schedule of paclitaxel and the QDx3-4off schedule of Compound B beginning on the same day (“ST” schedule). Another group received both 20 mg/kg paclitaxel, as described above, and 1 mg/kg Compound B, as described above, with the Q1W dosing schedule of paclitaxel beginning one day before the QDx3-4off schedule of Compound B (“PRTX” schedule). Diagrams of the two combination dosing schedules are provided in FIG. 2. Tumor volume was measured periodically over the course of 22 days, and the results are illustrated in graphs in FIG. 2. The left graph illustrates all data points, while the right graph provides a magnified view of the circled data of the left graph. Compound B alone resulted in a delayed average growth in tumor volume from about 150 mm³ to about 2400 mm3 (1600% increase) by day 22. Paclitaxel alone resulted in an average increase in tumor volume from about 150 mm³ to about 175 mm³ (17% increase) by day 22. Paclitaxel in combination with Compound B under the ST schedule resulted in an average decrease in tumor volume from about 150 mm³ to about 100 mm³ (33% decrease) by day 22. Paclitaxel in combination with Compound B under the PRTX schedule resulted in an average decrease in tumor volume from about 150 mm3 to about 5 mm3 (97% decrease) by day 22. Thus, neither of the agents alone were able to reduce tumor volume, and the combined therapy under the PRTX schedule was about 290% (2.9-fold) more effective (in relative terms) than the combined therapy under the ST schedule. The data illustrates that the combination under the ST schedule provides improved therapeutic results over either agent alone. The data further illustrate an even greater enhancement in therapeutic efficiacy of combined treatment under the PRTX schedule, demonstrating the synergistic effect of administering paclitaxel as a first agent before any administration of the mTORC1/C2 inhibitor Compound B, rather than a dosing schedule that includes simultaneously administration with the first dose of the first agent. Without wishing to be bound by theory, the synergy may derive from suppressing progression of a phase of the cell cycle after G1 phase (e.g. G2 and/or M suppressed by paclitaxel), followed by suppressing progression of G1 phase with an mTOR inhibitor. As such, similar synergy may be expected for combinations of administering other first agents suppressing progression of a cell-cycle phase after G1 followed by administering other mTOR inhibitors.

In a further example, mice were implanted with endometrial cancer cells as above. Mice having tumor volumes of approximately 150 mm³ were grouped by treatment schedule, with the start of treatment designated as day 0. Control mice received no treatment. One group of mice received Paclitaxel alone (“Pac”) at 20 mg/kg, administered weekly (Q1W, day 0 and day 7) by intravenous injection. One group of mice received Compound B alone (“Comp. B,” compound 1 of Table 1) at 3 mg/kg, administered weekly (Q1W, day 0 and day 7) by oral gavage. One group received both 20 mg/kg paclitaxel, as described above, and 3 mg/kg Compound B, as described above, with the Q1W dosing schedule of paclitaxel and the Q1W schedule of Compound B beginning on the same day (“ST” schedule). Another group received both 20 mg/kg paclitaxel, as described above, and 3 mg/kg Compound B, as described above, with the Q1W dosing schedule of paclitaxel beginning one day before the Q1W schedule of Compound B (“PRTX” schedule). Diagrams of the two combination dosing schedules are provided in FIG. 3. Tumor volume was measured periodically over the course of 22 days, and the results are illustrated in graphs in FIG. 3. The left graph illustrates all data points, while the right graph provides a magnified view of the lower three plots from the left graph. Only the group receiving the combined therapy under the PRTX schedule experienced a decreased tumor volume at day 22. The data further illustrate improvement of the combined dosing under the PRTX schedule over both combined treatment under the ST schedule as wells as either agent alone. Results for the PRTX dosing schedule in the group of mice is also comparable to the PRTX dosing schedule in mice receiving the QDx3-4off dose of the previous PRTX group, indicating that at least under these conditions, staggered dosing in accordance with the methods of the invention permits a reduction in the number of therapeutic administrations. Because the plot of mice receiving the combined dosing on the ST schedule indicates reduced therapeutic efficacy relative to paclitaxel alone, the data further suggest that administration of both paclitaxel as a first agent and Compound B as an mTOR inhibitor at substantially the same time may interfere with the activity of the first agent, whereas delivery of the mTOR inhibitor after the first agent provides an unexpected synergy.

Anti-tumor activity of Compound B, paclitaxel, carboplatin and the combination of Compound B with paclitaxel and carboplatin was also assessed in nude mice harboring small (˜150-250 mg) endometrial carcinoma tumors (AN3CA, Hec-1A or Hec-59). Compound B was administered orally as a solution as indicated. Paclitaxel was administered at 5 mg/kg intraveneously daily for 5 days or 20 mg/kg, once weekly. Carboplatin was administered at 100 mg/kg intraperitoneally once every 3 weeks. Results are shown in FIGS. 11-13. For FIG. 12, tumors were harvested 2 hours after the last dose, and lysates were analyzed by Western blot for the markers shown.

Example 2 Expression and Inhibition Assays of mTOR

Inhibition of mTor can be measured according to any procedures known in the art or methods disclosed below. The compounds described herein and any other mTor inhibitors known in the art can be tested against recombinant mTOR (Invitrogen) in an assay containing 50 mM HEPES, pH 7.5, 1 mM EGTA, 10 mM MgCl₂, 2.5 mM, 0.01% Tween, 10 μM ATP (2.5 μCi of μ-32P-ATP), and 3 g/mL BSA. Rat recombinant PHAS-1/4EBP1 (Calbiochem; 2 mg/mL) is used as a substrate. Reactions are terminated by spotting onto nitrocellulose, which is washed with 1M NaCl/1% phosphoric acid (approximately 6 times, 5-10 minutes each). Sheets are dried and the transferred radioactivity quantitated by phosphorimaging.

Other kits or systems for assaying mTOR activity are commercially avaiable. For instance, one can use Invitrogen's LanthaScreen™ Kinase assay to test the inhibitors of mTOR disclosed herein. This assay is a time resolved FRET platform that measures the phosphorylation of GFP labeled 4EBP1 by mTOR kinase. The kinase reaction is performed in a white 384 well microtitre plate. The total reaction volume is 20 ul per well and the reaction buffer composition is 50 mM HEPES pH7.5, 0.01% Polysorbate 20, lmM EGTA, 10 mM MnCl₂, and 2 mM DTT. In the first step, each well receives 2 ul of test compound in 20% dimethylsulphoxide resulting in a 2% DMSO final concentration. Next, 8 ul of mTOR diluted in reaction buffer is added per well for a 60 ng/ml final concentration. To start the reaction, 10 ul of an ATP/GFP-4EBP 1 mixture (diluted in reaction buffer) is added per well for a final concentration of 10 μM ATP and 0.5 M GFP-4EBP1. The plate is sealed and incubated for 1 hour at room temperature. The reaction is stopped by adding 10 ul per well of a Tb-anti-pT46 4EBP1 antibody/EDTA mixture (diluted in TR-FRET buffer) for a final concentration of 1.3 nM antibody and 6.7 mM EDTA. The plate is sealed, incubated for 1 hour at room temperature, and then read on a plate reader set up for LanthaScreen™ TR-FRET. Data is analyzed and IC50s are generated using GraphPad Prism 5.

Example 3 B Cell Activation and Proliferation Assay

Inhibition of B cell activitation and proliferation by administering a first agent followed by an mTOR inhibitor, is determined according to standard procedures known in the art. For example, an in vitro cellular proliferation assay is established that measures the metabolic activity of live cells. The assay is performed in a 96 well microtiter plate using Alamar Blue reduction. Balb/c splenic B cells are purified over a Ficoll-Paque™ PLUS gradient followed by magnetic cell separation using a MACS B cell Isolation Kit (Miletenyi). Cells are plated in 90 ul at 50,000 cells/well in B Cell Media (RPMI+10% FBS+Penn/Strep+50 μM bME+5 mM HEPES). A compound disclosed herein is diluted in B Cell Media and added in a 10 ul volume. Plates are incubated for 30 min at 37 C and 5% CO₂ (0.2% DMSO final concentration). This incubation step can be repeated for the addition of a second agent, such as an mTOR inhibitor. A 50 ul B cell stimulation cocktail is then added containing either 10 ug/ml LPS or 5 ug/ml F(ab′)2 Donkey anti-mouse IgM plus 2 ng/ml recombinant mouse IL4 in B Cell Media. Plates are incubated for 72 hours at 37° C. and 5% CO₂. A volume of 15 μL of Alamar Blue reagent is added to each well and plates are incubated for 5 hours at 37 C and 5% CO₂. Alamar Blue fluoresce is read at 560Ex/590Em, and IC50 or EC50 values are calculated using GraphPad Prism 5.

Example 4 Tumor Cell Line Proliferation Assay

Inhibtion of tumor cell line proliferation by the subject methods is determined according to standard procedures known in the art. For instance, an in vitro cellular proliferation assay can be performed to measure the metabolic activity of live cells. The assay is performed in a 96 well microtiter plate using Alamar Blue reduction. Human tumor cell lines are obtained from ATCC (e.g., MCF7, U-87 MG, MDA-MB-468, PC-3), grown to confluency in T75 flasks, trypsinized with 0.25% trypsin, washed one time with Tumor Cell Media (DMEM+10% FBS), and plated in 90 ul at 5,000 cells/well in Tumor Cell Media. A compound disclosed herein is diluted in Tumor Cell Media and added in a 10 ul volume. Plates are incubated for 72 hours at 37 C and 5% CO₂. After addition of the first compound, such as during this subsequent 72 hour period (e.g. after 24 hours), a second agent, such as an mTOR inhibitor, can be similarly added to the cells. A volume of 10 uL of Alamar Blue reagent is added to each well and plates are incubated for 3 hours at 37 C and 5% CO₂. Alamar Blue fluoresce is read at 560Ex/590Em, and IC50 values are calculated using GraphPad Prism 5.

Example 5 Antitumor Activity In Vivo

Inhibtion of tumor growth by the subject method can be determined by the following murine tumor models.

Paclitaxel-refractory Tumor Models

1. Clinically-Derived Ovarian Carcinoma Model.

This tumor model is established from a tumor biopsy of an ovarian cancer patient. Tumor biopsy is taken from the patient.

The compounds described herein are administered to nude mice bearing staged tumors, with paclitaxel administered weekly, and an mTOR inhibitor administered 1 day after each paclitaxel administration.

2. A2780Tax Human Ovarian Carcinoma Xenograft (Mutated Tubulin).

A2780Tax is a paclitaxel-resistant human ovarian carcinoma model. It is derived from the sensitive parent A2780 line by co-incubation of cells with paclitaxel and verapamil, an MDR-reversal agent. Its resistance mechanism has been shown to be non-MDR related and is attributed to a mutation in the gene encoding the beta-tubulin protein.

The compounds described herein are administered to nude mice bearing staged tumors, with paclitaxel administered weekly, and an mTOR inhibitor administered 1 day after each paclitaxel administration.

3. HCT116/VM46 Human Colon Carcinoma Xenograft (Multi-Drug Resistant).

HCT 116/VM46 is an MDR-resistant colon carcinoma developed from the sensitive HCT 116 parent line. In vivo, grown in nude mice, HCT 116/VM46 has consistently demonstrated high resistance to paclitaxel.

The compounds described herein are administered to nude mice bearing staged tumors, with paclitaxel administered weekly, and an mTOR inhibitor administered 1 day after each paclitaxel administration.

5. M5076 Murine Sarcoma Model

M5076 is a mouse fibrosarcoma that is inherently refractory to paclitaxel in vivo.

The compounds described herein are administered to nude mice bearing staged tumors, with paclitaxel administered weekly, and an mTOR inhibitor administered 1 day after each paclitaxel administration.

Treatment by methods of the invention can be used in combination other therapeutic agents in vivo in the multidrug resistant human colon carcinoma xenografts HCT/VM46 or any other model known in the art including those described herein.

The results are expected to show that treatment with a first agent, e.g. paclitaxel, followed by treatment with an mTOR inhibitor is a potent therapeutic regimen for the treatment of tumor growth in vivo under the conditions tested.

Example 6 Akt Kinase Assay

Inhibition of Akt by the subject method can be determined by the following assay. Cells comprising components of the Akt/mTOR pathway, including but not limited to L6 myoblasts, B-ALL cells, B-cells, T-cells, leukemia cells, bone marrow cells, p190 transduced cells, philladelphia chromosome positive cells (Ph+), and mouse embryonic fibroblasts, are typically grown in cell growth media such as DMEM supplemented with fetal bovine serum and/or antibiotics, and grown to confluency.

Cells are serum starved overnight and incubated with the first agent followed by an mTor inhibitor for approximately 1 minute to about 1 hour prior to stimulation with insulin (e.g., 100 nM) for about 1 minutes to about 1 hour. Cells are lysed by scraping into ice cold lysis buffer containing detergents such as sodium dodecyl sulfate and protease inhibitors (e.g., PMSF). After contacting cells with lysis buffer, the solution is briefly sonicated, cleared by centrifugation, resolved by SDS-PAGE, transferred to nitrocellulose or PVDF and immunoblotted using antibodies to phospho-Akt S473, phospho-Akt T308, Akt, and β-actin (Cell Signaling Technologies).

Example 7 Kinase Signaling in Blood

PI3K/Akt/mTor signaling is measured in blood cells using the phosflow method (Methods Enzymol. 2007; 434:131-54). The advantage of this method is that it is by nature a single cell assay so that cellular heterogeneity can be detected rather than population averages. This allows concurrent dinstinction of signaling states in different populations defined by other markers. Phosflow is also highly quantitative. Unfractionated splenocytes, or peripheral blood mononuclear cells are stimulated with anti-CD3 to initiate T-cell receptor signaling. The cells are then fixed and stained for surface markers and intracellular phosphoproteins.

Similarly, aliquots of whole blood are incubated for 15 minutes with vehicle (e.g., 0.1% DMSO) or kinase inhibitors at various concentrations, before addition of stimuli to crosslink the T cell receptor (TCR) (anti-CD3 with secondary antibody) or the B cell receptor (BCR) using anti-kappa light chain antibody (Fab′2 fragments). After approximately 5 and 15 minutes, samples are fixed (e.g., with cold 4% paraformaldehyde) and used for phosflow. Surface staining is used to distinguish T and B cells using antibodies directed to cell surface markers that are known to the art. The level of phosphrylation of kinase substrates such as Akt and S6 are then measured by incubating the fixed cells with labeled antibodies specific to the phosphorylated isoforms of these proteins. The population of cells is then analyzed by flow cytometry.

Example 8 Colony Formation Assay

Murine bone marrow cells freshly transformed with a p190 BCR-Abl retrovirus (herein referred to as p190 transduced cells) are plated in the presence of various drug combinations in M3630 methylcellulose media for about 7 days with recombinant human IL-7 in about 30% serum, and the number of colonies formed is counted by visual examination under a microscope.

Alternatively, human peripheral blood mononuclear cells are obtained from Philadelphia chromosome positive (Ph+) and negative (Ph−) patients upon initial diagnosis or relapse. Live cells are isolated and enriched for CD19+CD34+ B cell progenitors. After overnight liquid culture, cells are plated in methocult GF+ H4435, Stem Cell Tehcnologies) suplemented with cytokines (IL-3, L-6, IL-7, G-CSF, GM-CSF, CF, Flt3 ligand, and erythropoietin) and various concentrations of known chemotherapeutic agents are added to the cultures, followed at a later time point (e.g. 24 hours) by the addition of an mTOR inhibitor. Colonies are counted by microscopy 12-14 days later. This method can be used to test for evidence of additive or synergistic activity. The results are expected to show that the ordered treatment using the first agent and an mTor inhibitor is effective in inhibiting colony formation.

Example 9 In Vivo Effect of Kinase Inhibitors on Leukemic Cells

Female recipient mice are lethally irradiated from a γ source in two doses about 4 hr apart, with approximately 5Gy each. About lhr after the second radiation dose, mice are injected i.v. with about 1×10⁶ leukemic cells (e.g., Ph+ human or murine cells, or p190 transduced bone marrow cells). These cells are administered together with a radioprotective dose of about 5×10⁶ normal bone marrow cells from 3-5 week old donor mice. Recipients are given antibiotics in the water and monitored daily. Mice who become sick after about 14 days are euthanized and lymphoid organs are harvested for analysis. Treatment with a first agent, such as paclitaxel, is administered weekly, beginning about ten days after leukemic cell injection and continues daily until the mice become sick or a maximum of approximately 35 days post-transplant. Treatment with mTOR inhibitor is provided beginning on one or more of day 10, 11, and 12, and is repeated weekly. For example, some mice receive both the first agent and the mTOR inhibitor on day 10, with further mTOR inhibitor treatments on days 11 and 12, with the cycle repeated beginning on day 17. Some mice receive only the first agent on day 10, and the mTOR inhibitor on day 11, with the cycle repeated weekly. Some mice receive only the first agent or the mTOR inhibitor, according to a schedule matched to mice receiving combination therapy, in order to determine synergistic effect. Inhibitor is given by oral gavage.

Peripheral blood cells are collected approximately on day 10 (pre-treatment) and upon euthanization (post treatment), contacted with labled anti-hCD4 antibodies and counted by flow cytometry. By the additional treatment with further chemotherapeutic agents, this method can be also used to demonstrate a synergistic effect of combinations with additional known chemotherapeutic agents. Synergy may be demonstrated by significant reduction of leukemic blood cell counts as compared to treatment with any of the comounds (e.g., paclitaxel, mTOR inhibitor, Gleevec) alone under the conditions tested.

Example 10 Murine Bone Marrow Transplant Assay

Female recipient mice are lethally irradiated from a γ ray source. About lhr after the radiation dose, mice are injected with about 1×10⁶ leukemic cells from early passage p190 transduced cultures (e.g., as described in Cancer Genet Cytogenet. 2005 August; 161(1):51-6). These cells are administered together with a radioprotective dose of approximately 5×10⁶ normal bone marrow cells from 3-5 wk old donor mice. Recipients are given antibiotics in the water and monitored daily. Mice who become sick after about 14 days are euthanized and lymphoid organs harvested for flow cytometry and/or magnetic enrichment. Treatment begins on approximately day 10 and continues until mice become sick, or after a maximum of about 35 days post-transplant. Treatment with a first agent, such as paclitaxel, is administered weekly, beginning on approximately day 10. Treatment with mTOR inhibitor is provided beginning on one or more of day 10, 11, 12, and 13, and is repeated weekly. For example, some mice receive both the first agent and the mTOR inhibitor on day 10, with further mTOR inhibitor treatments alone on days 11 and 12, with the cycle repeated beginning on day 17. Some mice receive only the first agent on day 10, and the mTOR inhibitor alone on days 11, 12, and 13, with the cycle repeated weekly. Some mice receive both the first agent and the mTOR inhibitor on day 10, repeated weekly beginning on day 17. Some mice receive only the first agent on day 10, followed by the mTOR inhibitor alone on day 11, with the cycle repeated weekly beginning day 17. Some mice receive only the first agent or the mTOR inhibitor, according to a schedule matched to mice receiving combination therapy, in order to determine synergistic effect. mTOR inhibitors are given by oral gavage (p.o.). In a pilot experiment a dose of a first agent that is not curative but delays leukemia onset by about one week or less is identified; controls are vehicle-treated or treated with the first agent, previously shown to delay but not cure leukemogenesis in this model (e.g., imatinib at about 70 mg/kg twice daily). For the first phase p190 cells that express eGFP are used, and postmortem analysis is limited to enumeration of the percentage of leukemic cells in bone marrow, spleen and lymph node (LN) by flow cytometry. In the second phase, p190 cells that express a tailless form of human CD4 are used and the postmortem analysis includes magnetic sorting of hCD4+ cells from spleen followed by immunoblot analysis of key signaling endpoints: p Akt -T308 and S473; pS6 and p4EBP-1. As controls for immunoblot detection, sorted cells are incubated in the presence or absence of kinase inhibitors of the present disclosure inhibitors before lysis. Optionally, “phosflow” is used to detect p Akt-S473 and pS6-S235/236 in hCD4-gated cells without prior sorting. These signaling studies are particularly useful if, for example, drug-treated mice have not developed clinical leukemia at the 35 day time point. Kaplan-Meier plots of survival are generated and statistical analysis done according to methods known in the art. Results from p190 cells are analyzed separated as well as cumulatively.

Samples of peripheral blood (100-200 μl) are obtained weekly from all mice, starting on day 10 immediately prior to commencing treatment. Plasma is used for measuring drug concentrations, and cells are analyzed for leukemia markers (eGFP or hCD4) and signaling biomarkers as described herein.

This general assay known in the art may be used to establish that the subject method is effective in inhibiting the proliferation of leukemic cells.

Example 11 The Administration of the First Agent of the Present Invention Followed by an mTor Inhibitor for Inhibition of Tumor Growth

The following cell and animal models can be used to establish that the subject method is effective in inhibiting tumor cell growth.

Cell Lines

Cell lines of interest (A549, U87, ZR-75-1 and 786-0) are obtained from American Type Culture Collection (ATCC, Manassas, Va.). Cells are proliferated and preserved cryogenically at early passage (e.g., passage 3). One aliquot is used for further proliferation to get enough cells for one TGI study (at about passage 9).

Animals

Female athymic nude mice are supplied by Harlan. Mice are received at 4 to 6 weeks of age. All mice are acclimated for about one day to two weeks prior to handling. The mice are housed in microisolator cages and maintained under specific pathogen-free conditions. The mice are fed with irradiated mouse chow and freely available autoclaved water is provided.

Tumor Xenograft Model

Mice are inoculated subcutaneously in the right flank with 0.01 to 0.5 ml of tumor cells (approximately 1.0×10⁵ to 1.0×10⁸ cells/mouse). Five to 10 days following inoculation, tumors are measured using calipers and tumor weight is calculated, for example using the animal study management software, such as Study Director V.1.6.70 (Study Log). Mice with tumor sizes of about 120 mg are pair-matched into desired groups using Study Director (Day 1). Body weights are recorded when the mice are pair-matched. Tumor volume and bodyweight measurements are taken one to four times weekly and gross observations are made at least once daily. On Day 1, compounds of the present invention and reference compounds as well as vehicle control are administered by oral gavage or iv as indicated, such as according to a schedule as described in Example 9. At the last day of the experiment, mice are sacrificed and their tumors are collected 1-4 hours after the final dose. The tumors are excised and cut into two sections. One third of the tumor is fixed in formalin and embedded in paraffin blocks and the remaining two thirds of tumor is snap frozen and stored at −80° C.

Data and Statistical Analysis

Mean tumor growth inhibition (TGI) is calculated utilizing the following formula:

${T\; G\; I} = {\left\lbrack {1 - \frac{\left( {{\overset{\_}{\chi}}_{{Treated}\; {({Final})}} - {\overset{\_}{\chi}}_{{Treated}\; {({{Day}\; 1})}}} \right)}{\left( {{\overset{\_}{\chi}}_{{Control}\; {({Final})}} - {\overset{\_}{\chi}}_{{Control}\; {({{Day}\; 1})}}} \right.}} \right\rbrack \times 100\%}$

Tumors that regress from the Day 1 starting size are removed from the calculations. Individual tumor shrinkage (TS) is calculated using the formula below for tumors that show regression relative to Day 1 tumor weight. The mean tumor shrinkage of each group is calculated and reported.

The model can be employed to show whether the compounds of the present invention can inhibit

${T\; S} = {\left\lbrack {1 - \frac{\left( {{Tumor}\mspace{14mu} {Weight}_{({Final})}} \right)}{\left( {{Tumor}\mspace{14mu} {Weight}_{({{Day}\; 1})}} \right)}} \right\rbrack \times 100\%}$

tumor cell growth such as renal carcinomoa cell growth, breast cancer cell growth, lung cancer cell growth, or glioblastoma cell growth under the conditions tested.

Example 12 Inhibition of PI3K Pathway and Proliferation of Tumor Cells with PI3Kα Mutation

Cells comprising one or more mutations in PI3Kα, including but not limited to breast cancer cells (e.g., MDA-MB-361, T47D, SKOV-3), and cells comprising one or more mutations in PTEN including but not limited to prostate cancer cells (e.g., PC3), are typically grown in cell growth media such as DMEM supplemented with fetal bovine serum and/or antibiotics, and grown to confluency. Cells are then treated with various concentrations of test compound for about 2 hours and subsequently lysed in cell lysis buffer. Lysates are subjected to SDS-PAGE followed by Western blot analysis to detect downstream signaling markers, including but not limited to pAKT(S473), pAKT(T308), pS6, and p4E-BP1. Degree of proliferation (and proliferation inhibition) can also be measured for cells at various doses of compound of the present invention such as Compound B (compound 1 of Table 1). β-Actin can be used as a housekeeping protein to ascertain proper loading. FIG. 5 shows a Western blot depicting differential inhibition of Akt phosphorylation at serine 473 over threonine 308 by Compound B (top panel) in a PC3 model. Also shown is the comparison of Akt phosphorylation inhibition for Pan-PI3K inhibitor versus Compound B in a SKOV-3 model.

Example 13 In Vitro Inhibition of Angiogenesis

The following assay can be used to establish that the subject method is effective in inhibiting angiogenesis. Angiogenic capacity can be measured in vitro using an endothelial cell line, such as human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC). The assay is conducted according to the kit instructions, in the presence or absence of compound. Briefly, a gel matrix is applied to a cell culture surface, cells are added to the matrix-covered surface along with growth factors, with some samples also receiving an inhibitor compound, cells are incubated at 37° C. and 5% CO₂ long enough for control samples (no compound added) to form tube structures (such as overnight), cells are stained using a cell-permeable dye (e.g., calcein), and cells are visualized to identify the degree of tube formation. Any decrease in tube formation relative to un-inhibited control cells is indicative of angiogenic inhibition. Based on doses tested and the corresponding degree of tube formation inhibition, IC50 values for tube formation are calculated. IC50 values for cell viability can be measured using any number of methods known in the art, such as staining methods that distinguish live from dead cells (e.g., Image-iT DEAD Green viability stain commercially available from Invitrogen.

Example 14 Cell Cycle Analysis

Guava Cell Cycle Reagent was used to stain cells after 48 hours of growth and cells were then analyzed on a GUAVA EasyCyte FACS machine. Results were analyzed using Guava Cytosoft 5.2 software and are shown in FIGS. 8 and 10.

Example 15 Combination Index Studies

A median-effect analysis was applied to determine synergism, antagonism, or additivity of Compound B when combined with taxol in endometrial cell lines. The Combination Index (CI) was determined using the Chou/Talalay equation. IC50s for each individual compound was determined in a 72 hr CellTiter-Glo assay. For combination assays, drugs were used at their equipotent ratio (e.g. at the ratio of their IC50s). CalcuSyn software (by Biosoft) was used for dose effect analysis. Results are shown in FIG. 7.

While preferred embodiments of the present invention have been shown and described herein, it will be obvious to those skilled in the art that such embodiments are provided by way of example only. Numerous variations, changes, and substitutions will now occur to those skilled in the art without departing from the invention. It should be understood that various alternatives to the embodiments of the invention described herein may be employed in practicing the invention. It is intended that the following claims define the scope of the invention and that methods and structures within the scope of these claims and their equivalents be covered thereby. 

What is claimed is:
 1. A method of treating a proliferative disorder comprising administering to a subject a first agent followed by administering to said subject an mTOR inhibitor, wherein said first agent suppresses progression of one or more cell-cycle phases after G1 phase.
 2. The method of claim 1, wherein said first agent is administered to said subject before any effective amount of mTor inhibitor is administered to said subject.
 3. The method of claim 1, wherein said one or more cell-cycle phases after G1 phase is selected from the group consisting of G2 phase, M phase, and G2/M transition phase.
 4. The method of claim 1, wherein said first agent is administered at two or more different times before administering said mTOR inhibitor.
 5. The method of claim 1, further comprising administering said first agent one or more times after administering said mTOR inhibitor.
 6. The method of claim 5, wherein each administration of said first agent is followed by administering said mTOR inhibitor.
 7. The method of claim 5, wherein said first agent is administered weekly for at least two weeks.
 8. The method of claim 1, wherein said first agent is a tubulin modulator.
 9. The method of claim 8, wherein said tubulin modulator binds to polymerized tubulin.
 10. The method of claim 8, wherein said tubulin modulator is paclitaxel or an analogue thereof.
 11. The method of claim 1, wherein said first agent and said mTOR inhibitor yield a synergistic effect in treating said proliferative disorder.
 12. The method of claim 11, wherein said first agent and/or said mTOR inhibitor is administered in an individually sub-therapeutic amount.
 13. The method of claim 1, wherein said proliferative disorder is a neoplastic condition.
 14. The method of claim 13, wherein said neoplastic condition is selected from the group consisting of NSCLC, head and neck squamous cell carcinoma, pancreatic cancer, breast cancer, ovarian cancer, Kaposi's sarcoma, renal cell carcinoma, prostate cancer, neuoendocrine cancer, colorectal cancer, and endometrial cancer.
 15. The method of claim 1, wherein said mTOR inhibitor inhibits mTORC1 selectively.
 16. The method of claim 15, wherein said mTOR inhibitor inhibits mTORC1 with an IC50 value of about 1000 nM or less as ascertained in an in vitro kinase.
 17. The method of claim 15, wherein said mTOR inhibitor is rapamycin or an analogue of rapamycin.
 18. The method of claim 17, wherein the mTOR inhibitor is sirolimus (rapamycin), deforolimus (AP23573, MK-8669), everolimus (RAD-001), temsirolimus (CCI-779), zotarolimus (ABT-578), or biolimus A9 (umirolimus).
 19. The method of claim 1, wherein said mTOR inhibitor binds to and directly inhibits both mTORC1 and mTORC2.
 20. The method of claim 1, wherein the mTOR inhibitor inhibits both mTORC1 and mTORC2 with an IC50 value of about 100 nM or less as ascertained in an in vitro kinase assay.
 21. The method of claim 1, wherein the mTOR inhibitor inhibits both mTORC1 and mTORC2 with an IC50 value of about 10 nM or less as ascertained in an in vitro kinase assay.
 22. The method of claim 1, wherein said mTOR inhibitor is administered more than 6, 12, 18, 24, 30, 36, 42, or 48 hours after said first agent.
 23. The method of claim 1, wherein said mTOR inhibitor is administered more than 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, or 14 days after said first agent.
 24. The method of claim 1, wherein said first agent and/or said mTOR inhibitor are administered parenterally, orally, intraperitoneally, intravenously, intraarterially, transdermally, intramuscularly, liposomally, via local delivery by catheter or stent, subcutaneously, intraadiposally, or intrathecally.
 25. The method of claim 1, wherein said mTOR inhibitor is a compound of Formula I:

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein: X₁ is N or C-E¹, X₂ is N or C, X₃ is N or C, X₄ is C—R⁹ or N, X₅ is N or C-E¹, X₆ is C or N, and X₇ is C or N; and wherein no more than two nitrogen ring atoms are adjacent; R₁ is H, -L-C₁₋₁₀alkyl, -L-C₃₋₈cycloalkyl, -L-C₁₋₁₀alkyl-C₃₋₈cycloalkyl, -L-aryl, -L-heteroaryl, -L-C₁₋₁₀alkylaryl, -L-C₁₋₁₀alkylhetaryl, -L-C₁₋₁₀alkylheterocylyl, -L-C₂₋₁₀alkenyl, -L-C₂₋₁₀alkynyl, -L-C₂₋₁₀alkenyl-C₃₋₈cycloalkyl, -L-C₂₋₁₀alkynyl-C₃₋₈cycloalkyl, -L-heteroalkyl, -L-heteroalkylaryl, -L-heteroalkylheteroaryl, -L-heteroalkyl-heterocylyl, -L-heteroalkyl-C₃₋₈cycloalkyl, -L-aralkyl, -L-heteroaralkyl, or -L-heterocyclyl, each of which is unsubstituted or is substituted by one or more independent R³; L is absent, —(C═O)—, —C(═O)O—, —C(═O) N(R³¹)—, —S—, —S(O)—, —S(O)₂—, —S(O)₂N(R³¹)—, or —N(R³¹)—; E¹ and E² are independently —(W¹)_(j)—R⁴; M₁ is a 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or-10 membered ring system, wherein the ring system is monocyclic or bicyclic, substituted with R₅ and additionally optionally substituted with one or more —(W²)_(k)—R²; each k is 0 or 1; j in E¹ or j in E², is independently 0 or 1; W¹ is —O—, —NR⁷—, —S(O)₀₋₂—, —C(O)—, —C(O)N(R⁷)—, —N(R⁷)C(O)—, —N(R⁷)S(O)—, —N(R⁷)S(O)₂—, —C(O)O—, —CH(R⁷)N(C(O)OR⁸)—, —CH(R⁷)N(C(O)R⁸)—, —CH(R⁷)N(SO₂R)—, —CH(R⁷)N(R⁸)—, —CH(R⁷)C(O)N(R⁸)—, —CH(R⁷)N(R⁸)C(O)—, —CH(R⁷)N(R⁸)S(O)—, or —CH(R⁷)N(R)S(O)₂—; W² is —O—, —NR⁷—, —S(O)₀₋₂—, —C(O)—, —C(O)N(R⁷)—, —N(R⁷)C(O)—, —N(R⁷)C(O)N(R⁸)—, —N(R⁷)S(O)—, —N(R⁷)S(O)₂—, —C(O)O—, —CH(R⁷)N(C(O)OR⁸)—, —CH(R⁷)N(C(O)R⁸)—, —CH(R⁷)N(SO₂R)—, —CH(R⁷)N(R⁸)—, —CH(R⁷)C(O)N(R⁸)—, —CH(R⁷)N(R⁸)C(O)—, —CH(R⁷)N(R⁸)S(O)—, or —CH(R⁷)N(R)S(O)₂—; R² is hydrogen, halogen, —OH, —R³¹, —CF₃, —OCF₃, —OR³¹, —NR³¹R³², —NR³⁴R³⁵, —C(O)R³¹, —CO₂R³¹, —C(═O)NR³¹R³², —C(═O)NR³⁴R³⁵, —NO₂, —CN, —S(O)₀₋₂R³¹, —SO₂NR³¹R³², —SO₂NR³⁴R³⁵, —NR³¹C(═O)R³², —NR³¹C(═O)OR³², —NR³¹C(═O)NR³²R³³, —NR³¹S(O)₀₋₂R³², —C(═S)OR³¹, —C(═O)SR³¹, —NR³¹C(═NR³²)NR³³R³², NR³¹C(═NR³R³²)OR³, NR³¹C(═NR³²)SR³³, —OC(═O)OR³³, —OC(═O)NR³¹R³², —OC(═O)SR³¹, —SC(═O)OR³¹, —P(O)OR³¹OR³², —SC(═O)NR³¹R³², aryl (e.g. bicyclic aryl, unsubstituted aryl, or substituted monocyclic aryl), hetaryl, C₁₋₁₀alkyl, C₃₋₈cycloalkyl, C₁₋₁₀alkyl-C₃₋₈cycloalkyl, C₃₋₈cycloalkyl-C₁₋₁₀alkyl, C₃₋₈cycloalkyl-C₂₋₁₀alkenyl, C₃₋₈cycloalkyl-C₂₋₁₀alkynyl, C₁₋₁₀alkyl-C₂₋₁₀alkenyl, C₁₋₁₀alkyl-C₂₋₁₀alkynyl, C₁₋₁₀alkylaryl (e.g. C₂₋₁₀alkyl-monocyclic aryl, C₁₋₁₀alkyl-substituted monocyclic aryl, or C₁₋₁₀alkylbicycloaryl), C₁₋₁₀alkylhetaryl, C₁₋₁₀alkylheterocyclyl, C₂₋₁₀alkenyl, C₂₋₁₀alkynyl, C₂₋₁₀alkenyl-C₁₋₁₀alkyl, C₂₋₁₀alkynyl-C₁₋₁₀alkyl, C₂₋₁₀alkenylaryl, C₂₋₁₀alkenylhetaryl, C₂₋₁₀alkenylheteroalkyl, C₂₋₁₀alkenylheterocyclcyl, C₂₋₁₀alkenyl-C₃₋₈cycloalkyl, C₂₋₁₀alkynylaryl, C₂₋₁₀alkynylhetaryl, C₂₋₁₀alkynylheteroalkyl, C₂₋₁₀alkynylheterocylyl, C₂₋₁₀alkynyl-C₃₋₈cycloalkenyl, C₁₋₁₀alkoxy C₁₋₁₀alkyl, C₁₋₁₀alkoxy-C₂₋₁₀alkenyl, C₁₋₁₀alkoxy-C₂₋₁₀alkynyl, heterocyclyl, heteroalkyl, heterocyclyl-C₁₋₁₀alkyl, heterocyclyl-C₂₋₁₀alkenyl, heterocyclyl-C₂₋₁₀alkynyl, aryl-C₁₋₁₀alkyl (e.g. monocyclic aryl-C₂₋₁₀alkyl, substituted monocyclic aryl-C₁₋₁₀alkyl, or bicycloaryl-C₁₋₁₀alkyl), aryl-C₂₋₁₀alkenyl, aryl-C₂₋₁₀alkynyl, aryl-heterocyclyl, hetaryl-C₁₋₁₀alkyl, hetaryl-C₂₋₁₀alkenyl, hetaryl-C₂₋₁₀alkynyl, hetaryl-C₃₋₈cycloalkyl, hetaryl-heteroalkyl, or hetaryl-heterocyclyl, wherein each of said bicyclic aryl or heteroaryl moiety is unsubstituted, or wherein each of bicyclic aryl, heteroaryl moiety or monocyclic aryl moiety is substituted with one or more independent alkyl, heteroalkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, arylalkyl, heteroaryl, heteroarylalkyl, halo, —OH, —R³¹, —CF₃, —OCF₃, —OR³¹, —NR³¹R³², —NR³⁴R³⁵, —C(O)R³¹, —CO₂R³¹, —C(═O)NR³¹R³², —C(═O)NR³⁴R³⁵, —NO₂, —CN, —S(O)₀₋₂R³¹, —SO₂NR³¹R³², —SO₂NR³⁴R³⁵, —NR³¹C(═O)R³², —NR³¹C(═O)OR³², —NR³¹C(═O)NR³²R³³, —NR³¹S(O)₀₋₂R³², —C(═S)OR³¹, —C(═O)SR³¹, —NR³¹C(═NR³²)NR³³R³², —NR³¹C(═NR³²)OR³³, —NR³¹C(═NR³²)SR³³, —OC(═O)OR³³, —OC(═O)NR³¹R³², —OC(═O)SR³¹, —SC(═O)OR³¹, —P(O)OR³¹⁰R³², or —SC(═O)NR³¹R³² and wherein each of said alkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, or heteroalkyl moiety is unsubstituted or is substituted with one or more alkyl, heteroalkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, arylalkyl, heteroaryl, heteroarylalkyl, halo, —OH, —R³¹, —CF₃, —OCF₃, —OR³¹, —O-aryl, —NR³¹R³², —NR³⁴R³⁵, —C(O)R³¹, —CO₂R³¹, —C(═O)NR³⁴R³⁵, or —C(═O)NR³¹R³²; R³ and R⁴ are independently hydrogen, halogen, —OH, —R³¹, —CF₃, —OCF₃, —OR³¹, —NR³¹R³², —NR³⁴R³⁵, —C(O)R³¹, —CO₂R³¹, —C(═O)NR³¹R³², —C(═O)NR³⁴R³⁵, —NO₂, —CN, —S(O)₀₋₂R³¹, —SO₂NR³¹R³², —SO₂NR³⁴R³⁵, —NR³¹C(═O)R³², —NR³¹C(═O)OR³², —NR³¹C(═O)NR³²R³³, —NR³¹S(O)₀₋₂R³², —C(═S)OR³¹, C(═O)SR³¹, —NR³¹C(═NR³²)NR³³R³², —NR³¹C(═NR³²)OR³³, —R³¹C(═NR³²) SR³³, —OC(═O)OR³³, —OC(═O)NR³¹R³², —OC(═O)SR³¹, —SC(═O)OR³¹, —P(O)OR³¹OR³², —SC(═O)NR³¹R³², aryl, hetaryl, C₁₋₄alkyl, C₁₋₁₀alkyl, C₃₋₈cycloalkyl, C₁₋₁₀alkyl-C₃₋₈cycloalkyl, C₃₋₈cycloalkyl-C₁₋₁₀alkyl, C₃₋₈cycloalkyl-C₂₋₁₀alkenyl, C₃₋₈cycloalkyl-C₂₋₁₀alkynyl, C₁₋₁₀alkyl-C₂₋₁₀alkenyl, C₁₋₁₀alkyl-C₂₋₁₀alkynyl, C₁₋₁₀alkylaryl, C₁₋₁₀alkylhetaryl, C₁₋₁₀alkylheterocyclyl, C₂₋₁₀alkenyl, C₂₋₁₀alkynyl, C₂₋₁₀alkenyl-C₁₋₁₀alkyl, C₂₋₁₀alkynyl-C₁₋₁₀alkyl, C₂₋₁₀alkenylaryl, C₂₋₁₀alkenylhetaryl, C₂₋₁₀alkenylheteroalkyl, C₂₋₁₀alkenylheterocyclcyl, C₂₋₁₀alkenyl-C₃₋₈cycloalkyl, C₂₋₁₀alkynyl-C₃₋₈cycloalkyl, C₂₋₁₀alkynylaryl, C₂₋₁₀alkynylhetaryl, C₂₋₁₀alkynylheteroalkyl, C₂₋₁₀alkynylheterocylyl, C₂₋₁₀alkynyl-C₃₋₈cycloalkenyl, C₁₋₁₀alkoxy C₁₋₁₀alkyl, C₁₋₁₀alkoxy-C₂₋₁₀alkenyl, C₁₋₁₀alkoxy-C₂₋₁₀alkynyl, heterocyclyl, heterocyclyl-C₁₋₁₀alkyl, heterocyclyl-C₂₋₁₀alkenyl, heterocyclyl-C₂₋₁₀alkynyl, aryl-C₁₋₁₀alkyl, aryl-C₂₋₁₀alkenyl, aryl-C₂₋₁₀alkynyl, aryl-heterocyclyl, hetaryl-C₁₋₁₀alkyl, hetaryl-C₂₋₁₀alkenyl, hetaryl-C₂₋₁₀alkynyl, hetaryl-C₃₋₈cycloalkyl, heteroalkyl, hetaryl-heteroalkyl, or hetaryl-heterocyclyl, wherein each of said aryl or heteroaryl moiety is unsubstituted or is substituted with one or more independent halo, —OH, —R³¹, —CF₃, —OCF₃, —OR³¹, —NR³¹R³², —NR³⁴R³⁵, —C(O)R³¹, —CO₂R³¹, —C(═O)NR³¹R³², —C(═O)NR³⁴R³⁵, —NO₂, —CN, —S(O)₀₋₂R³¹, —SO₂NR³¹R³², —SO₂NR³⁴R³⁵, —NR³¹C(═O)R³², —NR³¹C(═O)OR³², —NR³¹C(═O)NR³²R³³, —NR³¹S(O)₀₋₂R³², C(═S)OR³¹, —C(═O)SR³¹, —NR³¹C(═NR³²)NR³³R³², —NR³¹C(═NR³²)OR³³, —NR³¹C(═NR³²)SR³³, OC(═O)OR³³, —OC(═O)NR³¹R³², —OC(═O)SR³¹, —SC(═O)OR³¹, —P(O)OR³¹⁰R³², or —SC(═O)NR³¹R³², and wherein each of said alkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, or heteroalkyl moiety is unsubstituted or is substituted with one or more halo, —OH, —R³¹, —CF₃, —OCF₃, —OR³¹, —O-aryl, —NR³¹R³², NR³⁴R³⁵, —C(O)R³¹, —CO₂R³¹, —C(═O)NR³⁴R³⁵, or —C(═O)NR³¹R³²; R⁵ is hydrogen, halogen, —OH, —R³¹, —CF₃, —OCF₃, —OR³¹, NR³¹R³², NR³⁴R³⁵, —C(O)R³¹, —CO₂R³¹, —C(═O)NR³¹R³², —C(═O)NR³⁴R³⁵, —NO₂, —CN, —S(O)₀₋₂R³¹, —SO₂NR³¹R³², —SO₂NR³⁴R³⁵, —NR³¹C(═O)R³², —NR³¹C(═O)OR³², —NR³¹C(═O)NR³²R³³, —NR³¹S(O)₀₋₂R³², —C(═S)OR³¹, —C(═O)SR³¹, NR³¹C(═NR³²)NR³³R³², —NR³¹C(═NR³²)OR³³, —NR³¹C(═NR³²)SR³³, —OC(═O)OR³³, —OC(═O)NR³¹R³², —OC(═O)SR³¹, —SC(═O)OR³¹, —P(O)OR³¹OR³², or —SC(═O)NR³¹R³²; each of R³¹, R³², and R³³ is independently H or C₁₋₁₀alkyl, wherein the C₁₋₁₀alkyl is unsubstituted or is substituted with one or more aryl, heteroalkyl, heterocyclyl, or hetaryl group, wherein each of said aryl, heteroalkyl, heterocyclyl, or hetaryl group is unsubstituted or is substituted with one or more halo, —OH, —C₁₋₁₀alkyl, —CF₃, —O-aryl, —OCF₃, —OC₁₋₁₀alkyl, —NH₂, —N(C₁₋₁₀alkyl)(C₁₋₁₀alkyl), —NH(C₁₋₁₀alkyl), —NH(aryl), —NR³⁴R³⁵, —C(O)(C₁₋₁₀alkyl), —C(O)(C₁₋₁₀alkyl-aryl), —C(O)(aryl), —CO₂—C₁₋₁₀alkyl, —CO₂—C₁₋₁₀alkylaryl, —CO₂-aryl, —C(═O)N(C₁₋₁₀alkyl)(C₁₋₁₀alkyl), —C(═O)NH(C₁₋₁₀alkyl), —C(═O)NR³⁴R³⁵, —C(═O)NH₂, —OCF₃, —O(C₁₋₁₀alkyl), —O-aryl, —N(aryl)(C₁₋₁₀alkyl), —NO₂, —CN, —S(O)₀₋₂C₁₋₁₀alkyl, —S(O)₀₋₂C₁₋₁₀alkylaryl, —S(O)₀₋₂ aryl, —SO₂N(aryl), —SO₂N(C₁₋₁₀alkyl)(C₁₋₁₀alkyl), —SO₂NH(C₁₋₁₀alkyl) or —SO₂NR³⁴R³⁵; R³⁴ and R³⁵ in —NR³⁴R³⁵, —C(═O)NR³⁴R³, or —SO₂NR³⁴R³⁵, are taken together with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached to form a 3-10 membered saturated or unsaturated ring; wherein said ring is independently unsubstituted or is substituted by one or more —NR³¹R³², hydroxyl, halogen, oxo, aryl, hetaryl, C₁₋₆alkyl, or O-aryl, and wherein said 3-10 membered saturated or unsaturated ring independently contains 0, 1, or 2 more heteroatoms in addition to the nitrogen atom; each of R⁷ and R⁸ is independently hydrogen, C₁₋₁₀alkyl, C₂₋₁₀alkenyl, aryl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl or C₃₋₁₀cycloalkyl, each of which except for hydrogen is unsubstituted or is substituted by one or more independent R⁶; R⁶ is halo, —OR³¹, —SH, —NH₂, —NR³⁴R³⁵, —NR³¹R³², —CO₂R³¹, —CO₂aryl, —C(═O)NR³¹R³², C(═O)NR³⁴R³⁵, —NO₂, —CN, —S(O)₀₋₂C₁₋₁₀alkyl, —S(O)₀₋₂aryl, —SO₂NR³⁴R³⁵, —SO₂NR³¹R³², C₁₋₁₀alkyl, C₂₋₁₀alkenyl, C₂₋₁₀alkynyl; aryl-C₁₋₁₀alkyl, aryl-C₂₋₁₀alkenyl, aryl-C₂₋₁₀alkynyl, hetaryl-C₁₋₁₀alkyl, hetaryl-C₂₋₁₀alkenyl, hetaryl-C₂₋₁₀alkynyl, wherein each of said alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroalkyl, heterocyclyl, or hetaryl group is unsubstituted or is substituted with one or more independent halo, cyano, nitro, —OC₁₋₁₀alkyl, C₁₋₁₀alkyl, C₂₋₁₀alkenyl, C₂₋₁₀alkynyl, haloC₁₋₁₀alkyl, haloC₂₋₁₀alkenyl, haloC₂₋₁₀alkynyl, —COOH, —C(═O)NR³¹R³², —C(═O)NR³R³⁵, —SO₂NR³⁴R³⁵, —SO₂NR³¹R³², NR³¹R³², or —NR³⁴R³⁵; and R⁹ is H, halo, —OR³¹, —SH, —NH₂, —NR³⁴R³⁵, —NR³¹R³², —CO₂R³¹, —CO₂aryl, —C(═O)NR³¹R³², C(═O)NR³⁴R³⁵, —NO₂, —CN, —S(O)₀₋₂C₁₋₁₀alkyl, —S(O)₀₋₂aryl, —SO₂NR³⁴R³⁵, —SO₂NR³¹R³², C₁₀alkyl, C₂₋₁₀alkenyl, C₂₋₁₀alkynyl; aryl-C₁₋₁₀alkyl, aryl-C₂₋₁₀alkenyl, aryl-C₂₋₁₀alkynyl, hetaryl-C₁₋₁₀alkyl, hetaryl-C₂₋₁₀alkenyl, hetaryl-C₂₋₁₀alkynyl, wherein each of said alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroalkyl, heterocyclyl, or hetaryl group is unsubstituted or is substituted with one or more independent halo, cyano, nitro, —OC₁₋₁₀alkyl, C₁₋₁₀alkyl, C₂₋₁₀alkenyl, C₂₋₁₀alkynyl, haloC₁₋₁₀alkyl, haloC₂₋₁₀alkenyl, haloC₂₋₁₀alkynyl, —COOH, —C(═O)NR³¹R³², —C(═O)NR³⁴R³⁵, —SO₂NR³⁴R³⁵, —SO₂NR³R³², NR³¹R³², or —NR³⁴R³⁵.
 26. A pharmaceutical composition comprising a combination of an amount of a first agent and an amount of an mTOR inhibitor, wherein (i) said first agent suppresses progression of one or more cell-cycle phases after G1 phase, and (ii) said pharmaceutical composition is formulated to release said mTOR inhibitor after releasing said first agent.
 27. The method of claim 26, wherein said one or more cell-cycle phases after G1 phase is selected from the group consisting of G2, M, and G2/M transition.
 28. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 26 formulated in an oral dosage or in a drug eluting stent.
 29. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 26, wherein said first agent and/or said mTOR inhibitor is present in a sub-therapeutic amount.
 30. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 26, wherein said first agent is a tubulin modulator.
 31. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 30, wherein said tubulin modulator binds to polymerized tubulin.
 32. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 30, wherein said tubulin modulator is paclitaxel or an analogue thereof.
 33. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 26, wherein said mTOR inhibitor inhibits mTORC1 selectively.
 34. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 33, wherein said mTOR inhibitor inhibits mTORC1 with an IC50 value of about 1000 nM or less as ascertained in an in vitro kinase.
 35. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 33, wherein said mTOR inhibitor is rapamycin or an analogue of rapamycin.
 36. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 35, wherein the mTOR inhibitor is sirolimus (rapamycin), deforolimus (AP23573, MK-8669), everolimus (RAD-001), temsirolimus (CCI-779), zotarolimus (ABT-578), or biolimus A9 (umirolimus).
 37. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 26, wherein said mTOR inhibitor binds to and directly inhibits both mTORC1 and mTORC2.
 38. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 26, wherein the mTOR inhibitor inhibits both mTORC1 and mTORC2 with an IC50 value of about 100 nM or less as ascertained in an in vitro kinase assay.
 39. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 26, wherein the mTOR inhibitor inhibits both mTORC1 and mTORC2 with an IC50 value of about 10 nM or less as ascertained in an in vitro kinase assay.
 40. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 26, wherein said mTOR inhibitor is a compound of Formula I:

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein: X₁ is N or C-E¹, X₂ is N or C, X₃ is N or C, X₄ is C—R⁹ or N, X₅ is N or C-E¹, X₆ is C or N, and X₇ is C or N; and wherein no more than two nitrogen ring atoms are adjacent; R₁ is H, -L-C₁₋₁₀alkyl, -L-C₃₋₈cycloalkyl, -L-C₁₋₁₀alkyl-C₃₋₈cycloalkyl, -L-aryl, -L-heteroaryl, -L-C₁₋₁₀alkylaryl, -L-C₁₋₁₀alkylhetaryl, -L-C₁₋₁₀alkylheterocylyl, -L-C₂₋₁₀alkenyl, -L-C₂₋₁₀alkynyl, -L-C₂₋₁₀alkenyl-C₃₋₈cycloalkyl, -L-C₂₋₁₀alkynyl-C₃₋₈cycloalkyl, -L-heteroalkyl, -L-heteroalkylaryl, -L-heteroalkylheteroaryl, -L-heteroalkyl-heterocylyl, -L-heteroalkyl-C₃₋₈cycloalkyl, -L-aralkyl, -L-heteroaralkyl, or -L-heterocyclyl, each of which is unsubstituted or is substituted by one or more independent R³; L is absent, —(C═O)—, —C(═O)O—, —C(═O) N(R³¹)—, —S—, —S(O)—, —S(O)₂—, —S(O)₂N(R³¹)—, or —N(R³¹)—; E¹ and E² are independently —(W¹)_(j)—R⁴; M₁ is a 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or-10 membered ring system, wherein the ring system is monocyclic or bicyclic, substituted with R₅ and additionally optionally substituted with one or more —(W²)_(k)—R²; each k is 0 or 1; j in E¹ or j in E², is independently 0 or 1; W¹ is —O—, —NR⁷—, —S(O)₀₋₂—, —C(O)—, —C(O)N(R⁷)—, —N(R⁷)C(O)—, —N(R⁷)S(O)—, —N(R⁷)S(O)₂—, —C(O)O—, —CH(R⁷)N(C(O)OR⁸)—, —CH(R⁷)N(C(O)R⁸)—, —CH(R⁷)N(SO₂R⁸)—, —CH(R⁷)N(R⁸)—, —CH(R⁷)C(O)N(R⁸)—, —CH(R⁷)N(R⁸)C(O)—, —CH(R⁷)N(R⁸)S(O)—, or —CH(R⁷)N(R⁸)S(O)₂—; W² is —O—, —NR⁷—, —S(O)₀₋₂—, —C(O)—, —C(O)N(R⁷)—, —N(R⁷)C(O)—, —N(R⁷)C(O)N(R⁸)—, —N(R⁷)S(O)—, —N(R⁷)S(O)₂—, —C(O)O—, —CH(R⁷)N(C(O)OR⁸)—, —CH(R⁷)N(C(O)R⁸)—, —CH(R⁷)N(SO₂R⁸)—, —CH(R⁷)N(R⁸)—, —CH(R⁷)C(O)N(R⁸)—, —CH(R⁷)N(R⁸)C(O)—, —CH(R⁷)N(R⁸)S(O)—, or —CH(R⁷)N(R)S(O)₂—; R² is hydrogen, halogen, —OH, —R³¹, —CF₃, —OCF₃, —OR³¹, —NR³¹R³², —NR³⁴R³⁵, —C(O)R³¹, —CO₂R³¹, —C(═O)NR³¹R³², —C(═O)NR³⁴R³⁵, —NO₂, —CN, —S(O)₀₋₂R³¹, —SO₂NR³¹R³², —SO₂NR³⁴R³⁵, —NR³¹C(═O)R³², —NR³¹C(═O)OR³², —NR³¹C(═O)NR³²R³³, —NR³¹S(O)₀₋₂R³², —C(═S)OR³¹, —C(═O)SR³¹, —NR³¹C(═NR³²)NR³³R³², NR³¹C(═NR³R³²)OR³, NR³¹C(═NR³²)SR³³, —OC(═O)OR³³, —OC(═O)NR³¹R³², —OC(═O)SR³¹, —SC(═O)OR³¹, —P(O)OR³¹OR³², —SC(═O)NR³¹R³², aryl (e.g. bicyclic aryl, unsubstituted aryl, or substituted monocyclic aryl), hetaryl, C₁₋₁₀alkyl, C₃₋₈cycloalkyl, C₁₋₁₀alkyl-C₃₋₈cycloalkyl, C₃₋₈cycloalkyl-C₁₋₁₀alkyl, C₃₋₈cycloalkyl-C₂₋₁₀alkenyl, C₃₋₈cycloalkyl-C₂₋₁₀alkynyl, C₁₋₁₀alkyl-C₂₋₁₀alkenyl, C₁₋₁₀alkyl-C₂₋₁₀alkynyl, C₁₋₁₀alkylaryl (e.g. C₂₋₁₀alkyl-monocyclic aryl, C₁₋₁₀alkyl-substituted monocyclic aryl, or C₁₋₁₀alkylbicycloaryl), C₁₋₁₀alkylhetaryl, C₁₋₁₀alkylheterocyclyl, C₂₋₁₀alkenyl, C₂₋₁₀alkynyl, C₂₋₁₀alkenyl-C₁₋₁₀alkyl, C₂₋₁₀alkynyl-C₁₋₁₀alkyl, C₂₋₁₀alkenylaryl, C₂₋₁₀alkenylhetaryl, C₂₋₁₀alkenylheteroalkyl, C₂₋₁₀alkenylheterocyclcyl, C₂₋₁₀alkenyl-C₃₋₈cycloalkyl, C₂₋₁₀alkynylaryl, C₂₋₁₀alkynylhetaryl, C₂₋₁₀alkynylheteroalkyl, C₂₋₁₀alkynylheterocylyl, C₂₋₁₀alkynyl-C₃₋₈cycloalkenyl, C₁₋₁₀alkoxy C₁₋₁₀alkyl, C₁₋₁₀alkoxy-C₂₋₁₀alkenyl, C₁₋₁₀alkoxy-C₂₋₁₀alkynyl, heterocyclyl, heteroalkyl, heterocyclyl-C₁₋₁₀alkyl, heterocyclyl-C₂₋₁₀alkenyl, heterocyclyl-C₂₋₁₀alkynyl, aryl-C₁₋₁₀alkyl (e.g. monocyclic aryl-C₂₋₁₀alkyl, substituted monocyclic aryl-C₁₋₁₀alkyl, or bicycloaryl-C₁₋₁₀alkyl), aryl-C₂₋₁₀alkenyl, aryl-C₂₋₁₀alkynyl, aryl-heterocyclyl, hetaryl-C₁₋₁₀alkyl, hetaryl-C₂₋₁₀alkenyl, hetaryl-C₂₋₁₀alkynyl, hetaryl-C₃₋₈cycloalkyl, hetaryl-heteroalkyl, or hetaryl-heterocyclyl, wherein each of said bicyclic aryl or heteroaryl moiety is unsubstituted, or wherein each of bicyclic aryl, heteroaryl moiety or monocyclic aryl moiety is substituted with one or more independent alkyl, heteroalkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, arylalkyl, heteroaryl, heteroarylalkyl, halo, —OH, —R³¹, —CF₃, —OCF₃, —OR³¹, —NR³¹R³², —NR³⁴R³⁵, —C(O)R³¹, —CO₂R³¹, —C(═O)NR³¹R³², —C(═O)NR³⁴R³⁵, —NO₂, —CN, —S(O)₀₋₂R³¹, SO₂NR³¹R³², —SO₂NR³⁴R³⁵, —NR³¹C(═O)R³², —NR³¹C(═O)OR³², —NR³¹C(═O)NR³²R³³, —NR³¹S(O)₀₋₂R³², C(═S)OR³¹, —C(═O)SR³¹, —NR³¹C(═NR³²)NR³³R³², —NR³¹C(═NR³²)OR³³, —NR³¹C(═NR³²)SR³³, OC(═O)OR³³, —OC(═O)NR³¹R³², —OC(═O)SR³¹, —SC(═O)OR³¹, —P(O)OR³¹OR³², or —SC(═O)NR³¹R³² and wherein each of said alkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, or heteroalkyl moiety is unsubstituted or is substituted with one or more alkyl, heteroalkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, arylalkyl, heteroaryl, heteroarylalkyl, halo, —OH, —R³¹, —CF₃, —OCF₃, —OR³¹, —O-aryl, —NR³¹R³², —NR³⁴R³⁵, —C(O)R³¹, —CO₂R³¹, —C(═O)NR³⁴R³⁵, or —C(═O)NR³¹R³²; R³ and R⁴ are independently hydrogen, halogen, —OH, —R³¹, —CF₃, —OCF₃, —OR³¹, —NR³¹R³², —NR³⁴R³⁵, —C(O)R³¹, —CO₂R³¹, —C(═O)NR³¹R³², —C(═O)NR³⁴R³⁵, —NO₂, —CN, —S(O)₀₋₂R³¹, —SO₂NR³¹R³², —SO₂NR³⁴R³⁵, —NR³¹C(═O)R³², —NR³¹C(═O)OR³², —NR³¹C(═O)NR³²R³³, —NR³¹S(O)₀₋₂R³², —C(═S)OR³¹, C(═O)SR³¹, —NR³¹C(═NR³²)NR³³R³², —NR³¹C(═NR³²)OR³³, —NR³¹C(═NR³²)SR³³, —OC(═O)OR³³, —OC(═O)NR³¹R³², —OC(═O)SR³¹, —SC(═O)OR³¹, —P(O)OR³¹OR³², —SC(═O)NR³¹R³², aryl, hetaryl, C₁₋₄alkyl, C₁₋₁₀alkyl, C₃₋₈cycloalkyl, C₁₋₁₀alkyl-C₃₋₈cycloalkyl, C₃₋₈cycloalkyl-C₁₋₁₀alkyl, C₃₋₈cycloalkyl-C₂₋₁₀alkenyl, C₃₋₈cycloalkyl-C₂₋₁₀alkynyl, C₁₋₁₀alkyl-C₂₋₁₀alkenyl, C₁₋₁₀alkyl-C₂₋₁₀alkynyl, C₁₋₁₀alkylaryl, C₁₋₁₀alkylhetaryl, C₁₋₁₀alkylheterocyclyl, C₂₋₁₀alkenyl, C₂₋₁₀alkynyl, C₂₋₁₀alkenyl-C₁₋₁₀alkyl, C₂₋₁₀alkynyl-C₁₋₁₀alkyl, C₂₋₁₀alkenylaryl, C₂₋₁₀alkenylhetaryl, C₂₋₁₀alkenylheteroalkyl, C₂₋₁₀alkenylheterocyclcyl, C₂₋₁₀alkenyl-C₃₋₈cycloalkyl, C₂₋₁₀alkynyl-C₃₋₈cycloalkyl, C₂₋₁₀alkynylaryl, C₂₋₁₀alkynylhetaryl, C₂₋₁₀alkynylheteroalkyl, C₂₋₁₀alkynylheterocylyl, C₂₋₁₀alkynyl-C₃₋₈cycloalkenyl, C₁₋₁₀alkoxy C₁₋₁₀alkyl, C₁₋₁₀alkoxy-C₂₋₁₀alkenyl, C₁₋₁₀alkoxy-C₂₋₁₀alkynyl, heterocyclyl, heterocyclyl-C₁₋₁₀alkyl, heterocyclyl-C₂₋₁₀alkenyl, heterocyclyl-C₂₋₁₀alkynyl, aryl-C₁₋₁₀alkyl, aryl-C₂₋₁₀alkenyl, aryl-C₂₋₁₀alkynyl, aryl-heterocyclyl, hetaryl-C₁₋₁₀alkyl, hetaryl-C₂₋₁₀alkenyl, hetaryl-C₂₋₁₀alkynyl, hetaryl-C₃₋₈cycloalkyl, heteroalkyl, hetaryl-heteroalkyl, or hetaryl-heterocyclyl, wherein each of said aryl or heteroaryl moiety is unsubstituted or is substituted with one or more independent halo, —OH, —R³¹, —CF₃, —OCF₃, —OR³¹, —NR³¹R³², —NR³⁴R³⁵, —C(O)R³¹, —CO₂R³¹, —C(═O)NR³¹R³², —C(═O)NR³⁴R³⁵, —NO₂, —CN, —S(O)₀₋₂R³¹, —SO₂NR³¹R³², —SO₂NR³⁴R³⁵, —NR³¹C(═O)R³², —NR³¹C(═O)OR³², —NR³¹C(═O)NR³²R³³, —NR³¹S(O)₀₋₂R³², C(═S)OR³¹, —C(═O)SR³¹, —NR³¹C(═NR³²)NR³³R³², —NR³¹C(═NR³²)OR³³, —NR³¹C(═NR³²)SR³³, OC(═O)OR³³, —OC(═O)NR³¹R³², —OC(═O)SR³¹, —SC(═O)OR³¹, —P(O)OR³¹OR³², or —SC(═O)NR³¹R³² and wherein each of said alkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, or heteroalkyl moiety is unsubstituted or is substituted with one or more halo, —OH, —R³¹, —CF₃, —OCF₃, —OR³¹, —O-aryl, —NR³¹R³², —NR³⁴R³⁵, —C(O)R³¹, —CO₂R³¹, —C(═O)NR³⁴R³⁵, or —C(═O)NR³¹R³²; R⁵ is hydrogen, halogen, —OH, —R³¹, —CF₃, —OCF₃, —OR³¹, —NR³¹R³², —NR³⁴R³⁵, —C(O)R³¹, —CO₂R³¹, —C(═O)NR³¹R³², —C(═O)NR³⁴R³⁵, —NO₂, —CN, —S(O)₀₋₂R³¹, —SO₂NR³¹R³², —SO₂NR³⁴R³⁵, —NR³¹C(═O)R³², —NR³¹C(═O)OR³², —NR³¹C(═O)NR³²R³³, —R³¹S(O)₀₋₂R³², —C(═S)OR³¹, —C(═O)SR³¹, —NR³¹C(═NR³²)NR³³R³², —NR³¹C(═NR³²)OR³³, —NR³¹C(═NR³²)SR³³, —OC(═O)OR³³, —OC(═O)NR³¹R³², —OC(═O)SR³¹, —SC(═O)OR³¹, —P(O)OR³¹OR³², or —SC(═O)NR³¹R³²; each of R³¹, R³², and R³³ is independently H or C₁₋₁₀alkyl, wherein the C₁₋₁₀alkyl is unsubstituted or is substituted with one or more aryl, heteroalkyl, heterocyclyl, or hetaryl group, wherein each of said aryl, heteroalkyl, heterocyclyl, or hetaryl group is unsubstituted or is substituted with one or more halo, —OH, —C₁₋₁₀alkyl, —CF₃, —O-aryl, —OCF₃, —OC₁₋₁₀alkyl, —NH₂, —N(C₁₋₁₀alkyl)(C₁₋₁₀alkyl), —NH(C₁₋₁₀alkyl), —NH(aryl), —NR³⁴R³⁵, —C(O)(C₁₋₁₀alkyl), —C(O)(C₁₋₁₀alkyl-aryl), —C(O)(aryl), —CO₂—C₁₋₁₀alkyl, —CO₂—C₁₋₁₀alkylaryl, —CO₂-aryl, —C(═O)N(C₁₋₁₀ alkyl)(C₁₋₁₀alkyl), —C(═O)NH(C₁₋₁₀alkyl), —C(═O)NR³⁴R³⁵, —C(═O)NH₂, —OCF₃, —O(C₁₋₁₀alkyl), —O-aryl, —N(aryl)(C₁₋₁₀alkyl), —NO₂, —CN, —S(O)₀₋₂ C₁₋₁₀alkyl, —S(O)₀₋₂C₁₋₁₀alkylaryl, —S(O)₀₋₂ aryl, —SO₂N(aryl), —SO₂N(C₁₋₁₀alkyl)(C₁₋₁₀alkyl), —SO₂NH(C₁₋₁₀alkyl) or —SO₂NR³⁴R³⁵; R³⁴ and R³⁵ in —NR³⁴R³⁵, —C(═O)NR³⁴R³⁵, or —SO₂NR³⁴R³⁵, are taken together with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached to form a 3-10 membered saturated or unsaturated ring; wherein said ring is independently unsubstituted or is substituted by one or more —NR³¹R³², hydroxyl, halogen, oxo, aryl, hetaryl, C₁₋₆alkyl, or O-aryl, and wherein said 3-10 membered saturated or unsaturated ring independently contains 0, 1, or 2 more heteroatoms in addition to the nitrogen atom; each of R⁷ and R⁸ is independently hydrogen, C₁₋₁₀alkyl, C₂₋₁₀alkenyl, aryl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl or C₃₋₁₀cycloalkyl, each of which except for hydrogen is unsubstituted or is substituted by one or more independent R⁶; R⁶ is halo, —OR³¹, —SH, —NH₂, —NR³⁴R³⁵, —NR³¹R³², —CO₂R³¹, —CO₂aryl, —C(═O)NR³¹R³², C(═O)NR³⁴R³⁵, —NO₂, —CN, —S(O)₀₋₂C₁₋₁₀alkyl, —S(O)₀₋₂aryl, —SO₂NR³⁴R³⁵, —SO₂NR³¹R³², C₁₋₁₀alkyl, C₂₋₁₀alkenyl, C₂₋₁₀alkynyl; aryl-C₁₋₁₀alkyl, aryl-C₂₋₁₀alkenyl, aryl-C₂₋₁₀alkynyl, hetaryl-C₁₋₁₀alkyl, hetaryl-C₂₋₁₀alkenyl, hetaryl-C₂₋₁₀alkynyl, wherein each of said alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroalkyl, heterocyclyl, or hetaryl group is unsubstituted or is substituted with one or more independent halo, cyano, nitro, —OC₁₋₁₀alkyl, C₁₋₁₀alkyl, C₂₋₁₀alkenyl, C₂₋₁₀alkynyl, haloC₁₋₁₀alkyl, haloC₂₋₁₀alkenyl, haloC₂₋₁₀alkynyl, —COOH, —C(═O)NR³¹R³², —C(═O)NR³⁴R³⁵, —SO₂NR³⁴R³⁵, —SO₂NR³¹R³², NR³¹R³², or —NR³⁴R³⁵; and R⁹ is H, halo, —OR³¹, —SH, —NH₂, —NR³⁴R³⁵, —NR³¹R³², —CO₂R³¹, —CO₂aryl, —C(═O)NR³¹R³², C(═O)NR³⁴R³⁵, —NO₂, —CN, —S(O)₀₋₂C₁₋₁₀alkyl, —S(O)₀₋₂aryl, —SO₂NR³⁴R³⁵, —SO₂NR³¹R³², C₁₋₁₀alkyl, C₂₋₁₀alkenyl, C₂₋₁₀alkynyl; aryl-C₁₋₁₀alkyl, aryl-C₂₋₁₀alkenyl, aryl-C₂₋₁₀alkynyl, hetaryl-C₁₋₁₀alkyl, hetaryl-C₂₋₁₀alkenyl, hetaryl-C₂₋₁₀alkynyl, wherein each of said alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroalkyl, heterocyclyl, or hetaryl group is unsubstituted or is substituted with one or more independent halo, cyano, nitro, —OC₁₋₁₀alkyl, C₁₋₁₀alkyl, C₂₋₁₀alkenyl, C₂₋₁₀alkynyl, haloC₁₋₁₀alkyl, haloC₂₋₁₀alkenyl, haloC₂₋₁₀alkynyl, —COOH, —C(═O)NR³¹R³², —C(═O)NR³⁴R³⁵, —SO₂NR³⁴R³⁵, —SO₂NR³¹R³², NR³¹R³², or —NR³⁴R³⁵. 